Mesopotamia Environmental Journal

This study was done to indicate the activity of secondary metabolites of cyanophyta algal extracts for Anabaena azolla which isolate from one of running water system in Hilla city nearby Babylon university campus and development in BG11 medium to study the effective of secondary metabolites in An.azolla extracts (cold water, hot water, acetone and ethanol extracts) to inhibition two species of fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Penecillium expansum) also used of HPLC and FT-IR analysis to detected some of active secondary metabolites was done only for acetone and ethanol extracts also to preliminary statements that used of four extracts of blue green alga Anabaena azolla. The role of An.azolla extracts to inhibition growth of these fungi was detected through measured diameter and percentage of inhibition zone which was increased with concentrations and the results showed these extracts had high correlation ratio and fungi shows high sensitivity to these extract. The mode of mechanism action to inhibition was on fungi cell wall by inhibition active enzymes, excelled treatment for cold water extract . The most important active compounds had been detected in HPLC and FT-IR were phenolic compounds which consists of (Tannic acid, Gallic acid and Coummarin) and flavonoids compounds consists of (Kaempherol and Quercetin) these all compounds detected specially in acetone extract of An.azolla , also to introductory statements which were detected six of active groups in extracts like (Terpens, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, phenols and flavonoids) .

Remediation technology is an effective way to reduce pollutant like hydrocarbons from the environment. An experimental work was conducted at green house of University of Technology in order to investigate the impact of crude oil on the development of plant and to study and measure shoot height, germination rate and the reduction of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), which result, by thy phytoremediation technology. Soil specimen were measured for TPH reduction and removal by Horiba model OCMA – 350. Five doses was used in this experiment (0% control, 10%, 30%, 50%, 75%) mg crude oil / kg soil. The maximum efficiency was obtained in treatment 50% seeded with cotton, in which cotton removed 72% of the primary TPHs from soil . Results showed that the studied plant species were promising and effective in reducing and removing TPHs from polluted fresh soil.

Total flavonoids and polyphenols content, and pigment amount under salt stress were analyzed in Calendula officinal is L. seedlings after 24 days of treatment with different salt combination, including NaCl, CaCl2,and MgCl2.The content of photosynthetic pigments increased according to increasing salinity concentration. Total polyphenols content generally decreased under salt stress, while flavonoids biosynthesis significantly increased almost under all salt treatments.

The proposed water and sediment quality of Shatt Al-Basrah was assessed by (1) using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method for calculating nutrient concentrations of water and sediment samples, (2) evaluating Partition Coefficient (Kd) and cluster analysis for water and sediment samples. The GIS facilitates the explanations of the spatial relationships among key environmental processes. It employs spatial distribution modeling to analyze the nutrient concentrations of Nitrite as N (NO2-N), Nitrate as N (NO3-N), Ammonia as N (NH3-N), Ammonium (NH4), and Sulfate (SO4) in the water and sediment. This paper shows that the results of Partition Coefficient (Kd) is always less than 3 for all sites illustrating that the pollutants are present in liquid phase preferentially which have high solubility and are less sediment-associated.

This research is interested in using the two species of fungi such as Penicilliumexpansm and Aspergillusniger for Biodegradation of Safranin dye as industrial and Carcinogenic dyes,The results showed that P.expansum was the more efficient from Asp. niger in Biodegradation of the Safranin dye. The percentage of Bio decolonization about 41.035% during incubation at 120 hours, while when use Asp. nigerthe percentage of Bio decolonization was about 38.952% during same time of incubation.

This study was designed to study some environmental biochemical markers such as ( MT ,GPx , CAT, AchE, ROS, SOD, Cytochrome p 450) in two species of freshwater organisms ( Clam :Unio tigrids and Crab: Sesarma boulengeri) which were collected during the study period (October 2014 to March 2015) from three sites in Hilla river, the concentration of above enzymes showed fast response of two species according to the water quality parameters fluctuation which effected by pollutants in study area .The species Sesarma boulengeri has recorded more response to the changing in water quality than another species. This study indicates that the biochemical markers different in response in aquatic organism according to water quality parameters fluctuation affected by pollution.

Since 1959, Khalaf put up the first taxonomic key for snakes in Iraq. Until now, there are no taxonomic key for snakes in Iraq. Therefore, we have put up a new taxonomic key based on several taxonomic key from previous references  , 1959,  , Leviton et al., 1992,Mohamad, 2011, Afrasiab et al., 2013, Afrasiab and Mohamad , 2014, Amr and Disi, 2011). This keyIs a new reference for Studies and Research, where it lacks a key classification. I found new species found in Iraq such as Eryx jayakari (Boulenger, 1888), Natrix natrix (Pallas, 1814), Spalerosophis microlepis (Jan, 1865), Lytorhynchus diadema kennedyi (Schmidt, 1939), Eirenis coronelloides (Jan, 1862). Zamenis hohenackeri (Strauch, 1873), Malpolon insignitus (Geoffroyde ST- Hilaire, 1809), sub species Macrovipera lebetina obtuse (Dwinubsky, 1832), Genus: Montivipera (Nilson, Tuniyev, Andrén, Orlov, Joger & Herrmann, 1999) and sub species Montivipera raddei kurdistanica (Kucharzewski, 2011), Pseudocerastes persicus (Dumeril, Bibron & Dumerril,1854) Walterinnesia morgani (Mocquard, 1905).