Iraqi Journal Of Political Science

There are two theses regarding the theory of nation-state building. The first posits that the process of nation-building precedes state-building. The second thesis, adopted by European thinkers, is the opposite, suggesting that state-building precedes nation-building. The logical progression of state-building in Europe begins with the "state," followed by the formation of the political nation comprising citizens. In this light, the research attempts to discuss the problem of modeling nation-state building theories through the narratives of the European and American models, excluding the Asian approaches that have presented a different model in nation-state building.
The research hypothesis starts by critiquing the narratives of nation-state building within the sphere of Eurocentric and American-centric theories and concepts, which rely solely on the Western model.
Therefore, the research is divided into two sections. The first is conceptual, attempting to deconstruct the concepts related to the state and the nation, and the second discusses the theoretical approaches to nation-state building.

Legislative elections represent the backbone of the democratic system, as they embody effective political participation at the state level for the electorate, both participating and non-participating, and the success of these elections depends primarily on the level of conviction in their process and acceptance of their outcomes, which requires a large amount of confidence in them from voters and competitors for the election. Both, so there was an urgent need for local and international oversight of electoral processes, especially in emerging democracies such as Iraq, to enhance their credibility and accept their results. Which requires knowing the position of the internal forces in Iraq regarding this oversight, especially the oversight of the United Nations and the European Union.

After the fall of the Iraqi political system on April 9, 2003, Iraq witnessed a clear shift in its foreign policy, after it was characterized by isolation and deflation, which was established by a different political, economic and social system that has characteristics. A new psychology, geopolitical and psychological ability to get rid of the state of stagnation and unjustified stillness in Iraq's Arab, regional and international relations. However, this stage has its own characteristics, during which Iraq was facing a kind of tension and mistrust in its foreign relations with neighboring countries, and the exchange of accusations and doubts as a result of the outbreak of violence, terrorism, political and sectarian tension and regional polarization, which negatively affected the emergence of several problems, including the problems. As a result of the fragility of the internal system, the internal system, the political instability, the imbalance between the size of the military and the security establishment, and the size of the spending on it, and the security results achieved.

The security environment in the Middle East region is considered one of the important inputs that affect interactions in the region, including the impact on political stability. Political stability, in the sense of the ability to participate and continue without resorting to violence to bring about change, suffers from problems, for historical and geographical reasons and the conflict of political projects, and with the presence of multiple security variables that appeared in the year 2021, regional stability took the direction of the disintegration of the structure of the region, and the attempts of the powers The Foreign Ministry, specifically the United States, separates the files and prevents their regional interference.
The problem that will be focused on is related to the question: What are the security changes that appeared after the year 2021? How did it affect regional stability? The aim of this research is linked to arriving at a conclusion whose content is: The Middle East region has been an unstable region for several decades, for multiple reasons, most of which are due to external factors.
The research analyzed the meaning of security variables and regional stability in Middle East, in addition to the results related to the existence of these variables and future prospects.

The current research aims to develop the general frameworks of sovereign funds and its compatibility with the Iraqi economy reality and the requirement of creating sovereign funds in the environment of Iraq after determining the major variables which directly effect on research subject , the research main problem is the weakness of necessary knowledge to establish sovereign funds in Iraq and its success average or adopting this idea seriously , and the available requirement is unknown . Private Banks , investment companies , insurance companies that listed in Iraqi stock markets and number of university professors at Al-Imam University College / Balad were chosen as a research model to communicate directly with other sectors , and establishing the requirements of Hedge funds and it included a research sample and the decision and key of the tool were taken from them , and making organized interviews with them , the data which used to analyze statistical software (SPSS) , and many statistical methods as arithmetic mean and deviation are used . The research find a group of results and the main result was that the current Iraqi economic situation has a negative impact on the Iraqi investment arena and that effect on establishing economic hedge funds requirements which considers the basis of other complementary requirements and without an operational economy and strong investment any other direction is useless , which need a serious attempt enhance security and economy by the authorities by making changes in plans and strategies related to these two variables , the current country situation prevents the success of any project similar to establishing a hedge funds

After the new transformations that have affected the structure of the international system, represented by the emergence of new aspiring powers that possess the elements of comprehensive power that qualify them to take on new and influential roles in the international system, especially (China and Russia), which aim, through their expansionist strategies, to compete with the United States in its vital areas of influence. Contributing to resolving international issues, entering into important and influential global and strategic alliances and partnerships in areas of international competition and competition, to prove its effective and influential role in the international environment, and striving to formulate a new international system characterized by (multi-polarity) The final result of a new international structure had a negative impact on the American pole, which contributed to the exposure of American hegemony to weakness and gradual decline. The basis of these movements was through strategic alliances (Shanghai - BRICS) and not through the individual movement of each of these forces.

The research boils down to studying the change of the political system in Turkey and the transition to the (presidential system of government) in accordance with the constitutional amendments of 2017, after confronting the bureaucracy that occupies a distinguished position in Turkey, and moving with the logic of guardianship over the political process, and exposing the thesis of the (Turkish century or Turkish centenary) of the party The ruling Justice and Development Party, which contributes to the vision of establishing (a new constitution for the country). The research also dealt with reading and analyzing the 2023 elections in Turkey, in terms of the competition of the ruling coalition and the opposition coalition (the six-party table), and the expectation of the loss of Recep Tayyip Erdogan due to the effects of the (Corona pandemic), and ( The devastating earthquake of February 6, 2023, which struck a vast area of the southern provinces, as well as Turkey's troubled economy. However, the results of the 2023 elections came with the victory of Recep Tayyip Erdogan in the second round, after defeating his competitor (Kemal Kilicdarogli), the candidate for the opposition coalition, as well as the victory of the ruling coalition led by the Justice and Development Party in parliamentary seats, with a participation rate that is the highest in Turkey’s elections, and the importance of this. The elections were held at the beginning of a new second century in the history of Republican Turkey. The research also addressed the position of the European Union countries regarding the results of these elections..

The use of outer space has been and continues to be the subject of experiments, and the success of these experiments, the increasing penetration of missiles, and the increasing use of satellites launched by major countries into the unknown of this space, as well as the possibility of a greater number of countries undertaking multiple activities in the future, is the motivation behind the search for legal rules that regulate the use of space. Foreign affairs in a way that achieves its peaceful objectives on the one hand and on the other hand protects the interests and rights of various countries. As stated by Dr. Ali Sadiq Abu Haif, space launches and presence in outer space raise many legal, political, and economic issues, and this makes outer space important for all countries. From a legal standpoint, there are international agreements regulating the use of outer space and defining rights and responsibilities related to space activities. Politically, there are conflicts and competition between countries to control outer space and exploit its resources.

location Afghanistan is characterized by an important geographical location located in the heart of the continent of Asia, where Afghanistan possessed many mineral resources that were unexploited, so Afghanistan has become on the list of international and regional interests, as well as being a crossing road to South Asian markets. Many countries, including international and regional ones, have sought Such as Russia, China, Iran to control the countries of Afghanistan and fill the void left by the United States of America after withdrawing from Afghanistan in 2021 AD, and these forces also expressed their willingness to deal with the new Taliban government, in order to give it a foothold in Afghanistan in a way that enables it to To preserve its interests, and also in order to strengthen its influence in the region and in Afghanistan, and this led to transforming Afghanistan into an arena for conflicts and competition between international and regional powers, and despite the importance of Afghanistan’s vital location, in return it represents a burden for it, as a result of the intertwining of interests between local forces. Regional and international, as many internal problems have emerged, including tribal rivalry between ethnicities in Afghan society, and building peace in Afghanistan after the American occupation has faced many problems and obstacles, the most important of which is the survival of the Taliban as a major player in the region and in the Afghan arena, where it has trained new leaders taking advantage of the social and economic conditions. troubled in it.

The principles of human rights gain great importance at the level of human life and appreciation of their interests. Therefore, they are basic guarantees affirmed by the heavenly religions as well as international conventions that have contributed to moving human societies to an advanced level in the field of developing human life and advancing their achievements in various fields. They have also provided good levels of stability in In light of the application of those principles, which contributed to strengthening those principles, whether in formulating human rights texts or in establishing international institutions supervising and following up on the implementation of those texts and charters.
Iraq has endeavored in the field of applying human rights in thought and practice in order to join the countries of the developed world in this field and to confirm that Iraq has begun to expand in the field of rights and freedoms and to work to give guarantees for their implementation while preserving the specificities of society and its national constants that define Iraq’s vision regarding this, and despite the rush towards engaging in International institutions and groupings, concluding agreements and pacts in the field of promoting human rights and pledging to implement them, and despite the above, reality still requires practical measures that require tangible change, both with regard to enhancing the efficiency of institutional performance independent of double standards and mechanisms for granting rights, as well as at the level of spreading a societal culture responsive to activities that include consolidating These rights in behavior and conscience, and thus are a real guarantee for growing activity in the field of developing human rights and preserving human freedoms, and this is included in the axes of this study.

With the advent of the twenty-first century, the warning of danger began to beset the world after the latter, forces and peoples, seemed optimistic about what will result from the strategic, political and economic aspiration that covered the world and openness with its introductions - brought by the information - communication - of cooperation and facilitation in the deliberation of international political affairs. The situation is exacerbated by offensive bias in the field of finding new capabilities. In light of the dualities: physical reality: security - critical environment - strategy. Virtual World: Cyber Attacks – Cyberspace. It is difficult to formulate restrictions and agreements on rules for mutual control of the performance of the actors of the international system

Peacebuilding is a process of great importance at different levels (social, political, and economic), as it is closely related to various fields of life. The study examined the most important aspects and mechanisms that can work to build lasting peace in society. Especially after the end of the conflict in Iraq in 2017, This is done by researching the structural causes of the conflict and working to develop solutions to ensure that the conflict does not return again. The study investigated Nineveh Governorate, which is considered the turning point in the civil war that occurred in 2014, morally. The city of Mosul was considered the decisive area for the war from a psychological point of view, due to its characteristics, especially its symbolic feature throughout the duration of the war during three years, as Mosul became the center of ISIS’ leadership, which represents the symbolism in the project of establishing the caliphate state. The beginning of building peace after the end of the conflict was due to its importance on the local character of the governorate, as well as the governorates that witnessed the conflict, and also because it includes a complex fabric of different identities that represent Iraq in one governorate, as it brings together all religious, social, and cultural identities..

After Singapore's independence, Lee Kuan Yew worked to achieve the general construction of the state through two elements: people and the economy. He emphasized what is known as the "meritocracy policy", which is based on high achievement, efficiency, and economic successes. Statesmen were chosen based on a criterion. Administrative efficiency and the successes that a person achieved in managing his work before choosing any government position. He also adopted secularism and viewed all religions and races on the same level. He also managed the country with a strongman dictatorship mixed with democracy, and made the country’s economy based on the “capitalist and socialist” systems.

Iraq was taken after the year 2005 firm stance towards financial and administrative corruption that was widespread in state institutions, and the existing anti-corruption bodies at that time were no longer able to limit or measure perceptions of corruption in the public sector in general, which required developing an effective strategy that limits corruption and pursues the corrupt. The first and most important of these strategies was the anti-corruption strategy. For the year 2005, which based its paths on Article 102 of the Constitution in force by organizing a law related to the work of the Integrity Commission specializing in anti-corruption issues, and a way to implement the contents of the United Nations Convention against Corruption of 2004, which Iraq joined in 2007 to benefit from the possibilities of cooperation and training with the international community in In the field of combating corruption, and in order to work to redouble government efforts in dismantling corruption, the Iraqi Council of Ministers approved the National Anti-Corruption Strategy for the years 2010 to 2014, which was presented by the Joint Anti-Corruption Council to be the coordinator between all government agencies concerned with combating corruption. Then came the Anti-Corruption Strategy for the period of 2021 to 2024 to constitute a new turning point in confronting corruption after the Federal Integrity Commission began its work by expanding the comprehensiveness of the implementation of the strategy by committing it to all state institutions.

The water problem holds a prominent place among the challenges faced by countries, especially due to certain policies adopted by some countries (upstream countries) towards their neighboring countries (downstream countries), causing crises. One of these policies involves not allowing a sufficient amount of river water to pass through to the countries along the river, as seen in Turkey's approach towards Iraq, considering Turkey the upstream country and Iraq the downstream country in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Turkey has asserted from the outset that the flowing waters in the basins of the Tigris and Euphrates are Turkish waters since they originate within its territory. Turkey argues that it is not legally obligated to allocate a fixed share to the downstream countries while expressing its concern for assessing Iraq's need for the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates. Turkey's actions in controlling these waters are justified by drawing parallels with oil-rich countries that have the right to manage their oil resources. This justification is reflected in various statements affirming Turkey's intention to economically exploit the water resources.Former Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel, in a statement on July 24, 1992, underscored Turkey's perspective, stating, "The waters that originate from Turkey are the property of Turkey, just as oil is the property of the countries where it is found. We do not tell them that we want to share their oil, and likewise, we do not want to share our waters.

The roots of this Israeli approach go back to the post-independence period in Africa in the 1960s and 1970s, when Israel was seeking at that time to gain the support of newly independent African countries against the Arab movement opposing it, and it was seeking to achieve a number of goals from this approach.
Strategic Objectives: Through this approach, Israel seeks to strengthen its political, economic and ideological influence on the African continent, in order to weaken African support for the Palestinian cause and enhance Israel’s diplomatic isolation on the international scene. As for the means used To achieve this approach, they are diverse, as the means used by Israel have varied, such as diplomacy, economic and development aid, and building security and intelligence partnerships with some African regimes. As for the potential effects of the Israeli approach towards Africa: It is feared that this Israeli approach will destabilize African unity and strengthen Political and ideological divisions within the continent, and may negatively affect efforts to achieve African economic integration. In general, the Israeli orientation towards Africa is a source of concern for African unity and stability, which requires strengthening solidarity and coordination among African countries to address It

The Horn of Africa region has witnessed great importance from countries, especially after recognizing its strategic importance, as the Horn of Africa region is one of the very important geostrategic regions in the geopolitical framework of the world, as it has a pivotal importance in the movement of maritime transportation, and the Horn of Africa region is the focus of attention of many regional and international powers. Because it is a major crossing and artery for international trade, as a result of the extension of its water crossings from Bab al-Mandab all the way to the Red Sea, Especially in Sudan, establishing fruitful relations economically, politically, and culturally. Since 2002, especially after the Justice and Development Party took power, Turkey began to change its policy and follow a policy of openness to countries, including East African countries, which express this stage of strategic depth. In 2003, Turkey began expanding its relationship and became An observer member of the African Union, and in 2008 it developed through Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s visit to Somalia, the first visit from outside Africa, which expresses the extent of human relations, especially since it was suffering from a drought crisis, and from an economic standpoint, Turkey found that economic growth was rapid, Especially with the countries of the Horn of Africa, Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Sudan.

Terrorism in general, and international terrorism in particular, represents one of the most dangerous threats that affect internal peace and security on the one hand, and international peace and security on the other hand. Its danger increases with the exacerbation of the dangers and threats to which citizens are exposed. It even goes beyond that to threatening the entity and stability of states, and standing as an obstacle in the way of their progress and its development, and therefore terrorism is not limited to one or a specific state, but rather targets multiple countries, whether in one geographical area or in a random manner. This research came to analyze this vision, under the following title “International Terrorism (its Causes and Combating It)”, the research seeks to explain and analyze the reasons. Which led to the tendencies of some people to join terrorist operations and develop these groups by funding them sufficiently to expand and develop them.

The conflict that Yemen has experienced, since 2011,has been a source of threat to regional and international interests,which prompted regional and stats actors to play a role in managing this conflict and trying to settle it.However complexities of the yemeni situation, and the regional and sectarian geostrategic dimensions of the conflict led to its expansion in a way that led to a decline in the international role, ln favor of the Guif regional role, which carried out the mission of military intervention in yemen, led by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia after 2014, following the Ansar Allah Houthi movement,s rebellion against the legitimate government and control of the capital Sana,a.

the behaviors of Iraqi voters are influenced by multiple factors, including cultural background and political upbringing. The values and beliefs of voters influence their behavior in elections. In addition, economic and social factors play a role in voters ' choices and political preferences. Political factors also affect the level of voter confidence in the political system and competing candidates. Education and political knowledge can have an impact on the formation of voters ' opinions and choices. Moreover, the media and social media influence the orientation of voters towards certain candidates or issues. Religious, ethnic and national factors play a role in guiding the orientation of voters. Studying the behavior of the Iraqi voter helps to understand these factors and improve the democratic process in Iraq.

This research explains and analyzes the Israeli attempts to normalize relations with Libya in three main axes: The first: It focused on the relations between the two parties during the royal era (1951-1969). The second: It centered on the era of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi (1969-2011) and the sharp tensions it witnessed between the two countries during the seventies and eighties, in addition to his position rejecting the so-called Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations during the nineties and his ideas about establishing the “Isratan State,” and compensation for the Jews of Libya .Third, after the revolution of February 17, 2011, public and secret official and unofficial contacts took place between Israel and Libya to normalize relations between the two countries, especially in the Rhodes meeting in Greece in 2017 and the meeting of the foreign ministers of the two countries in Italy in 2023. Among the conclusions that were reached: that the Libyan people are a real safety valve. Against any normalization processes that could be led by some who aspire to remain in power or seek to implement foreign agendas.

The Swiss system's reliance on the council political system in administering government is one of the reasons for its success and development by preserving its stability and continuing its life for a long period of time, despite the presence of many religions and nationalities in Switzerland and its historical extension in some other European countries such as France, Italy, and Germany. The system of government in Switzerland is characterized by a special character that differs from other systems of government, even though it is based on the council system.Some constitutional jurists believe that the council system gives the Federal Executive Council strong authority and may turn into a dictatorship over the federal legislative authority. The reason for the development and success of the council system in Switzerland is due to the nature that characterizes the Swiss citizen and his social and political culture, and the absence of clashes and conflicts between their political parties on the one hand and between the citizens and the political class that leads the state.Which led to the stability of the political situation in the Swiss political system.

Djibouti has gained great strategic importance that distinguished it from other African countries, becuase its location near to the most important corridors in the world, which is the Bab al-Mandab Strait, which prompted China to build a military base in Djibouti, to be one of the most important mechanisms of China in the global competition with the major powers that are racing for the countries of the African continent. Djibouti has the strategic advantage of having long coastlines that facilitate the control of waterways, which has increased its geopolitical importance and strategic position from the perspective of China, which realizes that Djibouti represents one of the most important links between the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, which has enhanced the prospects for China to continue to strengthen its presence and develop its capabilities in Djibouti, which is important in the Chinese strategic perception.

The issue of unemployment and the prevalence of drug abuse are among the most prominent challenges facing societies today, as these phenomena are closely interlinked. Unemployment increases the likelihood of resorting to illegal trade as a means of income, thereby contributing to the spread of crime and violence in society. On the other hand, unemployment is a contributing factor to the increase in drug abuse, as some individuals turn to drugs as a means of escaping their harsh reality. These phenomena are exploited by extremist groups and criminal organizations to recruit and exploit youth in their activities. Therefore, governments and societies must work diligently to address these issues effectively by providing sustainable employment opportunities and raising awareness among youth about the dangers of drug abuse. Failure to address these issues seriously may lead to the deterioration of political and economic conditions in societies.