Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) interact with both the surface and structural proteins of viral or bacterial cells, leading to destruction of the pathogenic cells or disruption of their metabolic processes. One of the benefits of using Ag NPs as sterilants is their inability to be adapted to by pathogenic cells, unlike traditional sterilization methods. While silver is generally non-toxic to human health, prolonged exposure can result in a condition known as argyria, characterized by blue discolouration of the skin. The proposed device utilizes Ag NPs for external sterilization of individuals entering a room measuring approximately (1 × 1 × 2) meters, through the release of a batch of steam. Ultrasonic vaporizers utilize a piezoelectric transducer to convert electrical energy into mechanical vibrations, which agitate the water stored within the device. This results in the production of water vapour infused with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) that are dissolved in the water. The silver nanoparticles possess antimicrobial properties, allowing the vapour to effectively sterilize the user by eliminating infectious agents present on the skin, hair, or clothing. The use of ultrasonic vaporizers in crowded areas can help to reduce the spread of infectious diseases, such as SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. Additionally, ultrasonic vaporizers are easy to operate and do not require specialized expertise, making them a suitable option for use outside of healthcare facilities.

This paper studies the mechanical behavior of functionally graded material viscoelastic (FGVE) products employed in automotive, chemical industry, and biomedical appliances. Various experimental models describe and simulate nanobeams with viscoelastic layers subjected to tensile loading, 3-point bending, tear, and impact. All specimens were prepared using the 3D printing method. Tensile, hardness, tear, impact, and bending specimens reinforced with different volume fractions (1-5)% of Al2O3, TiO2, and a hybrid of the nanomaterials Al2O3 /TiO2 were arranged via a mixing process with an extruder and then fabricated by a 3D printing machine. The experimental results of maximum bending load, midspan deflection, impact, and tear resistance were validated by finite element methods (FEM) with the assistance of commercial software (Ansys Workbench 2021 R1). Furthermore, the influence of various parameters on the mechanical performance of reinforced samples has been thoroughly investigated, for example, volume fraction index, nanoparticles content, and FG properties. Based on the findings, the most successful results were obtained by adding 1.5 % Al2O3 and 3% TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles. The experimental and numerical results were in reasonable agreement. The discrepancy did not exceed 10.25% for maximum bending load and no difference over 5% for maximum impact load, indicating that the strengthened nanoparticle specimens were properly fabricated. Also, a significant improvement in mechanical and viscoelastic properties was achieved by incorporating hybrid nanoparticles. Flexural bending load increased by about 17 % with hybrid nanoparticles, while tear resistance increased by 27.5 % and impact resistance increased by 7.5%.

Under the parameters of normal engine operation, lubricating oil typically experience periodic shifts in its viscosity. Because of this, engine oils often include polymeric additives that are referred to as viscosity modifiers. The oil is able to give acceptable fluid lubrication at extreme temps due to these additives, which are oil-soluble polymers. The aim of present work to use polymers in form of nano-composites such as Styrene, Octadecyl-methacrylate (ODMC) and Dodecyle-methcrylate (DDMC) for lube oil viscosity index and pour point enhancement during copolymerization reaction. The benzoyl peroxide was used as an initiator. Solubilizes were made using SN-150 mineral base oil from the Al-Dorha refineries in Baghdad, which had a viscosity index of 128, and a viscosity range of 0 to 100°C. Styrene and methacrylate monomer combinations were copolymerized in an SN-150 mineral base oil solution in a nitrogen atmosphere at 60-80°C. A 200 mm3 oil glass reactor fitted with a magnetic stirrer and a reflux condenser was used to conduct the reactions. Five percent by weight of the total monomer was the concentration used. With respect to the monomers, the initiator concentration was 1.0% wt. Seven hours are needed for the whole reaction cycle. The copolymer composition was modified from 5 to 25% wt.% styrene by changing the monomer combination ratio. The advanced statistical analysis is performed to find the optimum conditions by mean of surface response and multiple regression using MINITAB. The optimization finding is obtained at Styrene of 5%, DDMC of 18% and ODMC of 18%, which promotes viscosity index of 197 leading to 51% enhancement in Al-Dora lube oil.

In this research, the greener catalyst of iron nanoparticles (G-FeNPs) was synthesized from the reduction of iron (III) salt by the extract of used green tea leaves waste. The product was characterized by SEM, AFM, and FTIR, while the zeta potential was measured to study the stability of G-FeNPs. The degradation of the anionic dye Eriochrome Blue Black R (EBBR) from an aqueous solution using a Fenton-like process catalyzed by G-FeNPs has been studied. The effects of catalyst dosage, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and pH, initial concentration of EBBR dye, contact time, and temperature were studied and evaluated for dye degradation. The optimized conditions achieved 91.5% removal of 25 mg/L EBBR dye at the reaction conditions: [G-FeNPs] = 0.8 g/L, [H2O2] = 4 mmol/L, pH=3, 60 min contact time, and at room temperature. Four kinetic models were employed to study the reaction kinetic model favorable; first-order, second-order, Elovich, and Behnajady-Modirshahla-Ghanbary (BMG). In general, Elovich and BMG reaction kinetics models are well fitted to all reactions. The thermodynamic functions, such as ΔGº, ΔHº, and ΔSº, were also investigated. The results obtained indicate that the Fenton-like process of EBBR dye was spontaneous and endothermic.

Graphene Oxide nanosheets were synthesized using electrochemical exfoliation of pencil electrodes in aqueous solution containing 2% of magnesium sulfate salt. A solar panel of 20V was used as a power supply to turn the synthesis into a green method. Several measurements were carried out to investigate the product, namely: Raman scattering, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. Raman scattering showed the existence of both D-band and G-band, which are an indication of graphene oxide existence. The D-to-G band ratio was 1.5. The results of X-ray showed a diffraction peak at 2θ = 20.7° corresponding to the space distance between graphene oxide nanosheets and a diffraction peak at 2θ = 26.25° corresponding to the short range interplanar spacing. Photoluminescence showed two peaks of emission (at wavelengths 355nm & 701nm) regarding to the π-π* transition. UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy exhibited a 4.2eV photon energy absorption peak corresponding to the aromatic C=C bonds and 5.4eV photon energy absorption peak corresponding to the carbonyl groups. FTIR showed peaks related to hydroxyl groups, hydrogen-bonded OH groups of COOH, and functional groups such as C-OH (1375 cm-1), and C-O (1039 cm-1). FTIR results approved that graphene oxide nanosheets are functionalized. TEM images show that the synthesized graphene oxide is single-, double-, and multi-layer stacks with an amount of impurities.

Nano – term is a mimicking dimensional philosophy of natural structure. With same context, nanomaterials in research and processing display a mimic philosophy with particular function(s) in human and other living creatures such as DNA, ribosome, antibody, enzyme, protein, glucose, haemoglobin, and bone (hydroxyapatite or collagen). Also, some microorganisms (bacteria or viruses) are in nano-sized that enabling them for easily entrance to their hosts. According to range definition (1-100(nm)), type, application, toxicity beside environmental impact for short – and long term, nanomaterial and nanotechnology have important achievements starting from discovery to production state. Nanomaterials are high surface materials having enormous selectivity – reactivity resulted from high active sites to area ratio. They prepared by physical, chemical and bio -green reactions that applied to formulate micro- and nano- organic(s) and inorganic(s). These significant materials performe amazing levels in research, discovery, development, and processing in industry, medicine, pharmacy, science, technology, and other life fields. In this mini - review, fast journey with more than seventy references beside their cited books or articles demonstrated that nano sized materials are superior and adjustable in their physical, chemical, and / or biological properties compared to bulk counterparts. Their classification varied according to composition, origin, size (or surface area), and shape that lead to safety – application balance. The dramatically innovation in nano science and technology is a result of surface area to volume ratio that promoted multiple uses and toxicological changing in cell, membrane, or organ. Finally, there is a serious need for more research in these smaller particles to demonstrate what, how, where, and when nanomaterials are safe and eco-friendly through type, concentration, time of exposure, and biological target specifications beside motivate them as more suitable for bio-, agro, food, and medical uses.

The Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) extract contain a lot of constituents and elements. Ginger extract can effort as a good bio-reductant to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs Green synthesis was achieved by using the Ginger plant extract with AgNO3. The green synthesis of AgNPs is the best developing procedure for preparation, since this process is easier than other procedures, eco-friendly and fewer times consuming. The produced AgNPs were characterizing via UV-Vis, FTIR, AFM, SEM, Zeta potential and EDX. The optimal conditions for the synthesis AgNPs which was confirmed through UV–Vis spectrophotometer. Also, the AgNPs has been characterized by AFM with average size of 53.45 nm, SEM with average size of 21.91 to 33.79 nm. Antioxidant and free radical scavenge activity are examined through TLC and DPPH test, the results shows that the Ginger have a high activity, moreover, this activity increased with characterized AgNPs.

The production of MgTiO3 regular nanoparticles through the reaction of MgSO4 extracted from dolomite with TiO2 has been successfully achieved. In this process, the extraction of MgSO4 from dolomite using H2SO4 precedes the synthesis of MgTiO3 nanoparticles. To ensure the highest purity of the final product, crucial parameters such as starting materials ratio and calcination temperature were meticulously explored. Through systematic experimentation, the optimal conditions for synthesis were determined to be a 1:1.5 ratio of TiO2 to MgSO4, coupled with a calcination temperature of 300 °C. This careful optimization strategy yielded MgTiO3 nanoparticles with remarkable regular nanostructures, as evidenced by structural investigations using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). One of the notable advantages of this approach is its energy and cost efficiency. The synthesis process occurs at a relatively low temperature of 300 °C, which not only conserves energy but also suggests its potential applicability in industrial settings. Additionally, the process results in the production of K2SO4 as a byproduct, contributing to cost reduction in manufacturing. In conclusion, this study presents a promising method for producing high-quality MgTiO3 nanoparticles with regular nanostructures through a sequence of controlled reactions. The potential industrial viability, low-temperature synthesis, and byproduct generation further highlight the practical significance of this approach in advancing nanomaterial synthesis and contributing to economic efficiency.

Lornoxicam was practically water insoluble and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent thus associated with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) side effects. Lipid polymer hybrid nanocarriers (LPHNs)-based transdermal nanogel of lornoxicam was formulated to increase solubility of lornoxicam and sustained lornoxicam release that lead to eliminate GIT related side effect, prolong therapeutic activity and improve patient compliance .The lornoxicam LPHNs formulations (LH1-LH6) were prepared by microwaves based method. The conventional gel of lornoxicam (G) was prepared by solvent diffusion method. The LH1-LH6 was entered to characterization processes that were later used as a base to prepare lornoxicam hybrid nanogel formulations (LN1-LN6). The LN1-LN6 was tested for various evaluations. It was found that all the LH1-LH6 were show nanosize globules, low polydispersity index and acceptable surface charge, entrapment efficiency and drug loading. LH3 was the most optimized LPHNs due had lower particle size and higher lornoxicam release.The evaluation processes indicate stable organoleptic properties, high homogeneity, and acceptable values of pH. The comparability profile of the lornoxicam release from the lornoxicam nanogel formulations (LN1-LN6) and conventional lornoxicam gel (G) was in the following descending order: LN3 > LN2> LN1 > LN6 > LN5 > LN4 > G. The characterization and evaluation processes highly support promise transdermal delivery system to decrease pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal diseases.

Synthesizing of AgNPs with a cost effective, environmentally friendly in simple ways, then use them as antibacterial and as anticancer on breast cancer cell line. The soil samples were collected from different places. Isolated, then purified, identified genotypically by 16Sr RNA sequencing analysis and compared with NCBI, GenBank which identified as Microbacterium sp., and there was a new strain discovered for the first time in Iraq register in our name and gave a new sequence ID in GenBank. Biosynthesis of AgNPs using extracellular synthesis by reducing Ag+ to Ag0 and forming silver nanoparticles. The color (reddish brown) was the first indicator of the formation of AgNPs, which was characterizing by using: UV-Visible Spectroscopy, XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDX (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy X-ray), AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy).Biological identification of AgNPs was determination by antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized AgNPs, the specimens collected from Al- Sadr hospital / Misan (identified by using VITEK 2). The result showed inhibition zone on pathogenic bacteria range (6- 38mm), and compared with Gentamycin antibiotic on same specimens. By the using of MTT test against breast cancer cells (MCF7 cell line), antitumor activity of were determined and showed very high results. The breast cancer cell line inhibition by about 81% at 100µg/ml, the rate of inhibition was very good and strongly suppressed MCF-7 cell lines proliferation, so different biomedical field can be used from AgNPs as antibacterial and anticancer agents, with considerable results.

Nanobiopolymer nanotechnology, bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), has been used markedly for various water treatments. EPS has polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, which have functional groups such as amino, sulfhydryl, carboxylic, and phosphate groups that allow binding to metal ions. The accumulation of the metal ions onto the EPS bacterial cell walls is used widely in the bioremediation of cadmium and other metals. This study objectives were extracting EPSs from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis 168 Cd2 and investigating their cadmium adsorption in bead column reactors after being immobilized with calcium alginate. For comparison with the bacterium\'s role, B. subtilis 168 Cd2 was used before EPS extraction and immobilized with calcium alginate, as well as a comparison with the use of calcium alginate. Cadmium adsorption from solution onto calcium alginate beads with untreated B. subtilis 168 Cd2 and EPS-free B. subtilis 168 Cd2 and under different pH (4.00, 7.00, and 7.50) were studied. The percentages of adsorption onto untreated B. subtilis 168 Cd2 and EPS-free B. subtilis 168 Cd2 were determined and were 89% and 77%, respectively. The adsorption of these were reduced when the pH increased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the changes in the morphology of the adsorbents, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry analysis recorded the cumulative concentrations of cadmium in the adsorbents after the cadmium adsorption process. EPS in untreated B. subtilis 168 Cd2 significantly enhanced cadmium adsorption percentages. The fewer carboxyl and phosphate groups in EPS-free B. subtilis 168 Cd2 decreased cadmium adsorption. The results obtained in this study are of fundamental significance for applying nano biopolymers nanotechnology environmental biotechnology and bioremediation.