Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Wheat is considered as one of the most important products in Iran.
Concerning high cultivation area of wheat in Khuzestan, an instrument is required to
process stored data in order to give information resulted from such processing to
managers of agricultural sectors. Data mining technique is able to give essential
information and models to producers of wheat for modelling energy consumption. One
of the most practical algorithms is an artificial neural network. The main aim of this
research is to predict output energy of wheat farms using a multilayer perceptron neural
network. This is an analytic research and its database consists of 1240 records. Data
required for the research was obtained from wheat farm during 2014-2018. Data
analysis was done via IBM SPSS modeller 14.2 and standard CRISP. Concerning the
model used in the research, it was found that variables of chemical fertilizers,
machinery & diesel fuel with coefficients of 0.2987, 0.2064 and 0.1527 respectively
had the highest effect on output variable (productive energy). Amount of prediction
precision in neural network algorithm, meaning ratio of correctly predicted records to
total records was 93.08%. Also, linear correlation between actual values and predicted
values were 0.92 and 0.88 respectively, for training data and testing data suggesting
strong correlation. The results obtained can be effective for wheat farmers in direction
of evaluation and optimization of energy consumption in process of wheat production
and reduction of consumption of energy inputs.

Canola production increased significantly in Iran due to its high yield in
recent years. Khuzestan province is the main centre of canola production in Iran. This
paper presents a data mining study of samples of canola obtained from farms in
Amirkabir Agro-Industry of Khuzestan province. Data were collected from 48 farms.
The farms were chosen by random sampling method. The purpose of this study is to
determine energy consumption of input and output used in canola production. And
Output energy of canola farms is predicted using data mining and multi-layer
perceptron neural network. This is an analytic research and its database consists of 432
records. Data required for this research was obtained during growing seasons in 2017
2018. Data analysis was done by IBM SPSS modeler 14.2. The results showed that the
amount of energy consumed in canola production was 28927.43 MJ ha-1. About 40%
of this was generated by fertilizers and 37% from electricity and diesel fuel. Concerning
the model used in the research, it was found that variables of chemical fertilizer, fuel,
electricity energy and irrigation, respectively had the highest effect on output variable
(productive energy). Amount of prediction precision in neural network algorithm
meaning ratio of correctly predicted records to total records was 86.5%. Also, linear
correlation between actual values and predicted values was 0.84 and 0.88 respectively
for training data and testing data suggesting strong correlation. Results obtained in this
research can be effective for canola farmers in Amirkabir Agro-Industry in direction of
evaluation and optimization of energy consumption in process of canola production and
reduction of consumption of energy inputs.

This study was conducted in the Poultry Field of the College of Agriculture,
Basrah University for the period from 20/9/2019 to 24/10/2019 to investigate the effect of
adding different levels of Portulaca oleracea L. seeds and leaves powder on some
physiological characteristics of broilers. A total 216 one day old unsexed Ross-308 broiler
chicks were used in this study. The chicks were randomly distributed into six treatments
replicated three times (12 chicks each replicate). The experiment was designed as a
completely randomized design (CRD). The first treatment was control (basal diet), P.
oleracea seed powder was added as 5 & 10 g.kg-1 for the 2nd and 3rd treatments. Leaves
powder was added as 5 and 10 g.kg-1 to the basal diet in treatment 4th and 5th. In the 6th
treatment 5 gm of seed and 5 gm of leaves powder was added to the basal diet. The results
showed that there was a significant (P <0.05) decrease in serum glucose, cholesterol and
triglyceride concentrations in all additive treatments compared to control. There was also a
significant decrease (P <0.05) in Escherichia coli bacteria count, as well as a significant
improvement (P <0.05) in the number of Lactobacilli bacteria in all addition treatments
compared to the control group. The addition of P. oleracea seeds and leaves powder had no
significant effect on some haematological indices and on the total protein concentration in
the serum. The study confirms the importance of adding powder of seeds or leaves in the
broiler diet because it has a positive role in improving some of the physiological and
microbial blood characteristics of the broiler.

The slippage is an essential criterion for evaluating the fuel consumption
and the field performance of tractor. The objective of this research was to develop
mathematical models using Design Expert software for modelling and predicting
slippage of the CASE JX75T tractor (India manufacture) under operational field
conditions. In this research, a chisel plough was used as a loading tool for the tractor
under four levels of ploughing depths, with three levels of speed and two levels of
cone index (CI) in silty clay soil texture. The experiments were carried out in the site
of Basrah University. The results obtained from the fieldwork were analysed to
evolve mathematical models and equations to predict and evaluate the performance of
the tractor when the slippage occurred. According to the obtained results, the single
effects of the parameters (CI, tillage depth, and forward speed) on the slippage were
highly considerable (P<0.0001). Moreover, the interaction of the parameters were
significant (p<0.05). The slippage of tractor increased by 187 and 116 % with
increasing ploughing depth up to 25 cm and forward speed up to 1.53 m.s-1,
respectively. On the other hand, tractor slippage reduced by 34% when CI increased
up to 980 kPa. The data analysis showed that the developed model has passable
imitation ability and excellently executed in confront of the actual data. This confirms
the accuracy of the model for predicting tractor slippage under different fieldworks.

Yield prediction is a very important agricultural problem. Any farmer would
like to know, as soon as possible, how much yield he can expect. The problem of
predicting yield production can be solved by employing data mining techniques. This
study evaluated the feasibility to predict the yield at Khuzestan Province in Iran using
CART and CHAID algorithms. The analyses were performed using IBM SPSS
Modeler 14.2. Three cropping seasons from 125 farms were selected between 2015 and
2018. The most important attributes were selected and the average yield was classified
according to a decision tree. The data was partitioned into training (70%) and testing
(30%) samples. The decision tree, including nine independent variables and 29 nodes,
was produced through CART method. The decision tree, including nine independent
variables and 39 nodes, was produced through the CHAID method. The CART and
CHAID algorithms were evaluated using linear correlation and mean absolute error
(MAE). Maximum precision of model in training part relevant to CART algorithm was
equal to 95%, in testing part relevant to CART algorithm was equal to 93%. According
to models′ precision, the results showed that CHAID and CART models were stable
and suitable for prediction of sugar beet yield.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of local
concentrated protein extracted from slaughterhouse wastes on some carcasses traits of
broiler. A total of 225 female broiler Ross 308 chicks, one day, were used, randomized
distributed into five treatments, with three replicates per treatment (15 chicks each
replicate). The treatments were as follows: T1; basal diet contains 4% imported protein. T2;
basal diet contains 2% imported protein+2% local manufactured protein. T3; basal diet
contains 4% local manufactured protein. T4; basal diet contains 6% local manufactured
protein. T5; basal diet contains 8% local manufactured protein. The results showed that
there were no significant differences between the treatments on the carcass weight, dressing
percentage, relative weights of the thigh and breast, as well as the relative weight of the
abdominal fat. There were no significant differences among all treatments for the sensory
traits of the thigh and breast. In conclusion, the locally manufactured animal protein
extraction had no negative significant effect on the characteristics of carcasses and could be
used as an efficient alternative to imported protein concentration used in broiler diets

This study design to produce of functional cheese by these parameters: (A)
control using raw bovine milk (without any additive), (B) Al-mudhish skim milk powder, (C)
Landoz skim milk powder, (D) Regiliat skim milk powder, (E) Spray skimmed milk and 2%
inulin and 2% modified starch were added to skim milk powder. The evaluation of chemical
tests were performed including estimating moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates, ash, total
acidity percentage and pH, and sensory evaluation properties during refrigerated storage at the
periods (1, 7, 14, 21 and 28) days. The results showed that the functional soft cheese from
Landoz milk powder with (2% inulin and 2% modified starch) was have a higher percent of
moisture and carbohydrates during the last period of storage (28) days compared to the
control. The production of soft cheese by using Landoz milk powder with a mixture of
prebiotic and probiotic has got the highest sensory features.

The experiment was conducted in the laboratories of the College of
Agriculture, University of Basra, for the period from 22/9/2019 to 25/ 11/2019. The current
study aims to extract gum from the carob fruits, to determine the active substances and the
possibility of using them as antioxidants. The results showed that the gum of the fruits of
the carob plant contains all the active compounds under study, which included Alkaloids,
Phenols, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Steroids, Tannins, Resins, Saponins and Coumarins. The
results also showed that the gum of the fruits of the carob plant showed antioxidant activity
of about 84.55 % when used at a concentration of 0.2 %, while the average antioxidant
efficacy of the industrial compound Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) and Ascorbic acid
was about 93.43 %, 91.12 % at the same concentration. The Reductive power were about
73.20 % and 83.30 % with a concentration of 0.1 % and 0.2 % respectively, which was
comparable to the effect of industrial antioxidants (BHT) and ascorbic acid with a
concentration of 0.2 %, which was 91.40 % and 90.70 %, respectively. In addition, the gum
of the fruits of the carob plant has the potential to sweep hydrogen peroxide with a capacity
similar to ascorbic acid and without significant difference (p≤0.05), reaching 41 % and 50
% for concentrations 0.1 % and 0.2 %, respectively, while ascorbic acid reached 45 % with
the presence of moral differences with the industrial antioxidant (BHT) in its susceptibility
to the sweep of hydrogen peroxide at 73 %. The results also showed that the gum of the
fruits of the carob plant is able to bind to the Ferrous ion and this portability increased with
the increased concentration of gum to reach its highest average of 43.19 % at the
concentration of 0.2 % while the average Ferrous ion for antioxidant (EDTA 2Na) was
55.48 %.

Contracaecum is a genus of nematodes belonging to the family Anisakidae, that
parasitise many fishes which act as an intermediate or paratenic hosts, while the piscivorous
birds and mammals are definitive hosts. A total of 44 third larval stage of Contracaecum were
collected from 13 infected freshwater fishes belonging to five different species in different
water bodies in Sulaimani Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq from January to the end of
December 2018. In this investigation, 966 fishes were collected including six species of
Nemacheilidae, five species of Cyprinidae, three species of Leuciscidae, two species of
Xenocyprididae, one species of each of Bagridae, Heteropneustidae, Mastacembelidae,
Mugilidae, Siluridae and Sisoridae. This study revealed that five fish species (Cyprinus
carpio, Luciobarbus barbulus, L. esocinus, L. xanthopterus and Mastacembelus
mastacembelus) were infected with Contracaecum larvae with the prevalence of 2.05%,
0.92%, 1.92%, 19.35% and 1.06%, respectively. The Contracaecum larvae were
morphologically studied by compound light microscope and the molecular analyses was done
by amplification, sequencing and comparing different gene loci (ITS1, ITS2 and COX2) of
isolated third larval stage of Contracaecum. The ITS1, ITS2 and COX2 were amplified by
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The sequences of ITS1, ITS2 and COX2
reveal that all Contracaecum larvae from all infected fishes represented exactly one species
(Contracaecum rudolphii B) based on compering and identity percentage in Gene Bank
database. Phylogenetic analysis of the genotype (for ITS1) was described. The genetic
characterization of the Contracaecum larvae in the present study is available in the GenBank
database and they were deposited in GenBank and their accession numbers were
demonstrated.

The experiment have been done on the winter farming season 2020 in one of the
farms that belongs to Faris company in Basrah governorate, the technique ISSR have been
used to study the genetic distance for twenty one isolates of snake melon Cucumis melo var.
flexuosus species. The variations between amplified samples have been revealed after
running them on a gel of agarose which have been previously stained by ethidium bromide.
Five primers which gave varied product on the agarose have been selected. Those five
primers produced 713 bands, both primers UBC 813 and UBC 815 showed the higher
numbers of bands reached to 177 while the primer UBC862 showed the least numbers of
bands (100) and the bands which showed multi-variations showed (46) bands, and the
results primers amplification unique bands their number reached to (14) and five of those
bands belong to the primer UBC842 while the primer UBC862 produced three bands while
the primer UBC807 did not produced any bands. While it has shown 100% polymorphisms
with the primers 813, 815, 842 and 862, and the least polymorphism percentage have shown
with the primer UBC807 reached 75%. According to the efficiency primers, the highest
efficiency percentage shown with the primer UBC813 and 815 reached to 24.82% and the
least percentage shown 14.02% by the primer UBC862. Cluster analysis showed the effect
on the variance of the studied cultivars.

Field and laboratory studies were conducted to assess the sensitivity of 12 varieties
of local wheat varieties (IPA-95, IPA-99, Abu-Ghreib, Babel-113, Bhooth-10, Bhooth-22, and
Bhooth-158, Baraka, Tammuz, Fatih, Latifia and Rasheed) against infestation by Greenbug
Shizaphis graminum and Bird-Cherry Oat Aphid Rhopalosihum padi in the province of Basrah.
The field trial was carried out in Al-Nashwa district, county of Shatt Al-Arab, during the
growing season 2019/2020. The first infestation of R. padi appeared on 9/1/2020, and reached
the peak of population density on 30/1/2020, while the first appearance of S. graminum was on
17/1/2020; it reached its peak on 13/2/2020. The results of responses of local wheat varieties to
the infestation of Greenbug showed that the highest average population density of greenbug was
on Bhooth-158, Abu-Ghraib, Bhooth-22, and Babel-113 reaching 51.59, 17.84, 16.41, and
16.63 aphids/plant, respectively. Whereas the lowest population densities were at Fatih,
Tammuz, Bhooth-10, Rasheed, and IPA-99, with averages of 8.28, 8.09, 8.87, 7.19, and 7.62
aphids.plant-1, respectively. The highest density rate of R. padi was recorded on the cultivars
IPA-95 and Abu-Ghraib, with an average of 139.83 and 169.31 aphids.plant-1 respectively,
while the verities Bhooth-22, Bhooth-158, and IPA-99 recorded the lowest population density
rate (89.03, 99.41, and 100.25 aphids.plant-1) compared to the other varieties. The results of the
chemical analysis determined the proportions of some metabolites of the local wheat varieties
and their relationship to the infestation of Greenbug and showed that phenols have an effective
role by reducing the population density of aphids. The verities Rasheed and IPA-99 which
recorded low population rates of the aphids have the highest rates of phenols at a rate of 7 and
6.78 mg.100g-1 dry weight Also, varieties Abu-Ghraib, IPA-99, and Rasheed cultivars recorded
the highest productivity rates (weight of thousand grains), with an average of 33.47, 43, and
67.42 g, respectively.

Fortified milk containing Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, and L. acidophilus
isolates and their mixture were used in dosing the male albino rats at an age of 9-12 weeks at an
average of 23 g with induced hypothyroidism at a concentration of 0.6 g.kg-1 of carbimazole. Total
cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and
very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were estimated. The results showed a significant increase in
the level of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol and triglycerides. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and
very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), with a significant decrease in the level of high-density
lipoprotein (HDL) in infected male mice, compared to the control sample, and upon dosing with
liquid milk fortified, it returned to its normal level without significant differences from the control
group.

The zebrafish Danio rerio is a popular model species for genetic and early
development studies. It is relatively easy to maintain in laboratory, has a high fecundity rate and
produces transparent embryos. Here, we characterise muscle development in early life stage
zebrafish using paraffin sections of embryos and larvae treated with haematoxylin and eosin
staining, and whole mount fluorescent immunohistochemistry. We found variations in the
distribution of muscle mass throughout the body, with the greatest proportion of muscle mass
found in the tail. Our data also showed for the first time the reaction of antibodies (protein
expression) in muscle at early life stages of development. Whole mount fluorescent
immunohistochemistry staining with three markers (PAX7, MF20 and F59) suggests that muscle
development starts even earlier than previously suggested at the embryonic stage (1 dpf).
Keywords

In order to study the impact of salt stress (0, 1.5, 3 and 6) ds.m-1 in nutrient’s
solution on tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. memory) at different root zone
temperature [low (20°C), medium (25°C) and high (30°C)], an experiment was carried at
Department of Horticultural, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran. The
result showed that low and high root zone heating decreased leaf area, total sugar and phenol
content compared to root zone temperature 25°C (optimum), while main branches number, pH,
E.C. and anthocyanin of fruit ,increased at high root zone temperature compared to low root zone
temperature. Flavonoid increased under the root zone temperature of 20°C in comparison with
temperatures 25 and 30°C, and stem diameter was not affected by root zone heating.
Furthermore, salt stress at the level of 3 ds.m-1 increased stem diameter, total sugar, pH and EC
of fruit, leaf area and phenol content, whereas salt stress at a high level (6 ds.m-1) increased
flavonoid content. Besides, anthocyanin content decreased in control and salt stress at 6 ds.m-1
when compared to salt stress at 3 ds.m-1.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of alcoholic extract of greater
galangal rhizomes on the serum antioxidant enzymes level in Japanese quail during
oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Two hundred and sixteen, 7 days-old of
Japanese quail birds were randomly distributed into four groups (n=54) with three replicates
per group and 18 chicks per replicate. The groups as follows: the first group was drank
water without any addition as control. The second group was supplied with 4 ml.-1
hydrogen peroxide H2O2 (40%). The third group was supplied with 4 ml.-1 both hydrogen
peroxide (40%) and alcoholic extract of greater galangal rhizomes. The fourth group was
supplied with 4 ml.-1 alcoholic extract of greater galangal rhizomes. The results showed the
lowest significant (P<0.05) decrease of malonaldehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase
(AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations in the fourth group while, the
highest significant (P<0.05) increase was recorded in the second group. The highest
significant (P<0.05) activity level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione
peroxidase (GPx) recorded in the fourth group, on the other hand, it was significantly
lowest in the second group. The results explained there is no significant difference (P<0.05)
in the concentration of MDA,SOD, GPx AST and ALT between the first (control) and third
groups. The results indicated there is no significant differs between males and females in
the MDA,SOD, GPx AST and ALT. It can be concluded, oxidative stress was caused a
negative impacts on serum SOD, GPx. AST and ALT enzymes. Moreover, it was caused an
increase in MDA levels. The alcoholic extract of rhizomes of greater galangal was reduced
and reversed the H2O2 impacts. All parameters non-significantly influenced by sexes

Study was conducted by investigating the genetic structure of cattle populations
of
Ukrainian Black-and-White and Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds by
polymorphism of leptin gene (LEP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene (TNF-α). The
studies were carried out using the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and
restriction analysis for LEP and using classic PCR with subsequent SSCP analysis in case
of TNF-α. According to the results of the study, it was shown that the LEP gene was
polymorphic in both experimental populations by HphI-polymorphism in the third exon of
the gene (A59V mutation). In the population of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cattle
breed, the frequency of allele C (HphI-) was 0.77; allele T (HphI+) – 0.23. Wright's fixation
index was 0.23; which indicates a significant excess in the number of homozygous
individuals. This population had a deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state. In
the population of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed, the frequency of allele C was
0.72; allele T – 0.28; Wright's fixation index was -0.18. According to the SSCP
polymorphism of the TNF-α gene, 6 alleles with a size of 450-1200 bp were detected
(alleles A, B, and F for Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed; A, B, C, D, Е, F – for
Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed). The frequency of allele A prevailed in the
populations of both breeds (0.58 and 0.54, respectively). Alleles C, D, and E had a low
frequency of occurrence (0.04-0.16) and they were found only in the population of Red
and-White dairy breed.

A comparison was conducted for growth criteria of common carp, Cyprinus carpio
larvae cultivated in earthen ponds and recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) depending on live
foods (phytoplankton and zooplankton stimulated by buffalo fertilizers in earthen ponds, while
the larvae cultivated in RAS were feed on Artemia larvae reproduced in vitro, in addition to
manufactured pellets (38% crude protein) for common carp in both systems. Three 2500 m2
earthen ponds were cultivated for 90 days with larvae of initial weight 0.002 g at different
numbers (40800 larvae for pond 1, 55600 larvae for pond 2 and 36400 larvae for pond 3). These
larvae depend on natural food for 19 days, then fed on manufactured feed. Fishes were weighed
every 19 days to change daily feed. Three replicates of RAS plastic tanks (100 letter capacity)
cultivated for 90 days with 0.002 g larvae at a density of 2 larvae per one liter (160 larvae at each
plastic tank). These larvae fed for 15 days to saturation (4 meals daily) with Artemia larvae and
small Artemia, then fed on manufactured feed. Subsequently, fishes were weighed every 15 days
to change daily feed. Larvae cultivated in earthen ponds recorded weight gain of 26.90 g, daily
growth of 0.30 gday-1, relative growth of 1345000%, specific growth of 10.56 %day-1, feed
conversion of 1.25 and survival rate of 13.16%. Larvae cultivated in RAS system recorded
weight gain of 1.53 g, daily growth of 0.02 gday-1, relative growth of 76200%, specific growth of
7.37 %day-1, feed conversion of 2.82 and survival rate of 72.32%. Statistical analysis of results
revealed significant differences (p>0.05) in all growth criteria for larvae cultivated in both
systems. Final conclusion that earthen pond was better than RAS systems in producing
fingerlings of common carp.

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of branch bending angle
on the plant physiological characteristics, mineral nutrients accumulation and fruit quality of wax
apple. Different treatments with five replicates each by Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) layouts were arranged in this study. All the treatments represent different branch angles
which were at 5˚ (control), 20˚, 45˚, 65˚ and 85˚ from vertical axis. Leaf chlorophyll content
(SPAD chlorophyll index) was significantly affected by different bending treatments at a budding
stage, flowering, fruit development and after harvesting of wax apple. Total soluble solids (TSS)
content in the leaves of bent branches increased significantly at before bud development,
flowering, fruit ripening and after harvesting stages of wax apple trees. During fruit development
and maturation stages, leaf TSS content was decreased in all bent branches. The results showed
that 20˚ to 65˚ angle bent branches increase weight and firmness of fruit, fruit diameter and
produced dark-coloured fruit compared to control. The results showed that 65˚ bent branches
give the highest potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg2+) content in the fruits. Higher sodium
(Na+), iron (Fe2+) and calcium (Ca2+) content in fruits were found in 20˚ bent branches. There
was a positive correlation between fruit TSS with Mg2+ (r = 0.70), with Na+ (r = 0.67) and with
Ca2+ (0.57) content in the bent branches of wax apple. Fruit TSS content also positively correlated
with firmness and peel colour of wax apple fruits. The number of fruit, fruit weight and fruit
diameter of wax apple also positively correlated (weak) with leaves TSS content. It can be
concluded that 20˚ to 65˚ branch bending angle are promising for enhancing plant physiology,
fruit growth and quality of wax apple fruits.

Since the old times, the camels are considered as an influential animal used in
different purposes, like transportation and the production of a wool, milk, and meat. They
can live and settle in different desert conditions all around the world. Blood parasitic
infection of one-humped camels Camelus dromedarius, like Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis,
Theileriosis, Trypanosomiasis and Mycoplasmosis, is more common as an infectious
diseases transmitted mostly via arthropod ticks and some other ectoparasites. Increase body
temperature, progressive haemolytic anaemia, digestive disorders, generalized weakness,
and emaciation which might terminate by death are the main characteristics of those
diseases, However, An epidemiological studies must always conducted to investigate the
occurrence, incidence and the prevalence of those diseases around the world. It could be
concluded that, The common blood parasitic infection of camels, could associated with
loss of productivity among the affected individuals and might be a zoonotic risk for camel
breeders, Clearly, it is of utmost importance to undergo periodical studies to track its
prevalence in camels and contact people, The role of veterinary services is also important to
advise farmers about the importance of those diseases and to maintain their animals free
from ectoparasites by keeping the animals under hygienic conditions. Moreover, Further
future programmed control measures will the best and final choice to eliminate these
pathologies.

In this paper, the isolation of the fungal species Alternaria arborescens was done
from symptomatic tomato leaves and diagnosed morphologically and molecularly using ITS
primers. Subsequently, pathogenicity determination was achieved for the diagnosed fungal
species on tomato plant. It’s noteworthy, this work on A. arborescens was not previously
recorded as a potential pathogen on the shoot system of tomato in Iraq.