Iraqi Journal Of Political Science

The Ukrainian war and the Russian escalation against Ukraine are linked to a broad geopolitical conflict over areas of power and influence and vital areas, and an intense international trade competition over oil and gas and paths and lines of international trade between international strategic poles that go beyond Ukraine, as the conflict comes within the framework of current international transformations and conflicts over areas of power and influence and status. International powers between international powers influencing international issues and affairs, and there remains no doubt that the conflict between international powers is one of the possible foundations for explaining the strategic implications of the Russian-Ukrainian war, even if the sparks touch on regional and geopolitical problems However, the international balance of power and the transformations of the global system at the present time are among the catalysts supporting the strategic plans being hatched behind the scenes, whether by the United States of America in order to contain the Russian Federation, or by Russia in terms of its desire to reshape the international system with the aim of imposing its hegemony over its sphere. The vital aspect that constitutes an advanced geostrategic value in the Russian strategic perception.
Therefore, the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war in the geopolitical sphere of the two countries does not stop, affecting many countries in the central and marginal areas of the structure of the global system, and in light of the increasing intensity of escalation, whether through strengthening the Russian military momentum inside Ukraine or supplying weapons and military vehicles to Ukraine by the United States of America and NATO countries. Following the threats of a harsh response with economic sanctions on the part of European countries, these developments raise some questions about the extent of their relationship to geopolitical transformations at the level of the international system, the factors escalating the crisis, and the positions of the international and regional powers active in it, as well as focusing on studying and analyzing the future dimensions of the Russian-Ukrainian war.
In light of this, the research started from the hypothesis that: The Russian-Ukrainian war came to constitute an important test for American-European relations and the extent of the United States of America’s commitment to Europe’s security and stability in light of a complex international environment with intertwined strategic dimensions on the one hand, and on the other hand, proving the strength of the Russian Federation as a basic partner in Managing the interactions of the international system and influencing the incomes of its secondary and primary effects.

Expectation and risk management methodologies are among the new topics that receive great attention from researchers and specialists in strategic studies, because of the new approaches and hypotheses they provide in formulating the national security strategy, as these methodologies have become directly related to strategic planners’ assessment of the movement of variables and their connection to the interests of the state in terms of priorities. The importance of these methodologies increased after they became directly related to anticipating and managing national security risks, which gave them priority in the national security strategy.

Hybrid states are those states that enjoyed a non-democratic political system in which citizenship does not exist except within the parameters of that non-democratic political system. Certainly, this phenomenon will lead to the loss of the element of political participation in the political climate, considering that climate is limited to the vision of the non-democratic political system and Here, any political practice to participate in the political decision-making process in this non-democratic state will be futile, useless and completely useless. Therefore, the equation of citizenship and political participation in the climate and proof of democracy is not available in such non-democratic countries, so such countries as the above, if they are provided with The conditions of political transformation, whether these conditions are internal or external (the international community), such cases can be called hybrid states that seek to reach democratic states. Therefore, they need the elements of this access or this transformation in the environment of the political system to which they belong. Hence, the principle of true citizenship and its relationship Positive voluntary political participation as a democratic practice must be taken seriously by the political forces present in such hybrid states.

A variety of questions proposed by political analysts about human Rights commission`s ability to monitor and improve the reality of human rights in Iraq after 2023, and set up a preliminary investigations about frequent break for Iraqi human rights, and inculcate the human rights to the Iraqi emerging generations in the aim of reduction the prevailing racial speech in the Iraqi society. despite of establishing the commission which observing the human rights in Iraq , It is considered a large achievement for Iraqi government after 2003,winning the democracy value and human rights that dominate international relations after nineteenth of the past century as winning the west value. but the Iraqi reality still full of political, economic and security challenges that prevent growing real institutions which help in developing democracy and human rights. for example The political quotas system raised after the falling system of saddam Hussein , the sectarian, tribal and nationalist speech dominate in Iraqi society as well as financial and administrative corruption.
Furthermore, weapon dominance out of the hand of the government. All these facts reflects in the establishment of human rights commission and later in its performance which had been weak and corresponded with government speech ignoring the different challenges that effect on Iraqi human reality.

Iraqi foreign policy faced a number of challenges at the organizational (administrative) or political (operational) levels due to the enormous difficulties that accompanied the international coalition forces led by the United States to overthrow the previous regime in Iraq and build the political processes that managed the state and the political system after 2003.
Iraqi foreign policy after 2018 faced a number of challenges at the internal level related to the distorted relations between the region and the center and the resulting problems at the constitutional and political levels. The same applies to challenges at the external level related to problems such as the water problem, the problem of terrorism, and the negatives of the regional environment that rejects the rise of Iraq and the restoration of its role. In the region.
The most important variable is that Iraqi foreign policy after 2018 took a distinct curve, which is not involving Iraq in any regional or international axis, and this is what provided the political decision-maker in Iraq with a clear ease of movement through the multiple options that he takes. The research examines the problem: How did the foundations and trends in Iraqi foreign policy develop after 2018? What are the factors that influenced this development?
The research aims to analyze the main pillars of Iraqi foreign policy after 2018, study the internal and external factors that influenced the formation of these pillars, identify the main trends of Iraq’s foreign relations and evaluate their impact on regional security and stability.
The findings of the research show that the main pillars of Iraqi foreign policy include balancing between regional and international parties, and strengthening economic and trade relations with partner countries.
The results indicate that Iraq seeks to strengthen its role as a major player in the region, by taking advantage of its strategic location and achieving a balance between various regional and international players.

A constitutional document is a document that defines the provisions and laws that regulate the process of establishing a new state or rebuilding an existing state. Constituent power is divided into original constituent power and derivative constituent power. The original constituent power is concerned with establishing the primary foundations and general principles of the constitution, while the derivative constituent power is created and charged with amendments and improvements to the existing constitution or the creation of a new constitution.
Its primary goal is to achieve political and legal stability for the country, guarantee the rights of individuals, protect against infringements, and control relations between authorities. A constitutional document usually contains the principles of democracy, the rule of law, and the distribution of powers, and ensures that the government and citizens adhere to these principles.

The North Pole is located in the far north of the Earth and is considered a global commons, as no country has sovereign rights over it. Only the countries surrounding it have 200 sea miles that fall under their sovereignty according to the International Law of the Seas, and as a result of climate change and rising temperatures around the world due to global warming. Which led to the melting of ice in the Arctic and the emergence of many untapped potentials and opportunities in the Arctic region. This led to the countries of the world heading towards the Arctic and an increase in international competition between the countries surrounding the Arctic and between non-Arctic countries, most notably China, which seeks to control the world’s seas from Through the Arctic Belt and Road Initiative, which links the world's economy together by increasing its strategic partnership with Russia, which in turn challenges American hegemony over the global commons, as Western countries, led by the United States, seek to contain both rising powers and stop Chinese and Russian expansion in the Arctic

Saudi-Iranian relations have long been dominated by a state of great instability, due to political and sectarian differences, which led to a long conflict that focused on political and economic influence and extended widely regionally, putting some neighboring countries in a spiral of competition and conflict between the two parties, including in Iraq and Syria. And Yemen, and this tension continued to lead to the occurrence of joint incidents that affected the course of the nature of their relations until the year 2016, which witnessed a complete interruption that continued until the year 2021, and given the importance of these two regional powers and their impact on the security and stability of the region, mediation appeared under the auspices of Iraq to bring Saudi Arabia and Iran together at the table. The negotiations continued until the end of 2022, and then moved to Oman and China, leading to an end to the disputes and the resumption of Saudi-Iranian relations in March 2023, which in turn may contribute to restoring regional security arrangements and achieving stability, especially regarding related issues, most notably (Yemen). As for Iraq, This agreement strengthened Iraq's regional position and that it is an important party in the regional security balance. In addition, this rapprochement between Saudi Arabia and Iran will contribute to achieving economic benefits for Iraq, including attracting Gulf-Saudi-Iranian investments, and will also strengthen cultural, religious and social relations between the three countries.

Turkey and Egypt are considered among the pivotal and important countries in the Middle East region, and relations between the two countries have historically passed through several stages that ranged between a state of warmth, apathy, and dryness, reaching estrangement at other times. Since the Justice and Development Party came to power in Turkey in 2002, relations have witnessed a rapprochement that turned into a political rupture after 2011, especially with the coup of June 30, 2013, which Turkey described as a military coup against the legitimacy of the government. Thus, relations witnessed political tension and a diplomatic rupture, which was reflected in their positions and treatment towards them. The intertwined issues between them, especially the issue of competition in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Libyan file, but the recent developments of the re-election of the Turkish President (Recep Tayyip Erdogan) and his awareness of the necessity of restructuring the principles of Turkish foreign policy towards the active powers, especially Egypt, and its standing by the Turkish people in their ordeal following the earthquake in Turkey. 2023 There is a common desire to strengthen their economic relations in light of the challenges facing their economies to be a starting point towards their political rapprochement and overcoming their differences, especially since they are two regional powers and their cooperation is important in resolving regional and international issues.

For several decades, the world has witnessed a number of transformations and changes in several fields: political, economic, social and others. It is noted that these transformations and changes that have appeared on the global and regional scene have their effects on the future of sustainable development in countries in general and developing countries, including Arab countries in particular. Here comes the water crisis as one of the challenges taking place in the Arab countries, resulting from several reasons, including: climate, geographical and consumer reasons that are not organized and there is what is related to the policies of the estuary countries.. It is one of the most dangerous problems facing Arab countries, their final obtaining is to create a state of imbalance in the water balance between the available from these decreasing resources and the increasing demand for multiple and different uses in light of the population increase, which clearly affected the share of the Arab individual in the form of water negative. Which makes achieving sustainable development a difficult condition, given that several goals of their goals are related to water.

The roles of media and media tools have seen significant development with the emergence of the international information network, the Internet. In traditional media, control was often in the hands of the ruling political authority, especially in totalitarian and dictatorial political systems. In democratic systems, media was shared between the governing political authority, opposition, and profit-making companies. However, with technological advancements, there is no longer exclusive ownership of media tools, and the media message has spread through social media platforms. This allows ordinary individuals to disseminate their media message freely, independent of political authority or media organizations' restrictions. However, this has led to negative trends that harm the security of the society we aim to preserve from the effects of globalization. Terrorist organizations exploit media technological advancements to spread their ideologies, undermining established national states, while extremists utilize these developments for organized crime. Some seek to change authentic societal values by promoting trivial distractions, diverting attention from essential societal issues. Additionally, individuals propagate sectarianism and racism using tools provided by internal political forces and external agendas to destabilize communities and incite internal conflicts.

The study examines the variables of comprehensive capabilities and their impact on South Africa’s foreign policy. If South Africa relied in achieving its foreign policy goals on employing the comprehensive capabilities it possesses (economic, military, moral), these goals were to achieve regional and international status and influence, and to join international organizations. At the forefront is the BRICS bloc, so we find that it played the role of a regional leader as it has a high capacity compared to its surroundings, and played an effective role in various international and regional issues.

By identifying the reality of Iraqi political parties and their constitutional and legal organization mechanisms, which is the basis for partisan pluralism, what happened in Iraq after 2003 of a radical change represented by the transition to partisan pluralism made it necessary to focus on this new phenomenon, and whether it was able to build an independent state and the establishment of a stable political life for the Iraqi society, for partisan pluralism can be a way to solve all the problems facing the political system, and its ability to build a strong political system and achieve societal stability, especially since one of the most important functions of political parties is forming a government, collecting interests, expressing them in Parliament, Creating a good relationship between the political system and society and upgrading all political, social and economic fields, so that peaceful relations may prevail, especially in a socially diverse country in religion, sect, nationalism and ethnicity such as Iraq. on building the state, which has become apparent in the case of the Iraqi political parties. The relationship between these parties was based on Incorrect reasons that developed into conflicts and disputes that led to the instability of Iraqi society, and led to a political problem surrounding the Iraqi reality, causing confusion and political, social and economic instability.

Terrorism constitutes one of the challenges facing Iraq, which is considered one of the most important issues related to the national security of the state and the future of its existence as a state capable of interacting in its regional and international surroundings, especially after the emergence of the terrorist organization ISIS and its targeting of ambitions and goals that go beyond the borders of the nation-state. From here, strategic studies of the external environment and combating began. Terrorism in Iraq and the extent of its impact on internal security, as well as the nature of the contradictions carried by some international alliances in the field of combating terrorism in Iraq, in addition to the nature of the strategic balances in the region according to the logic of interaction, which makes Iraq obligated to deal with all available opportunities to achieve the balancing element to some extent. Security and political stability in the country.

The Mediterranean, especially its eastern basin, is of special importance to many parts of the world. The eastern basin of the Mediterranean connects the three continents of the ancient world, Africa, Europe and Asia, which made it a crossroads for the global trade route and a corridor linking the European continent, Asia and the African continent, which He made this region a coveted place for many colonial powers throughout the ages, and a theater of conflict and wars, as well as the geopolitical role played by Britain in the eastern Mediterranean, which continued for a long time to dominate and control most of the countries of the eastern Mediterranean

In this research study, the impact of disputes in the South China Sea region on the security of East Asia will be identified. Border disputes between countries located in the East Asian continent will be highlighted, as well as security concerns arising from China's control of the South China Sea and its consequences for The region. In this section, regional arrangements will be identified to confront the impact of these conflicts on the region. The role of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the United Nations and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum in mitigating these conflicts will be highlighted, as well as International diplomatic efforts to mitigate these conflicts.

tanawalat hadhih aldirasat albahth fi 'ahamiyat aldawlat alqawmiat walnizam alduwalii wama tathiruha ealaa tahqiq al'amn walsiyadat waltahawul 'iilaa aikhtiraeat 'iibdaeiat waqieiat jadidat walati rakazat ealaa turuhat huquq almilkiat alfikriat alati tuajihuha aldawlat alqawmiat min khilal wazayifiha wamakanatiha fi alnizam alduwalii walati rakazat ealaa alaiqtirahat alnaajihat linizam bitrilir. jadid, wahi 'ahamu almazahir almutaghayirat min khilal alruwyat almustaqbaliat lilwaqieiat aljadidat lil'amn al'ansanii 'iishkaliatan tanawaeat walsiyadat fi aldanimarkiaat aldanimarkiat aleawlamat walruwyat alwaqieiat aljadidati

This topic is one of the most important topics that occupied a large space in the literature of political thought due to the importance of the concept of freedom for different peoples, regardless of their cultures, religions, and political ideology. Thousands of lives have been lost for it throughout history, and therefore the aim of the study was to shed light on this value of freedom and discuss its dimensions. . And to show the extent to which political thinkers are keen to give this idea all the attention, as this study seeks to try to understand and analyze the extent to which freedom is accepted by modern political thought and to highlight this value, as it is a human right and is born with it from the instinct with which God created man, which is “freedom”, including freedom. Politically, although freedom is close to man, it does not mean escaping all controls and restrictions. Rather, it has freedom and the right to act within legitimate and legal controls, and accordingly, there was a difference between thinkers in determining and defining its limits, which made it a controversial topic throughout the ages among various trends and thinkers.

The research dealt with the study of (the role of the United Nations’ digital diplomacy in managing the Syrian crisis after 2011), and knowing the power of digital diplomacy in the radical change it produced in Arab governance systems, mobilizing public opinion, and its impact in transforming this change into internal conflicts seeking to change political systems. and government leaders, and then to external conflicts, and then to a crisis that is difficult to control as the major powers struggle among themselves; To impose their hegemony and control over the Middle East region; And the influence of these major powers, represented by the five permanent members of the Security Council, on United Nations resolutions in resolving the crisis.

Since the beginning of his existence on the surface of the Earth, man has known forms of conflict, conflict, and contradiction, whether this conflict or dispute was between him and his surrounding environment or between him and his kind. He was always required to confront these challenges and emerge from them in a way that achieves his interest and continuity. Then he became required to do what achieves the interest of his family. Then his tribe, then his country, and all of this is what has become known today as various disputes or conflicts. Conflict is therefore a manifestation of the deterioration of relations and the blockage of existing or available means of solution, and there are consequences resulting from conflicts. Some of them are positive, and some are negative. Therefore, conflict analysis has a significant impact on reaching a solution to the conflict through its effective role in exploring all the elements of direct and indirect stakeholders, the causes and issues contained in the disputed areas, and their administrative and constitutional dimension. And the effectiveness of Article (140) of the Iraqi Constitution.

Feminism arose due to the environmental conditions of special occasions for gender equality, a witness that affected women in particular. Feminist ideology caused a stir at the beginning of its emergence; All the prevailing laws, regulations, and traditions have been enforced, and all contexts and relationships that make women mere subservient have been rejected. Introduced in its stages of development, it was able to combine the concepts of these ideas with their own, and the feminist approach focused in its basic construction on specific concepts agreed upon by all the distinctive details..

Political authority, in its general form and specific nature, is considered one of the important criteria for societal organization as it represents the ability to exercise some functions in the overall social system in terms of preserving the social group and organizing society. The development of patterns of exercising authority, the mechanisms of assigning it, and the process of adapting it in social reality has always been linked to the characteristics of The political systems that you use in a way that suits the circumstances, characteristics and political needs of society according to its stages of development. Therefore, the concept of power and the mechanisms for exercising it in modern political systems are of great importance, due to the multiplicity of theoretical and intellectual frameworks for the concept of power and the mechanisms for exercising it. There are multiple theoretical frameworks that intersect from time to time and meet in ideas, but in the end these frameworks come together to define a comprehensive and general concept for these concepts in practice. And the administration of countries.

In the past forty years since the formation of the European Union, Britain has made significant contributions to the European Union, according to Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, Vice President of the European Parliament, but in return, it has not stopped rejecting draft laws proposed by the European Commission. Therefore, its departure from the European bloc will facilitate the process of ratifying Europe. Some of its decisions, as seen by an employee working in the European Union. Other European countries will also not have to hide behind the United Kingdom in the Council of the European Union.