Journal of Education for Humanities

The short novel (novella) is a narrative type that belongs to the large narrative incubator (the novel), and is distinguished from it in terms of size and the nature of the narrative style. It is characterized by every written experience belonging to this type, which makes the process of observing its general characteristics difficult, complex and perhaps useless at the same time, but this does not prevent the identification of some common written and stylistic manifestations, the most important of which is the nature of the limited volume that exceeds the short and long story and does not reach To the limits of the traditional novel, which depends on the principle of temporal extension, and the same is the textual extension.

The current study aims to suggest proposed educational ways to achieve societal peace through scientific research, to come out with proposals and procedures that help improve scientific research skills to apply its tools and to invest in projects to develop human capital to achieve community peace, and to confront obstacles to the application of scientific research. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach, relying on the results of previous studies and educational literature, to build suggested ways to provide the requirements of scientific research and meet its challenges to achieve. community peace. One of the most important results of the study is the need to increase the budget for scientific research, expand university business incubators and support pioneering projects. The study recommended that the Ministry of Higher Education adopt the proposed methods.

The university professor is a good example for students. He is the guide, guide, and honest advisor to his students. He bears a noble and lofty message in building future generations that bear the trust of responsibility, as he must prove that he is worthy of that trust and responsibility. He must also make every effort and time in his power to develop The capabilities of students and enlighten their minds, because the university from mental, intellectual and behavioral deviation student is a fertile plant that needs someone who undertakes to take care, advice, guidance and direction. From this point of view, the university professor who represents the elite of the educated class must be keen on developing an ethical environment, otherwise he will be unable to advance his mission in raising generations and providing the country with the best of young people And to be custodians of the nation’s interest and safeguarding its gains, the university professor’s role is dangerous. His mission is great and sensitive, and even very sensitive. A university professor may be a destructive agent for many values. He may also have a very effective role in positive and constructive influence, as his words relate to students’ minds for years. It is long, and it shapes the minds of the men of tomorrow, as it is able to establish many meanings, concepts and ideas in the minds of students, and it is a role model for students to follow, so it is his responsibility to adopt a policy Sat, principles and ideas that contribute to building the correct intellectual system in order to immunize young people and protect them from misguided and destructive ideas, so that young people are a constructive element that does not sabotage and exaggeration, and protect them.

Educational institutions represented by religious schools and schools played a major role in the life of Iraqi society in the period that preceded the emergence of modern educational institutions in the second half of the nineteenth century. And enlightened politicians, a reformist trend emerged in the Ottoman Empire calling for reforming the situation in the various state agencies and institutions, a trend known as (charitable organizations).
In this research, we tried to reveal the conditions of education in Mosul during the British occupation era 1918-1920. It was striking that Mosul schools, in the midst of the harsh conditions of the First World War 1914-1918, continued their educational activity, and the distinctive phenomenon in them was the growth of Arab nationalism, as he touched upon. The research led to the formation of a special knowledge council in the Wilayat of Mosul, which took upon itself the supervision of the educational curricula for the various educational levels, and that was after the end of the war and the British forces’ occupation of Mosul on 10 November, 1918. It also later worked on reorganizing the educational districts and dividing Iraq in the beginning into three educational areas, and then it was re-divided into five educational areas, of which Mosul's share was the northern region.

Official Iraqi prints such as general directorate of population for the year 1957 and general population guide for the year 1965 are important official resources to study history of cities such as Erbil through monarchy and republican eras due to important statistics regarding distribution of population in Iraq's administrative units like Erbil.
The research folds in many aspects like studying Erbil city in Contemporary official Iraqi resources. The first part deals with administrative units in Erbil region. The second talks about the scattered villages. The third and Fourth parts talked about domesticated and nomad tribes. Fifth and sixth parts talk about blocks and roads. The sixth tackles public and private facilities like mosques, religious schools The seventh deals with swamps while the eight dealt with boards and board cities of the region.

This research, tagged with (Awareness and Counter-Awareness in Faraba’s Novel by Abdel Moneim Al Amir “A Sociocultural Approach”) aims to present literature as an important aesthetic expressive field, the real importance of which lies in that it relies on special expressive and stylistic tools whose semantic focus derives from consciousness as an important expressive tributary, reflecting The depth of the human experience across all social, political, economic and cultural aspects.
The study came with two main topics, the first: “Historical Awareness of Rooting and Deportation”, which attempts to discuss the productive awareness through the living historical paths represented in the personality of (Ibn Al-Atheer), who tries to root and root the human experience through his historical and societal awareness, passing through the counter-awareness represented by the personality (The historical Nimrud) that requires the policy of erasure, deletion, ignoring and deportation to create a counter-consciousness, As for the second: “Awareness between Society and Authority,” it attempts to base the writer’s vision on discussing the societal awareness inherent in the personality of the normal Iraqi person, who struggles with the counter-awareness represented by the awareness of power, and other contexts revolve within the novel that reveal the writer’s ability and skill in enhancing the possibility of texting Carrying the banner of societal thought and trying to compose it and frame it in conscious artistic narrative methods.

The gender overlap between the arts is one of the things frequently mentioned in Arabic literature, due to the development that this intermingling achieves and the life it brings to literary texts in general, and poetry in particular, as poets went to illustrate their texts with different technologies from these technologies, which is the cinema that formed Its branches are rich material that contributes to the permanence and vitality of the texts. In this research, we will deal with Al-Hutaih’s poetry by standing on the cinematic image in his poetry, as it constituted an important phenomenon that deserves research, scrutiny and standing on it, so our research will stop at monitoring the technologies of the cinematic image by tracing the cinematic texture in several axes, the most important of which is the photographic distance in its branches, as well as the viewing angles Whether it is a frontal or a background, and finally, the anecdotal material or the subject of the image, which is divided into two parts a main detailed image, and a brief marginal image.

The Revolutions that took place in Mesopotamia were diverse, including: The internal Revolutions carried out by the inhabitants of Mesopotamia against their kings, Including the national Revolutions by the inhabitants of Mesopotamia against the occupiers to liberate their country from the defilement of enemies, As well as the Revolutions and Insurgency of the inhabitants of foreign countries that were subject to the authority of kings Mesopotamia against these kings, And this diversity of Revolutions led us to research to address all these cases, Even briefly, For each case of one Revolution, two Revolutions, or more, To clarify these cases and clarify them in Mesopotamia, Which turned out later that this topic is broad if it is taken in detail and bears a message Master's or PhD thesis.

Through the stages of its long history, Mosul has played an active and influential role in the events of Iraq and its political history, especially in the eras of challenges and crises it went through, and it was an important element in directing historical events. Its princes and the families that successively managed it played the role of the engine of historical events, due to its political and civilizational weight and its economic importance. Therefore, it was the focus of attention of the forces that controlled the reins of affairs in Baghdad, the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate.
This research deals with an important period in the history of Mosul, which is the era of the Buyid control over Iraq, shedding light on Mosul and its political role in the internal and external events that Iraq witnessed and its relations with the Caliphate and the Buyid authority in Baghdad, adopting the method of historical scientific and analytical research based on extracting information from its original sources and its extrapolation and analyze it .

This study aimed to investigate the impact of Woods strategy on developing flexible thinking and the desire to learn among second-grade female students in middle school in science compared to the traditional method. The problem of the study was identified in the following question:
What is the impact of Woods' strategy on developing flexible thinking and the desire to learn among second-grade female students in middle school in science?
To answer the question, the hypotheses were formulated as follows:
The researcher followed the descriptive and empirical approach, where the Rafidain Intermediate School for Girls in Nineveh Governorate was chosen, and two divisions close in school achievement were chosen from the people of the second intermediate class in the school, and these divisions were randomly distributed to form the control group and the experimental group, and Division A was taught to represent the group Experimental (n = 28) using the Woods strategy, while Division (B) was taught to represent the control group (n = 31) using the traditional method, and the educational material was science / part one for the second intermediate class in government schools affiliated to the General Directorate For education in Nineveh Governorate, the trial period lasted about eight weeks in the first semester of the 2021/2022 school year.
In order to verify the objectives of the study, a scale of flexible thinking, a scale of desire to learn and a guide for the teacher were prepared. After verifying its validity and stability, the two scales were applied before and after the two study groups (experimental and control), where arithmetic averages, standard deviations, correlation coefficient, t-test, and percentages were used, The statistical treatment of the study data showed the following results:
The superiority of Woods' strategy in developing flexible thinking and the desire to learn among the study sample, and based on these results, the researcher made a set of recommendations.

The study aimed to know the effect of the multi-sensory strategy in developing attention skills among special education students in science. It is taught by the multi-sensory strategy and the average scores of the students of the control group who are taught by the usual method in developing attention skills among the students of special education in the subject of science) and the researchers used the experimental method. The sample was divided into two groups (experimental and control) with (10) students per group, and the study tool consisted of a scale of attention skills for special education students prepared by the researchers. On the preparation of teaching plans, and after applying the experiment and conducting statistical operations on it, the researchers concluded that there is a statistically significant difference at the level of education. For the machine (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students taught by the multi-sensory strategy and the average scores of the control group students taught by the usual method in developing attention skills among students of special education in science.

The authenticity of Lamiyyat al-‘Arab is one of the most problematic issues relating to the historiography of ancient Arabic poetry. Controversy over it began nearly two centuries ago, and it is still going on between the advocates and the deniers of its authenticity. Through a critical- analytical study, the article reads the efforts of the Orientalists and Arab scholars that seeks to reveal their cognitive feasibility. The article reviews the arguments that each party relied on to show that they were refutable in themselves because they lack objectivity and logicality, in addition to lacking of awareness of the historical and cultural conditions that surrounded what is known as the era of codification. In order to break the vicious circle of this sterile argumentation, the article attempts to establish a different perspective for the study of the poem, which is to neglect the historical methodology and the problems it raises without being able to solve them, in favor of methods that are more useful in revealing the cultural, aesthetic and human values of the poem

Drought is one of the most dangerous problems facing vegetation cover anywhere on the earth's surface. and its impact appears especially in semi-dry and semi-humid environments (as is the case in the study area). , repetition drought has been studied and their impact on vegetation cover was compared through the rates of climatic elements of the stations in the region for 33 years, with reliance on a satellite image of the region to evaluate the impact of these waves and to indicate the extent of the deterioration of the vegetation cover compared to the severity of the drought wave in the region. The satellite images captured in March were used to compare the effect of changes in the vegetation cover for the greenest months, and by using Land Sat 8 satellite imagery, for the accuracy and clarity of its visuals, and to show the extent of the changes that occurred over the past few years. ARC MAP 10.8 geographic information systems software was used in processing imagery and applying the NDVI indicator, Drought waves are dangerous for the deterioration and decline of vegetation cover in the region.

This research aims to understand categories of headlines. Linguistically, they are recognized by using certain grammatical structures and lexical items. According to (Quirk et al.1985:992), there are three main kinds of verbal clauses, namely, finite clause, nonfinite clause, and verbless clause. The verbless clauses have been classified as nonverbal headlines, in terms of the phrases of the headlines, nonverbal headlines were written using short phrases,they actually provide the writers with a kind of a linguistic device that can be used at word or phrase level to the rhetorical devices, the selected headlines have been analyzed in terms the emerging rhetorical devices such as parallelism ,the head often analyzed into elements asthe reference of the head , It might be an adjective ,an adverb and aprepositional phrases. This research also differentiates the block language from minor sentences,exclamations and juxtaposition.Headlines often use extremely short words in unusual ways as lexical items, the omission of articles and the omission of auxiliary verbs to be are trigged in block language as the logical sentence are driven by dynamic verb. Finally in pragmaticsthe headline is viewed as a communication rather than a solely linguistic phenomena".

It is not easy to say: that the search for the gender hidden in the new Iraqi women's novel may be different for the simple reason that there are deep-rooted gender themes in the consciousness of Iraqis in general, which are indisputable as long as it is a matter of adapting them to what they feel.
Gender means the way society views us as women and men, and the way it expects us to think and act. This is due to the way society is organized, not to the biological (sexual) differences between men and women.
The novel (kismat) by the Iraqi expatriate novelist Hawra Al-Nadawi, a story of a gendered story of a female living in a society in which the man tends to fear everything from death, which is the first obsession of him is the exhausted man far from the comforts of the home and family from those eternal ghosts that have been flirting with him. Her day from beginning to end, as well as the isolation that the man created for her in order to exchange roles with him in a life that may not lead to her pregnancy, and there is a social gender there that sets its red lines for her in speech, dress, food and drink.

Textual thresholds are among the main components of the structure of literary discourse, as parallel texts provide a greater opportunity for the recipient to reach reading keys that help him decipher the readable codes. and composite awareness in order to accommodate the magnitude of the direction of the mark in proportion to the creative text.
The literary text of all kinds and genders is like a house, and thresholds are keys to its doors. The text threshold of all kinds (external and internal) is a key to accessing the literary text. The text and its references, and the thresholds, as we said, are a key to understanding the content of the text and its technical dimensions, as it is the corridor to enter the world of the text, and because it is no less important than the text that surrounds it and gives it an opportunity for the reader to get to know it, as it is the first contact between the author and the reader, and the first meeting between them .
In our research, we will try to shed light on the text and reveal what it contains by studying the textual thresholds in the play (Fitna) by the playwright Saeed Al-Naji. The second includes my threshold (introduction and dedication).

The artistic image, with all its sensory and moral manifestations, constitutes an important artistic technique that is included in almost any creative text, whether visual, audio, or verbal. Poetry is one of the creative texts that are based on the image. A poetic composition includes various components, which are intertwined: reality and imagination, language and thought, myth and symbol, visual sense and visual sense, ego and the world and others. They all fit and intertwine to compose a poetic vision that contributes effectively to the production of the text.
From here comes the importance of studying the poetic image semiotically, since this approach treats the meaning and considers it as a second language (meta-language) in relation to the world of meaning. It is believed to be a subject for analysis, and does not fall into a simple explanation that restores differently the basic data according to the principle of equivalence, but rather delves into a number of data produced by the word and the sentence according to the principle of coherence and logic. The semiotic act is based on the principle of relevance and is not practiced until after it retains the common characteristics, noting that each variable can be considered consecutively as a constant that allows a more accurate comparative exploration of the closest and according to the most diverse viewing angles.
In light of these foundational perceptions of the theoretical and procedural approach, which operates the semiotic discourse according to its mechanisms and controls, our reading attempts to dialogue with the poetic group of Media Sheikha (An Echo-Evasive Door). She seeks to present her poetic vision in an oriental feminine spirit, which has become a dominant semantic space whose images are manifested and fragmented in most of the poetic texts. They have various forms and indications that give the group a reading aesthetic that leads the reader to in-depth excavations in the text to reach the essence of the poetic signs.

Cross cultural communication doesn’t always bring its fruits effectively especially when dealing with literary Arabic discourse. The difficulties associated with finding the appropriate equivalence have been widely commented on by scholars and professional translators. Various translation strategies have been proposed by the translation researchers. This study aims to find out the applicability of Baker's taxonomy of the translation strategies used by translators in translating Arabic narrative discourse. Baker (1992) views equivalence as hierarchical, i.e., to cover the word level and above word level. The study deals with analyzing a set of extracts taken from three of Naguib Mahfouz’s novels and their realizations in English.It is found that Baker's translation strategy taxonomy provides appropriate set of strategies to deal with non-equivalence problem.

Ozbekistan is one of the Islamic Republics of central Asia suffered in its modern history from occupation, Ozbekistan has added to Russian Empire during 19th century, After the fall of Russia due to the October Revolution 1917, U.S.S.R. has been formed depending due to the system of socialism and party, thus, the Soviet governments tried to impose the ideas of communism upon all republics including the Islamic ones .
After the decline of the U.S.S.R. at the beginning of the 90’s in 20th century, most of the republics got their freedom including Ozbekistan which started a new era to arrange its internal positions and building new relations with the word’s states especially the Islamic ones and other states like Russia and U.S.A

Summary of the research in the English language
Shawqi Bahnam’s choice of Moin Bseisu’s poetry to study according to the psychological method has justifications that stem from his precise specialization in this field on the one hand, and his belief in the important relationship between literature and psychoanalysis on the other.
This poet who mocked his creative achievement to serve his major central cause, as well as humanitarian issues in the whole world, bearing the banner of sacred anger, as Shawqi Bahnam said about him in his book, so that his poem would serve as a living ammunition in a live battle, without sacrificing the aesthetics of creative writing, which Bseisu was keen on To develop it by developing its technical tools in proportion to each stage and upgrading them in proportion to the weight and importance of the adopted issue.
In our study, we tried to stand on this reading of Behnam to Bseisu’s poetry according to the psychological method, which proceeded to address the short aspects of the poet’s poetry by analyzing the various symbols and references, an analysis that did not delve into the outputs of psychoanalytic theories as much as it went into many literary, historical and religious sources. Books interpreting dreams, and dictionaries of Islamic, Christian and Sufi symbols.
The critic touched on various aspects of the poet's psychological dimension, without delving into the mechanisms of psychoanalysis, and dropping psychological hypotheses and sayings on the poet and his poetry alike.
The reason for this, according to our opinion, is the critic’s awareness of the nature of the poet and his intellectual and cultural orientations, which were affected by Marxist thought on the one hand, and the reflection of reality with all its manifestations and contradictions on the poet’s poetry on the other hand, as Mu’in Bseiso remained adherent to the realistic revolutionary dimension in his poetry, which made the subjective space for this poetry Narrow and limited, as the subject was dominant over the entirety of what was written to a large extent, so the attempt to study the psychological dimension of the poet’s poetry will not depart from linking this poetry with its subject and its historical and ideological reasons, as Bahnam did in this study.
 

The research aimed to identify the level of social intelligence among middle school principals in
The city of Mosul and whether there was a statistically significant difference according to the variables of sex and length of service, and the research sample consisted of (300) Teachers who were randomly selected from among theTeachers of Preparatory schools in the city of Mosul, and in order to achieve the objectives of the research, a scale was prepared to measure the level of social intelligence and extracted its indications And psychometric properties, and the stability was extracted by re-test method, where it reached (0,81).
Statistical means: Pearson's correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test, and two independent samples t-test were used to treat the data statistically.
The results showed: that the level of social intelligence among school principals was below the hypothetical mean of the scale, as it was found that there were no statistically significant differences in the level of social intelligence according to the variables of sex and length of service. A number of recommendations and proposals were developed.

The current study is summarized by the concept of ego depletion, which is a state of diminishing sources of psychological energy resulting from extravagance in establishing self-control or when facing difficulty or distraction in attention, which leads to inability to self-control and a feeling of exhaustion. The aim of the research is to build a scale for ego depletion among students of the University of Mosul, on a sample of (400) male and female students using a random method. social, emotional depletion, cognitive depletion), The apparent validity was extracted, and thus the scale was presented to a group of experts in educational and psychological sciences, the construction validity. As for the discriminatory power of the paragraphs, the calculated t-values ranged between (2,116 - 21,033) and it is greater than the tabular t-value (1.96), and thus all the paragraphs are distinguished. The stability was also extracted by methods (testing and re-testing, and the value of the correlation coefficient was (0.83)), the alpha coefficient was (0.82), the internal consistency ranged between (0.102 - 0.92), until the number of paragraphs of the scale became in its final form (67). Thus, the maximum expected degree for the individual on the ego depletion scale is (134) and the lowest expected degree (zero) with a hypothetical average (67).

Child culture is considered as one of the most important areas which has received a significant attention in our contemporary society. In the light of the information and communication technology revolution, electronic publishing media have involved in an effective and rapid dissemination of culture and have played an active role in shaping child’s culture. This study has examined the importance of childhood and dealt with the challenges of the electronic culture , its role in shaping the child's culture and the negative effects it has on the cultural, social, ethical and cognitive structure on the child. Then , a proposed set of recommendations have been presented in light of advantages and disadvantages of the electronic media, with the aim of promoting the role of the family and school in the process of shaping the child's culture, working to change the traditional educational methods and make them commensurate with the intellectual and social development of the child. Finally, taking all the advantages of the positive opportunities that are created by the electronic culture.

The present research aims to set a scale of perfectionism traits for the Al-Hamdaniyah University students. Perfectionism traits are defined as one of the most common social values in industrial societies, and they are one of the personal traits characterized by the pursuit of flawless achievement and setting high standards of performance accompanied by a tendency to critically evaluate their behavior.
Despite having had a scale of perfectionism traits to measure the perfectionistic traits, the researcher set a scale by depending on the original form of the scale. The construction sample amounted to (400) male and female students from the scientific and human departments (computer, history, business administration, accounting, English, mathematics, physics, and educational and psychological sciences). A foreign scale prepared by (Frost 1990) was relied upon, and the researcher translated the scale as it was translated by Ibrahim Salem, one of the translators accredited by the Iraqi Translators Association. Face validity was measured, as Shuaib Saeed Al-Fahadi re-translated the scale and the agreement between the two translations was calculated, and the researcher depended on the final form consisting of four areas (concern about errors - expectations and parental criticism - organization - personal standards), and the number of items was (35).
Face validity of the scale was measured by presenting it to a group of (20) experts in education and psychology. Some items were modified, and the percentage of agreement was 80%.
The researcher also calculated the differential power of the scale items, as the scale was applied to (400) male and female students, and 27% of the upper grades and 27% of the lower scores were taken, and excellence was calculated using the T-test for two independent samples, and (3) items were deleted (15-16-33), as the t-value of these items was not statistically significant, and thus the number of items became (32). The researcher calculated the stability by re-test method. The internal consistency was calculated between the degree of the items, the total degree and the degree of the items with the degree of range. It was found that the value of the stability coefficient was (0.82) and the stability was calculated using the Facronbach which is equal to (0.83). It’s worth noting that the answer alternatives are five (strongly agree - agree - somewhat agree - disagree - strongly disagree) and the degrees of the alternatives are (5-4-3-2-1), and thus the highest degree is (160) and the lowest degree is (32) with an average of a hypothetical value of (96), and thus the scale is ready for application.
The researcher also made a number of recommendations and suggestions:
1. The researcher recommends university counselors to use the scale to determine the perfectionistic traits of the university students.
2. The researcher suggests conducting a study to measure the perfectionistic traits and their relationship to other variables.

This research aimed to identify the prevailing leadership styles among kindergarten principals from the point of view of principals and teachers, and to identify how time management by kindergarten principals from the point of view of teachers and principals, and the extent of the relationship between leadership styles and time management from the point of view of principals and teachers of children, and to achieve the goal The research A sample of the research was selected (30) principals and (30) teachers. The questionnaire was used as a tool to reveal how to manage time as well as the administrative style followed. The researchers prepared two research tools and the following statistical methods were used: Pearson correlation coefficient to find the relationship between as well as in finding Reliability, weighted mean, weighted mean, one-sample t-test, and t-test for significance of the correlation coefficient. The results showed that time is important for female principals and teachers, and that the democratic style is the most prevalent administrative style, and there is no correlation between time management and administrative styles.

The Islamic and Christian heritage, with all that they achieved in the various aspects of material, moral and intellectual life, etc., is an extension of human civilization, which occupied a great and distinguished position in the cultural and civilizational formation of Mosul. On their heritage, originality and national identity.
Hence, we aim to study the peaceful coexistence in the intangible Islamic and Christian heritages represented in Arabic literature, which is what was mentioned in the Diwan of the Caldian poets as a model, and it deals with an aspect of describing human civilization represented by monasteries through a set of descriptive laws that regulate human relations and affirm coexistence, which is reflected On the civilizational identity of Mosul, and thus reflects the Islamic-Christian cultural blending that still exists to this day.

Since the Justice and Development Party came to power in Turkey in 2002, this party has played an influential regional role and entered into several alliances with international and regional powers, as the new pillars of Turkish foreign policy that came with the arrival of the Justice and Development Party had results and a broad vision of external and internal transformations. One of these countries is Russia. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, and upwards of this year, this period witnessed a broad and great development in Turkish-Russian relations, especially after the European Union rejected Turkey's request to join it. Turkey, for its part, sought to improve its relations with the new Russia and the former Soviet republics.
From this point of view, the study sheds light on the constants and variables in the bilateral relations between the two countries since 2002, after the Justice and Development Party’s attempt to reformulate the foundations of domestic and foreign policy, based on dealing with many issues, both internally and externally with Russia, in The legacy of conflict, confrontation and constant competition between them for influence has been going on for centuries, after the political changes and economic conditions that the two countries have witnessed since the beginning of this century shaped to reconsider the nature of their previous relations, as two large neighboring countries, adopting a new strategy to restore an active role on the international scene. This required the development and improvement of their relations, due to the increase and diversity of mutual interests between them. The study ended in 2016, the year in which the Justice and Development Party adopted the theory of zeroing problems with neighboring countries, due to the conflict of events in the Middle East and the revolutions of the Arab Spring.
 

Historical documents occupy an important and distinct space on which researchers and historians rely and who is involved in the field of historical documentation and writing, especially those who specialize in modern and contemporary Lebanese history being familiar with the most relevant documents and the importance of specific time periods, as well as the fact that documents of all kinds are among the most important sources of knowledge. Evidence for proving or denying the historical event, and it plays a prominent role with the aim of linking the past with the future. Therefore, modern and contemporary Lebanese history is rich in the availability of unpublished and even published documents that presented its historical events in a serial and in-depth manner.

The present research aims to build a personal space scale for middle school students, as the personal space is the area that directly surrounds the individual and through which most of his interactions with others take place.
Due to the lack of a scale for middle school students that fits with the circumstances and the reality of the region, the researcher built a scale to measure the personal space. The researcher used a stratified random sample of (400) male and female students from the fourth, fifth and sixth grades of middle schools in the center of Al-Hamdania District. The researcher prepared (31 items) sorted into (4) areas: the first field: the amount of visual contact, the second field: physical approximation, the third field: familiarity with the topic of the conversation, and the fourth field: the amount of smile), based on the literature and previous studies. Face validity of the scale items was extracted, and thus the scale was presented to a group of experts whose number reached (20) experts in the field of educational and psychological sciences. All the items obtained an agreement rate of more than (80%), and the researcher calculated the differentiation of the items, as the scale was applied to (400) male and female students. A percentage of (27%) of the higher scores and (27%) of the lower scores were taken. The differentiation coefficient was calculated using the t-test, and (4 items) were omitted as they were undistinguished. Also, the internal consistency of the scale was extracted by finding the item with the total score and the item with scale scopes. The stability of the scale was extracted by test methods (retesting, and the stability value was (0.80) using Pearson's coefficient, and (0.82) using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and they are both high stability coefficients. It's worth noting that the answer alternatives were (applies to me to a very large extent - applies to me to a large extent - applies to me to a moderate extent - applies to me to a small extent - applies to me to a very small extent). The grades range (5-1) for the positive items, and (1-5) for the negative items from and the highest score on the scale was (135) and the lowest score was (27), and with a hypothetical mean of (81), thus the scale is now ready for application.
The research came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions, including that the educational counselor should use the scale to know the extent of the students' personal space and its impact on their behavior and adaptation, and the need for teachers to know the level of the personal space because of its impact on the psychological and emotional state of the student.
The researcher suggested using the scale to measure the personal space in educational research, and the use of the scale in research and correlational studies such as the personal space and its relationship to cognitive schemas.

The importance of this research in studying and deducing transformational elements is highlighted in the second part of the Book of Characteristics, and the roots of this approach extend to the linguistic heritage. We preferred to study the second part; Because it contains various chapters related to the rules of conversion, towards a chapter in Arabic courage, in which there are several transformational elements, such as deletion, submission, delay....etc.
The research monitors the transformational approach and the modern linguistic lesson, as a theoretical guide in which we clarified some of Gomsky's views and his method, in addition to Descartes' rationalist opinion, The Surface Structures, The Deep Structures, and the transformational elements in the modern linguistic lesson.
The research explores the study of transformational elements and their deduction in the second part of the book of characteristics, such as deletion and multiplication, such as deleting the sentence, and the singular which includes deleting the noun, verb, letters, and the increase towards: increasing the letters, and other transformational elements such as the rules of rearrangement (advancement and delay), with a focus on presenting The (object) on (the subject), the case of the original and subsidiary, and the case of the factor.
The research concluded that the second part of the book of characteristics contains valuable propositions, as it is possible to deduce some transformational phenomena in it, such as deletion, advance and delay, and other phenomena. It is noted the similarity between Ibn Jinni’s propositions and the elements of the generative-transformational approach, that is: most of what Ibn Jinni mentioned meets the elements of the transformative method in modern linguistic studies, and this is a clear indication confirming the statement (Gomsky) of the linguistic inheritance, and Ibn Jinni was able with his transformative approach to reach to Speech can be analyzed into direct components based on the elements of the transformational approach.

Acceptability is one of the textual criteria that means how well the recipient responds to the text and accept it . Thus, it deals with receiving the text by the recipient whether it is coherent, harmonious and beneficial to him / her (i.e) the recipient . It is adored by the strength of interaction between the text and the recipient .
However, the level of accepting the text depends on the coherence and harmony in the text and how far they are consistent because they help the recipient follow the interconnection of the text moreover, they contribute to brining the linguistic gaps that may appear in the text to the recipient. That helps in the continuity of the significance that is reflected in the system of concepts and the coherent relationships within the text.
Therefore , the acceptability is a matter related to the recipient basically and the extent to which he/she accepts or rejects the text. That means that it is related with pragmatics . So, this criterion confirms the pragmatics of the text and discourse.