Journal of University of Babylon

Storytelling is a strategy that people resort to since early times for wide range of purposes. One of these purposes is to motivate others towards particular actions or ideas. This study concerns itself with investigating the pragmatic use of speech acts in storytelling discourse directed to motivate American graduates. More specifically, it deals with storytelling embedded within commencement speeches delivered at American universities by successful icons. The current study has been set to fulfil three aims. First, it aims at identifying the most dominant speech acts in each stage of storytelling. Secondly, determining the most dominant category of speech acts in the storytelling discourse. Then, finding the most frequent SAs within each category of SAs. To this end, the researchers ten storytelling discourses embedded within commencement speeches delivered by American commencement speakers at American universities in 2010 and 2019 to represent five professions of commencement speakers. The findings reveal that the dominant speech acts at each stage of storytelling varies. It also shows that the representatives and directives are the most dominant categories of speech acts in the storytelling discourse in the data under scrutiny. The SA of asserting and the SA of advising are shown to be the most frequent SAs within the categories of representatives and directives, respectively.

In this research, a glaze mixture is formulated from a group of acidic, basic and neutral compounds, according to specific weight ratios, to produce glass that matures at a low temperature to be applied on the surface of the pottery body. With the addition of tin oxide in different weight percentages from (1 - 8%), with the glass mixture and within the composition to study the effect of this dark oxide on the nature of the surface, color and tactile results of the ceramic object, (in One hour),Where the copper oxide works on coloring the block of glass to be a colored base through which the effect of the darkness oxide (SnO2) appears), and investing the difference in the density coefficient, surface tension and the degree of melting between copper oxide and tin oxide to create a liquid darkness inside the glass layer through the feature (phase - phase) A gradation was made in the percentages of addition to study the effect of this characteristic clearly through the different percentages, And the most important results were
1- The ratio (1-2%) did not give clear results due to the smelting action of copper oxide.
2- The percentage (3-4%) of the color became less intense with the appearance of small color spots on the surface.
3- A percentage (5-6%) of the appearance of color spots on the surface.
4- A percentage (7-8%) of a clear spread of the achromatic spots due to the difference in density and tensile strength.

Contemporary readings of aesthetic achievement in the field of formation have become transformed due to the transformation of that achievement itself as a result of intellectual and cognitive pressures and systems of difference in the analytical system of thought that produces creativity and beauty. Postmodern thought.
What distinguishes cultural criticism is its essential focus on discourse systems and textual display systems for artistic achievement, and in addition to that, the systemic function comes through the systemic element, and this represents an essential element of the principles of cultural criticism, and represents a basic principle for the theoretical and procedural transformation of literary criticism to criticism in its cultural dimension. This is in order to look at the artistic achievement and the formation as a cultural event, as this systemic element expands to include the systemic dimensions in the plastic discourse and in the act of receiving.
Contemporary ceramic formation in the era of the post-modern knowledge system was linked to qualitative transformations in the various fields of life in Western society, represented by the revolution against all fixed and closed cultural patterns. The area of effective action in life and the refusal of the artist and the educated elite to represent the general public in thinking and formulating the appropriate position on events and issues for the community to have the ability to do so. Hence, this study came in four axes, the first of which included the research problem, which started from the following question:
- What is the pattern of concealment in contemporary ceramic formation, and what are the mechanisms for revealing it through the public display of the form?

Language is, in fact, a system of symbols based on the close relationship between pronunciation and meaning, in an interactive framework between the poles of the communicative process (the speaker, the addressee, and the text). To the addressee. On the basis of this fact, originally in Arabic grammar, many compositional representations of the grammatical base were built, with regard to the manifestations of ellipsis, introduction and delay, and so on. Based on this importance, the idea of research arose here to stand on the will and benefit in Arabic grammar, using omission as a sample for study, confining in this to the names from the parts of speech, starting with the mayor thereof, and ending with the virtue. To divide the research according to this basis.

Surah Al-Nur is one of the most important chapters of the Holy Quran in terms of the reform of the individual and the society in a remarkable way. This is in light of its statement of the correct approach in the etiquette of manners and the blindness of both sexes and the non-throwing of women, as well as a unique approach to establishing guarantees and immunity for symptoms. , And to the values, related to the building and repair of the individual and the family and society, where Muslims directed to the foundations of life virtuous, including the guidance of rational and lofty ethics keep the Muslim and society and preserve the sanctity and maintain it from the factors of internal disintegration and moral collapse that destroys the nations, And to abide by these provisions and guarantees, this paper attempts to shed some light on these important divine rulings and directives concerning the individual, family and society. This is in the light of its academic and academic approach. It deals with the introduction of the title, Between the linguistic origin and the conventional meaning, and a comprehensive definition of the light, and the second topic came with the methodologies of reform in the aspects of the individual and the family, while the third section of the methodology of reform in the various aspects of society, He urged a number of the demands contained in its umbrella, and concluded the research with a conclusion that included the most important findings, relying on a collection of sources and specialized references.

This study came to be a link in a series of scientific research interested in using and activating modern teaching methods, and identifying the most important difficulties that art education teachers face when using modern teaching methods in the primary stage, and trying to suggest appropriate solutions to them. The research aimed to identify the most important difficulties faced by teachers of art education in the primary stage when using modern teaching methods. In its theoretical framework, it dealt with the concept of teaching methods and its most important features and difficulties they face. It also addressed the forms of modern teaching methods and their most important features and through the research procedures that were carried out in the analyzes Statistical research has found that one of the most prominent difficulties teachers face when using modern teaching methods is the lack of necessary and appropriate equipment to use modern teaching methods, as well as the increase in the number of students in one class; The difficulty of preparing the educational aids needed by these methods, and the teachers' accustomed to using traditional methods of teaching.

The research shed light on the nature of the domestic and foreign relations of the Mamluk rule in Iraq 1749-1831 and what this sensitive historical stage in the history of Iraq and the Arab Gulf region represented, as it witnessed changing political events and conflict of international and regional wills around this region because of the commercial and political importance they represent strategic goals for countries Regional and foreign, and this region became a region of conflict and the imposition of influence, hence the role of the importance of the Mamluks in preserving their rule in Iraq through their relations with these forces and benefiting from these conflicts in order to maintain their rule in Iraq.

A foreword is the introductory section of a book which includes comments on the book written by someone other than the author, generally a well-known scholar, with purpose(s) mainly promotional. Despite the important promotional role of forewords, they have been allocated a relatively small piece of literature regarding the investigation of their rhetorical structure. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the rhetorical structure of the forewords of edited academic books in applied linguistics. To achieve this research, move structure analysis based on Swales' analytic concept of moves is utilized. Precisely, using a qualitative approach, the study examines the texts in terms of the textual devices signaling the moves bearing communicative functions. The results revealed eight moves including claiming centrality, introducing the book idea, justifying the book as meeting the needs, invitation to further study, justifying the book subject as meeting the needs, admiring the book, specifying the readership, and stating an overview of the book. Also, it was found out that the forewords might not be empty of moves reflecting the purpose of attracting the readers' support. The findings could have significant use in ESP (English for Specific Purposes), genre analysis and discourse analysis, and could be of value for authors and researchers who are interested in knowing how to write forewords in academic context.

Language in any society is a social phenomenon, and a means of communication between the members of that society. The meaning of language is influenced by the external surrounding circumstances associated with the verbal event, which consists of a set of elements that affect the understanding, clarification, and implications. An example of this is the state of the speaker and the state of the receiver at the time of the exchange.
The Hadith studies are the most noble and reputable source after the Holy Quran as it is a revelation from Almighty God, and interpretation of His Canon and provisons. It is necessary for the Muslim to undertatnd and comprehend the Hadith as it the second source for the principles of Islamic legislation after the Holy Qur’an.
‘The responsive condition’ is an element expressing the meaning of the context the verbal event – and has an effect on the significance of ellipsis in the Hadith of the Prophet, especially those of a legislative nature, because of its characteristics of generality or particularity; permission or prohibition ..., depending on the understanding of the audience who are entrusted with these rulings. So this paper is concerned with clarification of these effects, and it is also concerned with clarifying the connection of the syntax system based on the omission of one of the elements of the composition with the excogitation of the Sharia ruling.

The current research aims to identify the impact of the values clarification strategy on developing persuasive writing skills for fourth-grade literary students, and to achieve the research goal, the researcher prepared a list of appropriate persuasive writing skills for middle school students. Then she checked the validity and reliability of the test, and the validity of the standard.
The researcher followed the procedures of the quasi-experimental approach, and adopted an experimental design, which is the design of the control group with a Post-test, and before starting the experiment, she was statistically rewarded between the students of the two research groups in some variables: (chronological age, intelligence, linguistic ability, and persuasive writing test). The researcher applied the experiment in the first academic course of the 2019-2020 academic year on a sample consisting of (72) female students of the fourth literary class in Balqis High School for Girls. The researcher selected them randomly from the research community, and by the same simple random sample method, Division (B) was chosen to represent The experimental group whose students will study the writing subject with the strategy of clarifying values by (37) students, and the division (A) to represent the control group whose students will study the writing material in the usual way by (35) students, and after the expiration of the experiment and applying the persuasive writing test, and after processing the data statistically, The research found a statistically significant difference in the persuasive writing test for the benefit of the experimental group, and the recommendations of the research came to enrich the topics of writing lessons with issues from the student’s reality that address her circumstances and trends and approach her tendencies.

This research can inform us about certain academic signs that require a re-reading of classic grammatical problems, without the linguistic approach that it was, in particular those which were related to the grammatical meanings extracted from the context carried in the linguistic structures, and those also related to the semantics carried in morphological units -including horof elmaani-
But their quantitative linguistic approach can pass the classical linguistic conception of grammatical function, as grammatical morphemes, and meanings extracted from syntactic contexts in linguistic structures, which impose them on their phonological articulations, with their finite quantum physical properties, and they make them responsible for the execution of this same syntactic function, and produce new meanings corresponding to their general context, in addition to the marginal meanings, differential, which occupy the same function, or the same grammatical meaning.

Many researches have been conducted concerning the importance of water in the life of man. The significance of the current study is to clarify the importance of water and the misuse of its resources. The exploitation of water resources illegally leads to deprivation of many communities from potable water. On light of this data, the study has been conducted, entitled, The status of Islamic jurisprudence in exploitation of water resources. The study aims at exploring the legislative verdict in Islam toward the misuse of water. Moreover, the study moves on to discuss the issue from various Islamic doctrines (Imami, Hanafi, Shafee and Hanbali). Which agree to classify the misuse of water resources as taboo, in order to guarantee the right of all people in community to benefit from water .

The influence of media on our lives, which can be massive, must be understood to guide our future. Scholars have demonstrated that media can create division among people. Media literacy can help learners achieve awareness, studying how media is produced, circulated and consumed. Media literacy, semiotic and non-semiotic, is necessary in post conflict Iraqi EFL classroom to manipulate the impact of media on our lives. This study is limited to visual communication, which is completely neglected in Iraqi EFL classroom. It highlights the importance of visual media awareness in classroom, introducing EFL teachers with a framework of critical visual analysis. This framework depends on the linguistic analysis of media semiotic discourse within its contexts. Consequently, it attracts the attention of teachers to the importance of visual media discourse into Iraqi EFL classroom in an attempt to cope with the development in education in western universities. Visual media literacy can help create aware citizens.

Throughout the ages, Arabic poetry has received the attention of critical, rhetorical and linguistic studies - superficial and deep - for its components. This was manifested through probing its depths and layers of text in creative artistic analysis that subjects it to critical and intellectual mechanisms that make it a critical problem that raises many questions about its meaning and structure. This study deals with the image of the city and its manifestations (Iraqi, Arab and historical) in all its dimensions -intellectual, political and social- its effectiveness and dynamism in the texts of the Iraqi poet Bushra al-Bustani. It also aims at monitoring this activity in its poetic space, especially since Iraq has gone through many riches and wars, which have changed the face of the city along with the devastation and destruction that befell on it. Therefore, its image was reflected on the psyche and sentiment of Iraqi poets, such as Bushra al-Bustani through artistic and aesthetic linguistic arguments. Therefore, the study aims at revealing the aesthetics of the city’s formation and its manifestations in poetic discourse. The study has dealt with three aspects:
The first aspect: the Iraqi city
The second aspect: the Arab city
The third aspect: the historical city.

This study investigates how that human beings and their cultures have names by which they are designated or called. This paper therefore, is a survey of naming tradition between two ethnic groups in West African Sub-region namely Yoruba ethnic group in Nigeria and Ashanti ethnic group in Ghana. Various cultural names with their meanings and origins from the two traditions of Yoruba and Ashanti were analysed. Purposive sampling technique was used to select elderly people in the Offa community whose consents were initially sought and interviewed based of their experience. Data were also obtained from libraries and texts. It was found that naming as a tradition, is an important sociolinguistic phenomenon, the practice of which dates back to the biblical time of creation. The study found that names are given in Yoruba and Ashanti cultures according to circumstances such as physical, spiritual, socio-economic, day names, theosophoric or Anglicisation surrounding the birth of a child. The study reveals that the common denominator in the naming tradition of the two ethnolinguistic groups is the peoples’ belief system. Many cultural names are derived from God, gods, goddesses, deities, shrine or priests, and such names are Nyamekye and Oluwatosin. Many of such names are used as a prefix, suffix or infix as the case may be. It was therefore, concluded that the two ethnic groups, though not from the same country, share certain common ethnographic and ethnological traits as such, name practices and re-engineering between the two traditions of Yoruba and Ashanti are very intriguing and revealing.