Political Sciences Journal

The phenomenon of extremist extremism (terrorism) was one of the most prominent issues that took a large space in the twenty-first century, in which cognitive motives were mixed with strategic and ideological motives, leading to the emergence of terrorist extremist movements in countries. Pakistan is among the countries in which these groups appeared, becoming one of the The most dangerous areas of conflict in the world, especially since these terrorist extremist groups are increasing dramatically inside, until they have become one of the most dangerous hot spots for extremism (terrorism), and this is not limited to the movements that originated inside, but has also become an attractive environment for other movements active in different regions. from Pakistan

The constant characteristic of international relations is the constant change due to political, economic and military developments in addition to technology, and this in turn has led to many transformations in the concept of power, its uses, and the elements that form power and its distribution, and according to those variables, the concept of power has shifted from hard to soft, up to smart power and its uses in politics. Foreign Affairs in a new framework based on the strategy of combining the hard and soft forces and their various tools (material and moral) according to the facts required by the situation. The use of smart power is no longer the preserve of major international powers Regional powers have used smart power, especially at the level of conflict among themselves, in order to face challenges and achieve their interests in the region and not allow other powers to obstruct their strategy, especially in the Middle East region, which is characterized by turmoil, instability, high competition and increasing conflicts in it, whether between regional powers or between international powers.

The research in the role of variables contact for non-state actors have become more influential in the current of contemporary events, that related with the reality of seeking services and providing all of that in favor of maintaining the social peace, and ensuring its empowerment in order to make peace and stability outcomes as a real fact inside of our Arab societies. Especially, since it had been begun to oscillate between the concentration in pre-civil societies or do the best for working to leave the values and traditions of the non-modern societies, despite of the latter began to be effect on the structure of the internal component's system of its formation, so that the indicators of the hybrid societies come within the classifications of hybrid social unstable society, and between all of that were still intense struggle reeling within the contradictions among the old and the modern.
the article was trying to analyze the variables of the transformation towards hybrid societies and the competitiveness of specific multinational societies and transnational affiliations, to understand the significant approaches of those and their impact on achieving the desired political-social internal balance from the one hand; then seeking to ensure the effectiveness of the outputs that derived from the principle of international interdependence as a tools for maintaining peace and preserving the social peace for the near future, by understanding the options for government action and the variables of civil social forces vis-à-vis the future of social peace itself.

The study aims to review the division between Fateh and Hamas between 2006 -2007 based primarily on the documents and statements that have been announced in various media, through a review of the course of events after the Palestinian elections of 2006, which resulted in the victory of Hamas, indicating the course division, and the position of each of the Fateh movement and the Palestinian Authority, Hamas and the Palestinian factions of the causes of division and initiatives that have been made to terminate.
The study also reviewed the international and Israeli positions towards the division, in addition to the positions of the Arab states of it, and the consequences thereof in terms of the national project.

The executive authority differs from one country to another, as it differs from a federal state to another according to the nature of the applied political systems, so this research focused on federal states according to their political systems, then going into the details of the executive authority and its role In the federal states by referring to the four federal experiments, which are India and Iraq, as two parliamentary federal states, as well as the United States and Nigeria, as two states that follow the presidential system, as these experiences indicated a significant difference in the role of the executive authority that is It extends the head of state great powers in the presidential states that follow the federal form of the state, unlike the federal parliamentary states

bjective: This paper investigates the contradictions in the decision-making process of the United States, which historically proven to be successful policies in the short term, but in the long term proven to be wanting and failure. Methodology: The paper uses descriptive, historical, comparative method. Also, the paper proposes four models to examine the decision-making process and how it differs in the short term and the long term. The models are: 1. Individual and rational model (Model I); 2. Organizational and groupthink model (Model II); 3. Governmental and bureaucratic model (Model III); 4. Communication and information model (Model IV). Results: the study shows that Models I and IV are among the major explanatory factors for the failure of the US decision-making process in the long term. Conclusion: the study concludes that there is contradictions in the decision-making process of the United States in the long term versus the short term, the proposed four models, previously mentioned, show that Models I and IV that could speak to such contradiction and failure in the short term. However, synthesizing all of the models is critical in understanding and explaining the conduct of the US decision-making process.

The study aimed to clarify the conceptual explanations and the theoretical rooting of the concept of the populist phenomenon. And explore the political and cultural implications and connotations contained in populist political discourse. And to stand on the foundations and meanings on which the political populist discourse of Fatah and Hamas is based, and to clarify its vocabulary. The importance of the study is to reveal the dangers of populist discourse on the future of the Palestinian liberation and development project. And the search for objective and methodological alternatives to the Palestinian political discourse to overcome the simplification and flatness that characterizes the current Palestinian discourse. And be aware of the dangers of slipping into the populist discourse and its dangerous effects on national unity and national reconciliation. The study concluded that the Fatah and Hamas movements contributed to a large extent in spreading a populist mood in the context of the search for a liberating and developmental solution. The two movements devoted a populist discourse claiming that each party affirms its protection of the Palestinian national spirit, the defense of the Palestinian national project, and theorizing of its options and alternatives, which gave rise to a populist Palestinian discourse based on dualities and conflicting encounters between oneself and the other. The partisan rhetoric of both Fatah and Hamas reflected the dire consequences of the \"us\" and \"them\" split. Their political rhetoric featured excessive references to an enemy targeting them, distrust of political institutions, marginalization of civil society initiatives, extreme polarization, a complete lack of consensus or the right spirit of party politics, and verbal criminalization of political opponents.

The approval of the federal general budget in Iraq is one of the most important competencies of the legislative authority , Being one of the important financial and monetary policy instruments on which the state depends for its economic growth , Hence, the obstruction of the approval of the federal budget due to sectarian quotas, the absence of national interest, and the emergence of bargaining processes between political parties belonging to the regions and sectarianism , As well as the absence of economic plans and programs as a result of non-cognition and understanding of the nature of its supposed political system applied in Iraq and the absence of specialists would lead to a negative decline in the economic aspect, which will be stabilized on the social side and then instability of the political system.

Russia has emerged as a rising and influential power in the international arena, especially with Vladimir Putin's assumption of power and his desire for the rise of Russia and the end of the "unipolarism" represented by the hegemony of the United States of America over the international system, and the achievement of a multipolar system in which Russia is an active pole, which contributed to its emergence as an influential power in the international arena. The wrong policies followed by the United States of America in the Middle East region, which gave way to the presence of other players who participated and controlled a large extent in the region in accordance with their interests, which prompted the Russian government to compete with the playing power by returning to the old allies, most notably Iraq, and consolidating its relationship with it because of the importance it constitutes in the strategy The Russian Federation, especially since Iraq has the fifth largest reserves of crude oil, and is considered one of the most important oil producers and exporters, which made it one of the priorities of Russian policy to achieve its interests and goals. Its desire coincided with the policy of external openness that the Iraqi government pursued to diversify its relations with the influential power in the arena, including the force. Russian rookie.

The research entitled (Moderation in Omani External Political Behavior 1970-2020. contained introduction and two sections conclusion and recommendations. The introduction included a general overview of the topic, and the importance of the political behavior of the State of Oman during the past fifty years. The research clarified the reasons for the Sultanate’s adoption of moderation policy in its foreign policy during the reign of Sultan Qaboos bin Said during the period (1970-2020) after its foreign policy before 1970 was characterized by isolation from the regional and international contexts.
The first topic dealt with developments in the foreign policy of the State of Oman during the period of Sultan Qaboos’s rule, who worked to implement moderate behavior in foreign policy. Sultan Qaboos pursued this policy for several reasons, foremost of which is maintaining social security and continuing to implement economic development programs, and to ensure the success of this policy, Sultan Qaboos worked to solve problems with neighboring countries, taking into account the specificity of the geographical location of the State of Oman. The second section deals with the issue of moderation in international political interactions. By reviewing selected examples of Omani middle behavior, such as the Omani interaction affecting the Yemeni and Syrian crises, as well as mediation in the negotiations of the Iranian nuclear file. Oman has achieved clear success in it, especially in resolving the Iranian nuclear program crisis with major countries, which made the Sultanate the focus of attention angain respect from the regional and international countries. The research ended with the conclusions and recommendations.

The American-Iranian relations have been characterized by tensions since the arrival of the guardian jurist regime in Iran to leadership in 1979, as it was considered a turning point not only in the context of relations between the two countries, but also in the context of Iranian relations with the West in general, and through the first and second Gulf wars. This stage was coupled with the United States imposing economic sanctions and severing diplomatic relations with Iran, up to the beginning of the twenty-first century and the attacks of September 11, 2001, which contributed to increasing tension between the two countries after Iran's inclusion in the Axis of Evil states, despite Tehran's official condemnation and rejection of these attacks. The reasons for the disagreement between the two countries lie in Washington's fear of a radical, theocratic regime that seeks to adopt an expansionist project in the Arab region, by employing the sectarian factor, which contributes the destabilization and regional imbalance of power in one of the most important areas that threatens US national security, this is due to the considerations of the region's strategic reserves of energy, in addition to the presence of Israel. The importance of Iraq lies in this conflict, as it is the gateway from which Iran can gain access to and influence in the region, benefiting from the rapprochement and sectarian and cultural homogeneity with large segments of the Iraqi society, in addition to the mistakes of the American foreign policy and the failure of its strategy in Iraq and the region, it is imperative that the American administration maintain its military presence in Iraq to contain Iran and cut its arms extending to Syria and Lebanon. On this basis, we can consider Iraq the only loser in this difficult equation, and its field is prepared to settle external accounts at the expense of its national interest.

energy is one of the strategic resources within international politics, and this is through the existing competition between the international powers on it, and the global powers have begun to rely on interest in new areas, such as import, depending on new projects and strategies, and Europe has become an arena for US-Russian competition over the energy market.

Human rights are one of the basic concepts of modern and contemporary times, and political thought as the origin of political science and its source of knowledge have impact in this science and its branches and topics, including the subject of human rights, as the research shows that political thought has a profound influence on human rights and in a comprehensive way, theoretically based on theoretical, legal formulation and cultural interpretation, and the academic work required the division of research into three sections, the first: the intellectual roots of the origin of human rights, the second section addresses the impact of political thought in the formulation of human rights, and the third section is entitled: The Influence of Political Thought in the Interpretation of Human Rights.

the Nile River and the Renaissance Dam is one of the most prominent factors that had an important role in the nature of relations between Egypt - Ethiopia, as they contributed to building a relationship that has common characteristics through the nature of the interactions between the two countries. As a result, the Nile River is shared by eleven countries, most of which are upstream countries.
Accordingly, the Nile River issue became the focus of that relationship between Egypt and Ethiopia, especially after Ethiopia pursued water policies that would harm Egypt\'s share of the Nile waters, threatens its national security, the water policies pursued by upstream countries have contributed to creating new problems and perhaps the most important of these policies is the construction of dams and irrigation projects, which makes us face many scenes of the future of that relationship between conflict and cooperation.

This research is concerned with the concept of identity in general \"Overall definition\" and is not exposed to the classifications of identity or concepts that deal with their types and classifications, only the concept in terms of the initial picture as well as the views of thinkers on the proof of the existence of an identity. In ancient Western thought, intellectuals deal with the subject of identity as linked to human self and existence, which is sometimes based on the use of reason and sometimes on thinking. As for the differentiation of Western identity, either in the modern and contemporary times, there are many ideas, interpretations and opinions to get to the multiplicity of concepts, and thus the multiplicity of justifications for multiple types of identities has glimpsed the possibility of an increase in the creation of new concepts of identity that contribute to the emergence of new and innovative identities not familiar currently. It may become familiar by getting used to it, in search or by affiliation.