Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences

Due to the widespread use of the Oxymetholone and its widespread health problems, it was necessary to search for an alternative medi-cine treatment that reduces the harm of the Oxymetholone. Objec-tives from this study is determine the protective effect of the nano-extract of the Lepidium meyenii on the damage caused by the Ox-ymetholone in male rats. the experimental animals (28) were ran-domly divided into four groups, with 7 animals for each group The duration of the experiment was 55 days. The animal dosed daily, as follows: control group (G1): The animals were dosed with normal saline,Positive control group (G2): animals dosed orally with Ox-ymetholone (5 mg/kg B.w.),Group three (G3): Animals were dosed orally with the nano-extract of Lepidium meyenii ( 100 mg/kg B.w.),Group four (G4): It included animals dosed orally with the nano-extract of Lepidium meyenii (100 mg/kg B.w.) four hours be-fore oral dosing with the Oxymetholone ( 5 mg/kg B.w.). The level of (GSH, SOD and number of sperm in epididymal tail) decreased in the Oxymetholone group and rose and was within the normal level in G3, G4.The histological sections of the epididymal in G2 It was noted that there were interstitial spaces between the epididymal tubules, and few sperm in the tubule cavities. With a lack of smooth muscle surrounding the tubules.Also showed in G3 and G4 the normal structure of the epididymis appears with regular epididymal tubules, an increase in the number of sperm in the lumen of the ep-ididymis and the presence of connective tissue between the tubules. Maca root nano-extract has been shown to be effective in inhibiting oxymetholone-induced damage to oxidative stress and epididymal tissue in male rats.

moringa plant seeds are an excellent source of important the scien-tific such as dietary fiber, protein, and antioxidants. The properties of different physiochemical compounds were investigated, as was the use of moringa seeds powder ( MSP) in pan bread manufac-ture.at levels 2, 4, and 6% MSP were substituted for the wheat flour to make pan bread,the pan bread that was obtained was con-trasted with the control sample, the moringa-fortified bread samples were assessed for their proximate, mineral, and sensory qualities. The proximate analysis's findings indicated that moringa seed pow-der has a protein 33.33±88192%, ash 2.83±44096% , fat 27.33±1.45297 % and fiber 5.25±25835%,while its moisture con-tent 3±57735% and carbohydrate 71.75±88039% . Moringa seed powder also had aimportant increase in the amount of minerals (cal-cium1.3 mg/g, potassium 0.98 mg/g, and phosphorus 0.71 mg/g,). According to the findings of the sensory evaluation, pan bread made with wheat flour can be successfully fortification with 2% MSP. It is possible to use MSP as a source of protein and dietary fi-ber when making pan bread, which is beneficial for both food and machinery.

The research was carried out in a lath-house at Karbala certified citrus nursery/Department of Horticulture/Kerbala Agriculture Directotae, Hindiyah District, for the season 2022, starting from 1/3 to 1/11, to study the effect of spraying with Nano-selenium and water types for irrigation water on some anatomical and chemical characteristics of three citrus rootstocks. The experiment was three factors Split- Split Plot Design in R.C.B.D. The main plot was two types of water: river water and well water, sub-plot was three Citrus rootstocks, Sour or-ange, Volcamariana and Lime seedlings, while the sub-sub-plot in-cluded Spraying Nano selenium at a concentration of 0, 1, and 2 mg L-1. The result showed that the spraying with Nano-selenium at 2ml L-1 resulted in higher cuticle thickness, CHO%, proline acid, ABA hormone and Glutathione GSH. However, Nano-selenium and water quality did not show much effect on the average number of stomata in the leaves. For the water types, it showed that the irrigation with well water resulted in higher cuticle thickness, plant content of pro-line acid, ABA hormone and Glutathione GSH). Among the root-stocks, the Sour orange had the highest in plant content of proline ac-id, ABA hormone and Glutathione GSH, while Lime rootstock was the best in number of leaf stomata and CHO%, as the rootstocks didn’t differ in leaf cuticle thickness. The best results for the most in-dicators under study were obtained in the presence of Nano-selenium 2 mg L-1 where interacted with well water and Sour orange. Lime rootstock seedlings performed better with river water. This study showed that applying Nano- selenium 2 mg L-1 can be the best choice to improve seedlings growth and to enhance seedling tolerance to well water salinity.

This research aims to find out the response of different groups of sheep to Nutritional Flushing and analyse the impact of this re-sponse on their reproductive performance, where 60 sheep of dif-ferent ages were used in the experiment, 3 different groups of sheep breeds were selected (Naimi, Awasi karakul bat, Awasi Hamdani bat) and 3 control groups of the same breeds with 10 sheep per group agencies : the first treatment: - control group Pure Naimi sheep / 10 head, the second treatment: - control group Awasi bat + karakul / 10 heads, the third treatment: - control group sheep bat Awassi + Hamdani / 10 heads, the fourth treatment: - Nutritional Flushing group Pure Naimi sheep / 10 Ras, the fifth transaction: - Nutritional Flushing group al-mudrab Awasi + Karakul Sheep / 10 Ras, the sixth transaction: Nutritional Flushing group al-mudrab Awasi + Hamdani sheep / 10 Ras. The experimental groups were given a Nutritional Flushing of 3% of the animal's weight, concen-trated feed six weeks before the fertilization process and six weeks before the birth process, with the provision of hay and free jet threshing as needed, in addition to water and mineral salts, the re-sults of the experiment showed a moral superiority (P<0.05) in the fertility and fertilization rates, the percentage of births and the per-centage of pregnancy and the ratio of twins and fertility, and we conclude that the treatment with Nutritional Flushing for the three groups of sheep (Naimi, Awasi mudrab The use of a Nutritional Flushing for the three sheep groups at a concentration of 3 % of the animal's weight six weeks before the fertilization process and six weeks before the birth process, with the provision of hay and free jet threshing as needed, in addition to water and mineral salts, has given the best results compared to natural feeding(control group).

This study assessed the farmers' use of phone applications to access information for maise production in Kwara State. Data for the study were analysed using descriptive statistics, likert scale, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). A simple random sampling was used to select 120 maise farmers from 6 villages in both Omupo and Ajase-Ipo districts. The study revealed that 83.3% of the maise farmers were males with an average of 37.6, and 83.3% were mar-ried, with an average of 12 years of schooling. The average house-hold size was 7 persons while the number of years of experience was 11 years. The study also revealed that the most common way of ac-cessing information was through voice calls, radio, and WhatsApp, with all the respondents choosing both of these sources. The study al-so showed that poor internet networks on field/farm sites, with a mean score of 2.59 were the most glaring effect of the use of phones to access information on maise production, while the high cost of mobile smart/android phones with a mean score of 2.58 was one of the mitigating factors. The major constraint of using phone fea-tures/applications to access information was that smartphones use a bunch of data bundles and cost implications with a mean score of 2.61. The results of the hypothesis showed a significant relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and farmers' use of phone ap-plications in accessing information for maise production. Data sub-scriptions on customised phones can also be made affordable for farmers.

Due to its high nutritional value and secondary metabolites, broccoli is one of the most significant vegetable crops globally. Thus, a green-house experiment was conducted to determine how the application of inorganic fertilizer impacts the plant growth and internal quality of broccoli plants. NPK fertilizer was applied at different levels (0, 300, 500, and 700 kg ha-1) three times at 14-day intervals after 21 days of transplanting. Results showed that 700 kg ha-1 NPK significantly im-proved some morphological characteristics, yield components, and total polyphenolic content (TPC) (93.89 μg GAE g-1 FW). 500 kg ha-1 pro-vided the best value for leaf chlorophyll intensity (82.96 SPAD), TSS (11.57 ˚Brix), ascorbic acid (107.33 mg 100g-1 FW), and the highest rate of nitrate accumulation (502.33 ppm). Moreover, 300 kg ha-1 NPK produced the maximum results for leaf dry matter (20.27%), lateral head weight (354.33 g), zinc (551.58 ppm), manganese (11.29 ppm), and iron (41.17 ppm). Conversely, the control plants recorded the min-imum results in this study except for total antioxidant activity (TAA) (70.50%) and copper (7.05 ppm). The results of this research could as-sist growers in determining the optimal amounts of NPK application for their broccoli plants or other crops while maintaining quality in green-houses

Given the importance of the aphid, its many species, the multi-plicity of its families, and its rapid spread on ornamental plants in the Holy Governorate of Karbala City Iraq, this study was conduct-ed and it aimed to diagnose some of the most important types of aphids belonging to the Aphididae family on ornamental plants in the Karbala Governorate. of the Aphididae family on ornamental plants in Karbala Governorate by selecting a group of nurseries dis-tributed over six areas of the governorate, which comprised (the city center, Imam Aoun area, Al-Husseiniyah area, Al-Boubiyat ar-ea, Al-Har area and Al-Hindiya area). This study was conducted during the year 2023-2024 AD in one of the laboratories of the Plant Protection Department - College of Agriculture - University of Karbala. this study showed the presence of a large group of aphid colonies on ornamental plants, including the fine plum aphid (Hyalopterus pruni). This species was found on the Ruilia bretoni-ana plant. It is registered in Iraq The oat or bird cherry aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) was found on the Damascus rose plant and was not recorded in Iraq. The black citrus or camellia aphid (Toxoptera auranti) was found on the African rose plant and was not recorded in Iraq. The hawthorn aphid (Dysaphis crataegi) was found on the Sanchezia plant. It is registered in Iraq ornamental plants in most nurseries.

This study evaluated the efficiency of the bacterial biopesticide Amy-loland and the two chemical pesticides Coragen and Conan in con-trolling adults and the second instar larvae of the red rusty flour bee-tle Tribolium castaneum under laboratory conditions. The results of the study showed that the pesticide Amyloland achieved the highest mortality percentage of second-instar larvae at a concentration of 3.5 g L-1, reaching 100% after 9 days of treatment, compared to the two concentrations of 2.5 and 3 g L-1, which recorded a mortality per-centage of 73.33% and 96.67%, respectively, for the same time. In the treatment of adults, the concentration of 3.5 g L-1 gave the highest mortality percentage of 90% after 13 days of treatment compared to the two concentrations of 2.5 and 3 g L-1, which achieved a mortality percentage of 50% and 66.67%, respectively, for the same time. As for treating the two chemical pesticides, the Coragen pesticide achieved superiority and significant differences over the Conan pesti-cide in the adult instar. As for the treatment of the second larval in-star, there are no significant differences between the two pesticides in the percentage of mortality during the treatment periods. The results of the Coragen pesticide indicated that the highest percentage of mor-tality for adults, at a concentration of 0.20 ml L-1, reached 100% after 9 days of treatment. The concentrations of 0.15 and 0.10 ml L-1 rec-orded a mortality percentage of 76.7% and 56.7%, respectively. As for Conan pesticide in the adult instar, it was given at a concentration of 0.6 g L-1, the highest mortality percentage of 63% after 9 days of treatment, while at the two concentrations of 0.5 and 0.4 g L-1, the percentage of mortality 50% and 43.3%, respectively. From the re-sults, we notice that the percentage of mortality increases with in-creasing concentration and length of time.

This study evaluated the efficiency of some integrated pest control methods to control the mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley under laboratory conditions. It was done by testing the efficiency of some methods, such as insecticides Conan and Actrara, entomopath-ogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Nano Calcium silicate, and mineral oil. This experiment was carried out in the insect laboratory for post-graduate studies at the College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala. The results prove that insecticides Conan and Actara significantly af-fect both nymphs and adults, where the average percentage of nymphs mortality within 24 hours of treatment was 100%. The con-centrations of the Conan pesticide were (300 - 400 - 500 mg/L) Whereas the Actara pesticide was in concentrations (0.20 – 0.25 – 0.30 ml/L) respectively. Likewise, the rate of mortality of adults with-in 24 hours of treatment with Actara and its three concentrations used (0.20 - 0.25 - 0.30 ml/L) and Conan with three concentrations as well (300 - 400 - 500 mg/L) reached 100%. Based on the study's results, both insecticides, Conan and Actara, can be used due to their superi-ority in mortality rates. In contrast, the mortality rate was 100% in both nymphs and adults within 24 hours of treatment compared to the other treatments used.

The study investigated the contamination of stored crop grains used as fish feed in Iraq by fungi capable of producing Ochratoxin A (OTA) and assessed its impact on fish farming and health. A survey revealed that all tested grain samples were contaminated with various fungi, with Aspergillus niger being the most prevalent. Among 1,400 isolates of A. niger, nine were confirmed to produce OTA at varying levels. The highest OTA concentration (80.90 µg/kg) was recorded for isolate ANK1, while the lowest (35.9 µg/kg) was found in isolate ANA1. Molecular and morphological diagnoses of the toxin-producing isolates were consistent, and their genomic sequences were archived in the NCBI database under accession codes OR452868.1 and OR449322.1. Chromatographic analysis detected OTA contamination in five out of nine samples, with the highest contamination level (6.90 µg/kg) found in sample K1F. Contamination impacted fish growth and health, increasing mortality rates to 10.8% compared to 3.5% in the control. Weight loss percentages ranged from 13.7% to 27.2% over 60 to 180 days. Blood analysis showed decreased WBC, RBC, HGB, MCHC, and PLT levels, while HCT levels significantly increased. The findings underscore the risks posed by OTA contamination to fish farming and emphasize the need for improved feed safety measures.

The experiment was carried out in the canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape - Faculty of Agriculture - Kerbala Uni-versity during the spring semester 2023. The study was carried out as a factor experiment by designing complete random block de-sign(R.C.B.D) with three repetitions. The experiment included two factors, the first was a fish emulsion and was added in four concen-trations, namely 0, 1, 2, 3%, and the second factor was the addition of Vermicompost with four levels 0, 25, 50, 100 g Pot-1, the aver-ages were compared using the lowest significant difference at the probability level of 0.05. The results showed that the addition of fish emulsion significantly affected each type of flavonoid gluco-sides (Vitexin, Luteolin-3-galctasides, Rutin, Eriodityol, Quercetin-3-rhamnoside), where the concentration (3%) treatment gave the highest rate, reaching (1119.73، 914.28، 1013.6، 1193.81، 1308.91) on the relay . The addition of Vermicompost affected the types of glucosides (Vitexin, Luteolin-3-galctasides, routine, Eri-odityol), the concentration (g pot-1) gave the highest rate, reaching (1056.22, 962.07, 1008.0, 1055.79) sequentially The interaction between the two study factors showed a significant effect on gluco-sides (Vitexin, Luteolin-3-galctasides, Rutin, Eriodityol, Quercetin-3-rhamnoside), where the (3%, and 100 g Pot-1) interference treatment gave the highest rate (1448.60، 1464.72، 1423.3، 1463.82،1441.84 ) on the relay. It can be concluded from this study that fertilizers resulting from organic waste can be used as sources of fertilization for plants to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers to reduce environmental damage and follow the system of sustainable agriculture.

Fish frequently undergo stress during aquaculture or experimental operations, which can change any physiological parameter and have an impact on the success of rearing the fish or the outcomes of the research.The purpose of this study was to investigate how different stressors affected some physiological parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). A total of 162 common carp with body weights ranging from 60.4 to 62.8 g which were evenly distributed in plastic aquaria were subjected to three stressor factors: crowding, starvation, and a combination of starvation and crowding for durations of 24, 72, and 144 hours. Cortisol levels were 167.55, 183.8, 212.8 nmol/L, and 222.65 nmol/L, respectively, for control, crowding, starvation and (crowding+starvation). Unlike haematocrit, which was consistently lower in starved fish, hemoglobin content did not appear to be influenced by starvation. Stressors such as starvation, crowding, and their combination had a substantial influence on typical automotive physiological measures such as cortisol level, blood glucose and hematocrit.

In this study, 20 Bacillus and 20 Pseudomonas bacteria were isolated from arid and semiarid soil samples. Bacillus and Pseudomonas bac-teria are soil-dwelling bacteria that can promote plant growth. They are known to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS), which can help plants retain water and tolerate drought stress. The isolates were mor-phologically and microscopically characterized and tested for their ability to produce exopolysaccharides. The isolates that were most capable of producing exopolysaccharides were used as biofertilizer to improve drought tolerance of maize seedlings. The seedlings were ir-rigated every 24, 48, or 72 h. The results showed that biofertilizers containing the most EPS-producing Bacillus and Pseudomonas iso-lates, B. subtillus, B. brevibacillus, P. putida, P. fluorescens, significantly improved the transpiration rate, stress tolerance index, drought tolerance, chlorophyll stability and membrane damage index of maize seedlings.

The experiment was carried out in the plant canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering/College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, located in the Al-Husseiniyah area in Kerbala Governorate, on 11/10/2023. The experiment aimed to determine the best level of palm frond waste, along with determining the best concentration of tryptophan acid and the extent of their ef-fect. On some characteristics of vegetative growth of olive seedlings, the experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to the order of the factorial experiment, with three replications. The first factor included two varieties of olive (Manzanillo and Bashiqi), while the second factor included three levels of palm frond waste (0, 3% and 6%) and the third factor included three concentrations of tryptophan acid (0, 75 and 150 ml L-1). The results showed that the Manzanillo cultivar excelled in seed-ling height, stem diameter, number of leaves per seedling, leaf area, relative moisture content of leaves, and the percentage of dry matter of the shoot system, with averages of (25.385 cm, 2.083 mm, 537.60 leaf seedling-1, 21.497 cm2, 77.615% and 61.071% respectively). It was also noted that the addition of palm frond waste had a significant effect, as the third level (6%) excelled in all of the aforementioned traits with averages of (28.811 cm, 2.442 mm, 611.50 leaf seedling-1, 24.648 cm2, 79.977%, and 70.957%). As for spraying with trypto-phan acid, it was observed that the concentration (150 ml L-1) was superior to the same traits with averages of (24.689 cm, 2.124 mm, 529.50 leaf seedling-1, 21.351cm2, 76.760% and 61.894%). The results also showed that the interactions between the factors were significant in all the characteristics under study.

This study aims to detect ivermectin (IVM) residues in the liver and kidneys of sheep by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technology. 50 samples (each of 25 livers and 25 kidneys) were collected from five different areas in Karbala Governorate. From October 2023 to January 2024. The analysis showed that sam-ples of both liver and kidneys contaminated with ivermectin residues exceed the maximum limits for ivermectin residues, and according to the previously permitted maximum limits for ivermectin residues by the World Health Orgnasation and the Food and Agriculture Or-gnasation, they show a significant difference between the regions of the governorate. As shown in the results of sheep liver and according to region (AL Hur, Al Hussaina, center, Tauweraij and Aeen tumer) and compared with the maximum limits of residues in the liver (0.06) The results were higher than the normal limit for residues (3.74, 1.87, 1.13, 0.52 and 0.21) respectively. As for the results of sheep kidneys and according to regions (Al Hussaina, center, Aeen tumer, Tau-weraij and AL Hur) and compared with the maximum limits of resi-dues in the kidney (0.02) The results were higher than the normal limit for residues (3.51, 2.44, 1.68, 0.82 and 0.37) respectively. The results showed that contamination of foods of animal origin with pes-ticides occurs due to incorrect use of the pesticide, failure to take into account the withdrawal period of the pesticide in the tissues of the an-imal’s body, and failure to observe special instructions when using it. The results of this study confirm the need for monitoring programs for eliminating pesticide residues and external parasites in animal products to protect consumer health from risks of exposure to these residues.

The aim of the research was to conduct an ecological and biological survey of the extent of pomegranate fruit rot disease and to identify the fungi responsible for these cases in Iraq. The study involved isolating and identifying pathogenic Aspergillus niger isolates capable of producing the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A and evaluating the effects of certain plant extracts, agricultural fungicides, and the yeast S. cerevisiae in protecting pomegranate fruits from A. niger attack during storage. The isolation and identification results revealed that all samples were contaminated with various fungal isolates, with a con-tamination rate of 100%. The storage experiment results showed that percentage of disease severity, coriander extract significantly reduced the severity to 8.53%, compared to 23.23% for the pathogen-only treatment, with a fungal inhibition rate of 63.28%. This was followed by the treatment with sage extract, which reduced the se-verity to 10.13% with an inhibition rate of 56.39%. Lastly, the plant-based pesticide Palizin and the biological agent (S. cerevisiae) achieved reductions in disease severity of 11.86% and 10.73%, re-spectively, with inhibition rates of 45.94% and 53.80% compared to the control treatment. The results showed that treating stored pome-granate fruits with alcoholic coriander extract reduction in the levels of Ochratoxin A, production, with a reduction percentage of 6.92%. The A. niger fungal isolate was able to resist the effect of the plant extract and produce the mycotoxin Ochratoxin A, at a rate of 57.8 microgram/kg, compared to the pathogen-only treatment, which resulted in toxin production of 62.1 microgram/kg.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the adverse ef-fects of orlistat used alone and in combination with cinnamon with regard to weight gain, body weight percentage, and alterations in the lipid profile in male rats that were obese. Have been selected There were two groups of adult male rats. First experience (induc-tion obesity) for six weeks to induce obesity into (Control group : 10 rats received only rats normal diet without fat as a daily dose) and (High fat diet group : 30 rats received only fed with high-fat diet contain Plate with soy fat and introduce as daily dose) , After this period (six weeks) weight gain and second main groups to en-sure the induction , Second experience for six weeks , The treat-ment period lasted from week 6 to week 12 after confirming the in-duction of obesity daily oral dosing with the fallowing groups) Control group : 10 rats received only rats normal diet without fat as a daily dose , High fat diet group : 30 rats after induction of obesity divided into the following:-A) Group high fat diet with orlistat 10 rats (10 mg/kg/day). B) Group high fat diet with cinnamon 10 rats (100 mg/kg BW). C) Group high fat diet with orlistat (10 mg/kg/day ) and cinnamon (100 mg/kg BW) 10 rats. The findings show that Weight gain were increase in a significant value (P<0.05) in fat group comparatively to control group and orlistat group , cinnamon group , combination mix group While cholesterol , Tri-glycerides , LDL-c and VLDL-c were increase in a significant value (P<0.05) while showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in HDL-c in fat group comparatively to control group and orlistat group , cin-namon group , combination mix group , Conclusions In addition to its ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase, orlistat can also be used to control weight because it indirectly reduces appetite by raising glu-cagon, IDE, and dopamine levels and by inhibiting the glutamate neurotransmitter. Meanwhile, cinnamon improves blood sugar lev-els and glycaemic targets.

A pot experiment was carried out in the canopy of the Horticulture and Landscape Department - College of Agriculture - University of Kerbala For the period from July 2023 to June 2024. The study was carried out as a factorial experiment with three replications in a randomized complete block design to study the effect of kinetin (0, 50, and 100 mg L-1) (K0, K1, K2, respectively), and arginine (0, 150, and 300 mg L-1) (A0, A1, A2, respectively), and chelated iron (0 and 200 mg L-1) (Fe1, Fe2, respectively) in the vegetative growth of neem seedlings. The results showed the varying effect of adding the study factors individually, as kinetin had a significant effect on most of the vegetative traits under study, while adding arginine had no significant effect on most of the vegetative traits, except for stem diameter, which was significantly affected, while chelated iron had a significant effect on leaf area and plant height. The results of the binary interaction varied between the study factors on the studied traits. The triple intervention had a significant effect on the plant height, as the treatment (Fe2K2A2) gave the highest rate of plant height, reaching (46.00 cm), and the highest rate of stem diameter, reaching (6.337 mm), While the treatment (Fe1K2A2) gave the highest average leaf area, reaching (1123 cm2). It can be concluded from this study that spraying arginine with chelated iron had an effective role in improving the early vegetative growth of seedlings, but the use of high concentrations of kinetin must be taken into account, as the results reflected the negative effects of high concentrations on most of the traits studied.

A study was conducted in the spring of 2023 in Karbala Governorate to examine the effects of liquid organic fertilizer and nano copper spray on the growth and yield mung beans in clay loam soil. The experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with treatments distributed in three replicates. The study looked at two factors: levels of liquid organic fertilizer (0, 10, and 2 L ha-1) and concentrations of nano copper (0, 15, 30, and 45 mg L-1). The results showed that using liquid organic fertilizer and nano copper spray, either alone or in combination, significantly impacted the growth and yield characteristics of the mung beans. The combi-nation of liquid organic fertilizer (10 L ha-1) and nano copper spray (45 mg L-1) resulted in significant increase in the number of branches in a plant, number of leaves in a plant, leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), plant biological yield, harvest index, and protein yield by 68.70%, 62.85%, 39.44%, 93.28%, 38.51% and 454.78% respectively, compared to the treatment without these additions.

This study was done to demonstrate the bacterial contamination of many type of raw Beef meat products that processed locally in Iraq by Proteus. spp. bacteria , during January to June from 2022 one hundred fifty Beef products samples ((burger, meatball, pasterma ) were randomly purchased from different local markets in Baghdad City ,These samples were sent to the Lab. of Microbiology for bacte-rial identification which performed by using different selective media like MacConkey Agar, blood agar, XLD agar, more identification was done by using Gram stain technique and biochemical tests , (11) isolates of Proteus spp. as (7.33%) was diagnosed and confirmed as Proteus mirabilis using VITEK 2 compact technique & Finally the Nucleotide Sequence of 16S rRNA Gene of isolated bacterial spp. was identified by PCR technique.

The factors that greatly affect the quality of fish meat are type of nu-trition and nutritional conditions, their effects are found in the muscle structure and stability of fish meat during the storage period. To con-duct this study, fish were stored for 14 days at a temperature of 4 °C. During the refrigerated storage period of fish fillets, the approximate composition of fish fillets (moisture, protein, fat and ash) was meas-ured, and the quality factors of fish were recorded. The results also showed that the highest amount of moisture and the lowest amount of fat were in fish cultured in earthen ponds, and the amount of protein did not change significantly between the different treatments, the amounts of TBA, FFA and TVN increased during the refrigerated storage period, and the pH changes were not regular between the different treatments. The highest amount of TBA and FFA was between the different treatments. It was also noted that the highest amount of moisture was in river fish. Comparison of the results of the different qualitative factors between the three treatments showed that treating fish in an earthen pond environment compared to the two treatments is more susceptible to spoilage during the refrigerated storage period. While the microbiological studies were conducted.