Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences

This study was aimed to find out how common Listeria monocytogenes in a group of Iraqi women who had miscarriages. Also, investigates the dependability of molecular diagnosis, specifically evaluating the target hlyA gene as an alternate solution tool for identification. A total of 200 specimens comprising cervical swabs were collected from 176 women suffered from miscarriage and 24 women as control. The detection of L. monocytogenes in miscarriages women by using HiCrome™ Listeria Agar Base as both a selective and differential agar medium for quick and direct recognition of Listeria species. The biochemical tests were achieved for confirmation identification. In addition, virulence-associated genes (hlyA gene) isolates were identified using a Real-time PCR approach. Results show out of the 200 (patients and control) specimens, 176 women with miscarriages were analyzed and it was found that 117 (66.5%) specimens from abortion cases were negative for L. monocytogenes, while 59 (33.5%) specimens were positive for Listeria species. All 24 women of control give negative result. Seventy-five (32.4%) isolates from the 59 positive women showed the presence of the hlyA gene in Real-time PCR. We found that molecular diagnostic through Real-Time PCR is a quick and accurate diagnostic method that can help minimize the time it takes to start a specific treatment and track its success.

A novel mixed natural coagulant has been developed to remove sewage pollutants and heavy metals from Qanat- al- Jayesh by using low cost adsorbent natural materials. In these materials, significant interaction contains Arabic gum mixed with extracted silica from rice husk ash (natural coagulants) by the Batch device approach, using two variables, pH values ranging from 5-8 and contact times between 0.25-5 hrs. All wastewater samples were collected after treatment by adsorbents and examined for determination of residual heavy metal concentrations: Pb, Ni, Zn and Cu by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), turbidity, pH, total dissolved salts (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and total salinity (TS). The results obtained indicate The coagulation process' highest level of effectiveness was 95.2% for gum-silica composite with the weight 8 gm for reducing turbidity. In comparison, The coagulation process's least effective efficiency was 80.6%, with the weight 4 gm of gum-silica composite. On the other pH values, Turbidity, TDS, TS, and EC were reduced in the waste water sample after being treated by gum-silica composite under standard water values. This mixture can be used to remove heavy water pollutants during treatment.

This study was aimed to assess the influence of plasma activated medium (PAM) on some parameters of breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and AMJ13) in comparison to normal adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). First, nitric oxide (NO) production within the used media (RPMI-1640 and MEM) was examined beyond different exposure time (10,15,20, and 25) minutes directly, and the finding suggested a significant increase in NO with increasing exposure time particularly after 20 and 25 min of irradiation in RPMI, while MEM showed significant results only after 25 min. The metabolic parameters were studied including glucose uptake and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. The results found a decrease in LDH activity proportional to incubation times, as over incubation to 48 hrs the activity reduced more significantly than the 24 hours with minimal influence on the enzyme activity in the media. Correlated results were demonstrated in glucose results as it’s concentration was elevated in the media with increasing irradiation doses for all three treated cell lines in compared to untreated homologues.

This study was aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) created by method of thermal green way using basically a maize starch. Mucoid were appeared of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial colonies and the positive results with some biochemical tests. On the other hand, Staphylococcus aureus appeared pigmented colonies surrounded by a yellow halo because of mannitol fermentation. According to the 24 time incubation period, the CuO NPs antimicrobial activity showed of bacterial growth pathogenic K. pneumonia was 0.52 ± 0.04 cell/ml than control 1.60 ± 0.01 cell/ml .Aven as S. aureus appeared the number of bacterial growth as follow 0.79 ± 0.07 cell/ml compared with control 1.90 ± 0.01 cell/ml. The biologically effect for enhancing antimicrobial activity the percentage of resistant was decreasing from 66.6% to 22.2% when used copper oxide nanoparticles. Also, S. aureus sensitivity test showed resistant percentage was decreased from 55.5% to 33.3% at 24 hours.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that can tolerate heavy metals, provide the basis for microbial inoculums showing heavy metals tolerance properties. This study was aimed to detect the heavy metal resistance genes in plant-growth-promoting Pseudomonas spp. isolated from many agricultural fields. The collected isolates were screened for their plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits, hydrolytic enzymes, Siderophore, ammonia, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Then, subjected to concentrations of CuSO4, CdCl2, and ZnCl2 to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The DNA was extracted from the selected isolates then PCR test was achieved to detect copA, copB, and czcA genes, responsible for heavy metal resistance. Seventy Pseudomonas spp. isolates were obtained; 41 (58.57%), 6 (8.57%), and 15 (21.42%) isolate produced protease, cellulase, and pectinase, respectively. The isolates were positive for siderophore and ammonia production. However, 68 (97.14%) isolates have produced indole-3-acetic acid. Eight isolates were selected and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the Vitek 2 compact system. The isolates' resistance to heavy metals differed significantly. The isolate B49 had a higher resistance to CuSO4 (MIC = 3200 µg/ml) and ZnCl2 (MIC = 2600 µg/ml), while the isolate B66 recorded a higher resistance to CdCl2 (MIC = 1000 µg/ml). copB, and czcA genes were detected in the eight P. aeruginosa isolates, while copA gene was detected in seven, except B69.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of plasma activated medium (PAM) on breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and AMJ13) and compared it to non malignant one (ASCs). The cytotoxic effect of 10,15,20, and 25 min prepared PAM was measured and the results indicated that all cells were influenced in the exposure times (20 and 25)min, especially after 48 hours of incubation with lesser influence on normal cells. Based on the results 20 min was determined as the effective dose on 50% of cancer cells with minimal influence on normal one. Further, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was assessed and the results indicated reduction in the level of this cytokine after PAM treatment, MCF7 showed significant 2reduction in both incubation intervals while AMJ13 and ASCs significantly varied only after 48hrs.Finally, caspase-9was analyzed to identify the apoptosis route and the obtained data revealed that both MCF7 and AMJ13raisedsignificantlyafter 24 and 48hrs.In contrast, ASC cells revealed non-significant changes in both intervals.

This research was to study the effect of adding glycerol at different levels (T1 = control treatment without glycerol, T2 = 75 ml and T3 = 150 ml glycerol) in the body weight, body measurements and some blood characteristics of Holstein calves from 60 to 120 days of calves age. Body weight increased (P≤0.05) in T3 calves at 80 and 100 days of age, also body weight increased in T2 and T3 calves at 120 days of age. T2 calves were significantly superior (P≤0.01) in average total gains from 60 to 120 days of age. Significantly increased (P≤0.05) at the ages of 100 and 120 days of: Wither height in T3 calves, Body length in T2 calves and Heart girth in T2 and T3 calves. Blood glucose concentration increased (P≤0.05) and blood NEFA concentration decreased (P≤0.01) in T2 calves at 80 days of age. At the age of 100 and 120 days, the concentration of blood glucose was increased (P≤0.01 and P≤0.05) and the concentration of NEFA and BHBA decreased (P≤0.01) in calves of the two treatments T2 and T3. We conclude that the addition of glycerol (75 and 150 ml/day) in the feeding of calves increases body weight, promotes growth and improves blood characteristics by increasing blood glucose and reducing NEFA and BHBA concentrations.

This study evaluated the effect of sex on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and blood metabolite parameters of Awassi lambs. Twenty-seven Awassi lambs were allocated into two sex groups: males (n=13) and females (n=14). Lambs were individually penned and fed according to the nutritional needs of small ruminants. The experimental period of the study continued for 63 days, preceded by seven days for dietary and pen adaptation. On day 56 of the experimental period, five lambs of each sex group were randomly chosen and distributed in metabolism chambers to examine the digestibility and nitrogen balance. After 70 days of the trial, all lambs were butchered to determine their carcasses and meat quality. The average dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) intakes were significantly affected by sex (p < 0.05). Both sexes had similar DM and CP digestibility. Male lambs had greater nitrogen intake and retention (p < 0.05). Growth performance, weights of fasting animals, weights of hot and cold carcasses, non-carcass parts and carcass cuts were influenced (p < 0.05) by the lambs, sex.

This study was undertaken to figure out the relationship between some biochemical characteristics in seminal plasma with the semen quality of Iraqi buffalo bulls (Bubalus bubalis). Semen was diluted with the Tris extender and divided based on the sperm cell's individual motility into two groups. The first group included good-semen quality (GS; n=3), whereas, the second group included poor-semen quality (PS; n=5). The differences between GS and BS groups in all seminal biochemical attributes lacked significance. A negative and significant (P≤0.05) correlation coefficient was noticed between cholesterol concentration and both principal and terminal sperms abnormality (r= -0.52), and total abnormalities (r= -0.53). A positive and significant (P≤0.05) correlation coefficient was shown between cholesterol concentration and normal sperm percentage (r= 0.53). Moreover, there was a negative and significant correlation (P≤0.05) between the triglyceride concentration and each of the percentages of individual sperm motility (r = -0.50) and of live sperm (r = -0.51). It can be concluded that some biochemical characteristics of seminal plasma can be used to predict the semen quality and fertility of Iraqi buffalo bulls.

This study investigated the synergistic effect of glass wool and sephadex sperm filtration techniques on improving the low semen quality of buffalo bulls with or without antioxidants. Semen was collected for 14 weeks, evaluated weekly, and divided into 12 groups. Good and low semen have extended using a Tris extender. Good semen quality is divided into three groups [S1: Tris extender; S2: Tris + vitamins E (2 mM) and C (5 mM); S3: Tris + glutamine (20 mM) and arginine (1 mM)]. Low semen quality was divided into three main groups and subdivided into three sub-groups (S4; Tris extender; S5: Tris +vitamins E (2 mM) and C (5 mM); S6: Tris + glutamine (20 mM) and arginine (1 mM)). In the 2nd and 3rd main groups, glass wool and sephadex techniques are used with or without adding vitamins (E+C) and amino acids (Glutamine and arginine) and subdivided into three sub-groups with each technique, referred to as S7–S9 for glass wool and S10–S12 for sephadex techniques. Improving (P<0.01) motility, normal morphology, acrosome, and plasma membrane integrity and reducing total sperm abnormalities of low semen quality were noticed using sephadex with or without adding vitamins or amino acids post-cryopreservation. In conclusion, the sephadex technique removed immotile sperm, dead, abnormal, and good sperm harvested by this technique, which in turn may reflect positively on improving the pregnancy rate.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of elastin hydrolysates on the microbial content and sensory evaluation of ground beef refrigerated at 2°C for 12 days. The study included 10 treatments: T1 without addition, T2 addition (1000ppm/kg meat) and T3 addition (500ppm/kg meat) of elastin hydrolysates produced by the elastase enzyme (E.H.E).T4 addition (1000ppm/kg meat) and T5 addition (500ppm/kg meat) of Elastin hydrolysates produced by the collagenase enzyme (E.H.C), T6 addition (1000ppm/kg meat) and T7 addition (500ppm/kg meat)of elastin hydrolysates produced by the trypsin enzyme (E.H.T), T8 addition and (1000ppm/kg meat) T9 addition (500ppm/kg meat) of elastin hydrolysate produced by the pepsin enzyme(E.H.P) and T10 added to the antioxidant BHA (0.01) Per kg of meat. The treatments were stored cold for periods of 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days, and some laboratory tests were conducted on them that showed the effect of elastin hydrolysates when their effectiveness was tested against Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. When hydrolysates were added to cold-stored minced beef, the lowest number of bacteria was recorded, as they decreased the logarithm. Total Plate Count TPC37, total psychrophilic count TPC4, and E.coli bacteria. Addition treatments also recorded significant increase in degrees of tenderness, flavor, juiciness, and general acceptability.

In vitro propagation approach has been adopted for micropropagation and conservation of Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) to guarantee its sustainable phyto-industry and research availability. Within 1 month, in vitro shoot differentiated was accomplished by culturing shoot tip, nodal segment, and leaf on MS medium enriched with various BA (Benzyl Adenine) concentrations. A significant difference was observed with shoot tips compared with nodal explants and leaf at the shoot induction percentage and mean number of shoot per explant. The highest percentage of shoot induction (100%) and average number of micro shoot per shoo tip (9.200 shoot) were recorded on MS medium fortified with 1 mg/l BA. The findings showed that a satisfactory rooting percentage (100%) was recorded when I mg/l IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) added to half MS medium with an average number of roots (2.600) root/shoot, a mean root length is 8.600cm. rooted plantlets could be successfully acclimatized in the shade house with 100% survival rate. The genetic stability of the micropropagated plants investigated by the RAPD markers indicated monomorphic and true to type when compare with the original plant.

Tow field and storage experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of foliar application of moringa leaf extract, calcium, and potassium silicate on the growth, yield, and quality characteristics of strawberry fruits. The field experiment included 27 treatments: Foliar application of moringa leaf extract at the concentrations of 0, 5, and 10% which were symbolized as M0, M1, and M2 respectively, calcium at the concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 g. L-1, which were symbolized as Ca0, Ca1, and Ca2 respectively, and potassium silicate at the concentrations of 0, 1.25, and 2.50 ml. L-1 which were symbolized as S0, S1, and S2 respectively, with three replicates. The storage experiment was carried out according to the same design that was applied in the first experiment, at a temperature of 0-2 ºC. The results revealed that the M2 treatment significantly increased Plant height, leaf number, crown diameter, flowering cluster number, plant yield, Fruit T.S.S, Vitamin C, as well as maintaining the T.S.S and Vitamin C after storage, and reduced the fruits distortion. The treatment of Ca1 recorded a significant increment in the growth and yield parameters and reduced fruit distortion, Also the treatment of S2 recorded significant values of the above-mentioned parameters, Moreover, the interactions of M2Ca1, M2S2, and Ca1S2 and the triple interaction of M2Ca1S2 recorded the highest values of the studied parameters.

This study was aimed to investigate effects of Benzyl Adenine and Zinc sulfate on Plum trees growth, at the field of Depart. Horticultural and Landscape, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, during the spring season of 2021. Spraying three different concentrations (0, 50, and 100) mg.L-1 of Benzyl adenine and foliar applications of Zinc sulfate with three different concentrations (0, 25, and 50) mg.L-1 on vegetative and root system traits, as well as the chemical content of Plum seedlings (Prunus domestica L.) grafted on to Apricot rootstocks. The experiment conducted using factorial experiment with a Randomized Complete Block Design and, three replicates, Two seedlings per treatment, were used. The results revealed significant differences concerning the foliar application of Benzyl Adenine, particularly at the 100 mg/L concentration. which had a substantial impact on various vegetative traits. Additionally, it exhibited a superior effect on root characteristics.. Conversely, Zinc element demonstrated significant superiority at the concentration of 50 mg/L concerning the same vegetative and root traits,.

The experiment was implemented in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad during the agricultural season 2021-2022 as a factorial experiment (2 x 3 x 3) with within Randomized Complete Block Design using 3 replcates, The spraying with marine algae extract (0, 4, and 6ml.l-1) represented the first factor symbolized by K0, K1, and K2; the second factor involved spraying with the yeast extract (0, 2, and 4 mg.l-1) referred to as Y0, Y1, and Y2; while the third factor was mowing date as tow mows were applied with 15 days interval between them. The research was aimed to examine the effect of the three mentioned factors and their interaction on the vegetative growth and leaf biochemical traits of watercress plants. The research objectives Results showed a significant superiority of the interaction treatment Y2K2 in increasing number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight in the second mow (62.80 leaves.plant-1, 131.77cm.plant-1, 265.30g, and 113.5g) as well as increasing the biochemical traits in leaves including the content of carbohydrates, protein, N, P, K, Glucosinolates, total Glucosinolates, total phenolic compounds, and total flavonoids in the second mow.

A pilot study in the field was conducted within the study station of the Field Crops Department / College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / “University of Baghdad during winter season of 2022-2023” .In order to find out the role of chlorophyll nutrient spraying on some growth traits of two varieties of bread wheat. Using RCBD design. The results showed a significant superiority of the V1 variety in all studied traits such as (Plant height measured in centimeters, number of tillers per square meter, and dry weight flowering100%, “the growth rate of the crop is g.m2.d-1, the hay yield in “ton .ha-1 biological yield ton. ha-1”, flag leaf area (cm2), chlorophyll concentration (SPAD), dry weight flag leaf g. , flag leaf' specific gravity (g.), spike length (cm) which amounted to (100.04 cm, 281.34 g .m2.d-1, 242 .06 g.m2.d-1, 5.96 ton. ha, 11.79 ton .ha , 32.68 cm, 48.73 SPAD , 0.131 g. , 0.0039 g. and 12.13 cm). respectively . comparative V2 . chlorophyll nutrient concentrations showed that the level of Ch1 (1500) mg. L-1 represented a considerable improvement in most of which comprise the following attributes “plant height cm”, “number of tillers m2”, dry weight at flowering 100% g.m2, “crop growth rate g. m2.d-1, yield of straw ton. ha., The biological yield ton. ha., flag leaf area (cm), chlorophyll concentrations (SPAD) and spike length (cm) that reached (93.15 cm, 315.00 tillers m2, 257.08 g.m2, 1.904 g.m2, 5.96 ton. ha., 12.85 ton. ha. , 29.30 cm, and 12.07 cm) respectively, compared to the concentrations of Ch2 and Ch3.

Kenger (Gundelia tournefortii L.) plants were collected based on the availability of these plants in the local market to determine the nutrition value, some phytochemical content, and element content during March 2023 at the vegetative stage at thirteen different locations in the Sulaimani region. Some vegetative traits and chemical contents were studied. The results indicated that the highest content of carbohydrates was (12.670%) at Mawat, the protein was (32.703%) at Hazarmerd, and fiber was (35.620%) at Penjwen locations respectively. The analysis of Kenger edible parts (stem and leaves) through GC-MS revealed the presence of a complex mixture of compounds varying from 13 to 19 compounds among the locations. Compounds such as carboxylic acids ranged from 25.217% at Penjwen to 77.043% at Temar, terpenes ranged from 15.912% in Temar to 57.749% in Penjwen, and sterols ranged from 5.351% at Qara Dagh to 24.688% at Hazarmerd. In other locations, these compounds were detected in between those ranges, with differences in their concentrations. According to the results obtained from ICP-OES analysis, macro-elements (Ca, K, P, S, Mg, and Na) contents between the studied locations, the highest concentration of 3.127% occurred at Temar location, the lowest value was obtained at Gulp location with 2.468%, with an average of 2.811% for all locations.

This study aimed to investigate effect of foliar application of Kinetin on growth, yield, yield components and antioxidant affectivity of maize. A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2023 at the Alhamidia Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar. A randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement with three replications was used in this study. The main plots contained the levels of kinetin (0, 25, 50, and 75 mg L-1), and the subplots contained the cultivars (Baghdad 3, Fajr 1, and Almaha). The results indicated that the maize cultivars significantly differed in most of the studied traits. The Baghdad 3 cultivar showed a significant superiority in most of the studied traits, such as leaf area (5473 cm2), highest average crop growth per unit area, and the highest grain yield (3.75 t ha-1) and biological yield. The Al-Maha cultivar showed superiority most active antioxidant enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase(CAT, SOD). Foliar application of kinetin improved growth traits, antioxidant enzyme activity, yield, and quality. The concentration of 75 mg L-1 recorded the best results,

A factorial experiment was carried out in the Jisr Diyala region, east of Baghdad, to study a comparison of the types of organic fertilizers in interaction with the levels of phosphate fertilizer and the quality of irrigation water on some soil properties and yield of broad bean(Vicia faba L), using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to the split- split plot arrangement, and with three replications. Three factors were used, the first factor is water quality (well water and Diyala River water, I1 and I2) and the second is two types of organic fertilizers (control, sludge and sheep waste by 5 Mg ha-1, M0, M1 and M2) and the third is the addition of three levels of phosphorus (0, 80 and 160 kg ha-1, P0, P1, and P2) respectively. Seeds of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), cultivar Luz-de-otoho, were sown in winter season 2022, and analyzes were made for some physical and chemical properties of the soil after harvest. The results showed that the type of organic fertilizers had an effect on some chemical properties of the soil after harvest, as the electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil after harvest decreased significantly. The highest decrease was in the treatment I2M2P2, which amounted to 2.74 dS m–1, with a decrease of 52.10% compared to treatment (I1M0P0). The degree of soil reaction (pH) also decreased significantly, and the highest decrease was for treatment I1M2P2 at 7.41, with a decrease 3.89% compared to treatment (I2M0P0) . While the organic carbon increased significantly, and the highest significant increase was for the treatment I2M2P2 at 17.10 g Kgt-1, with an increase rate of 179.87% compared to treatment (I1M0P0). It was found that there was a significant effect on the dry pods weight, as the highest significant increase occurred when for the treatment I2M2P2 at 33.95 g plant-1, with an increase of 141.12% compared to treatment (I1M0P0) .

Field experiment was conducted at AL Ramadi – Anbar province in western Iraq. far fall season 2020 in sandy clay loam soil which has 58.90 gm Kg -1 gypsum, to study the effect of water depletion, addition method in water consumption and water use efficiency. Irrigation was at depletion rates 40, 50 and 60% of available irrigation water, with three ways: Complete addition of irrigation depth, half addition included adding half of irrigation depth and adding another half after 6 hours, third addition division to three parts at duration of 6 hours, treatments distributed according spilt plot design in RCBD with three replicates. Potato planted in 13.09.2020. Evaporation pan Class A used to scheduling the irrigation. Water consumption calculated by equivalent it of added water depth. Results showed increasing in water consumptive with decreasing in depletion rate, highest value of water consumptive reached 324.13 mm at 40% depletion of available water, while decreased to 293.61 mm at 60% depletion with decreasing rate reached 9.41 %, Total yield rate prevailed at 40% depletion of water available which reached 22.73 t h -1, Also total yield and water use efficiency prevailed significantly at triple addition which reached 23.90 t h -1, 14.17 kg m-3 respectively.

This study was aimed to estimate off-farm labor supply model. Data were collected randomly from 267 wheat producers in Salah El-Din province for the year 2020, 67.4% of them are produced using pivot sprinklers for irrigation and with three tenure categories (60,80,12) dunums. Furthermore. The KS coefficient was used to analyze the producers' risk-taking behavior after estimating the production function and determining the area variable that has the most influence on the production process. If it increased by 1%, production would increase by 0.802%. The farmer's decision to adopt the technology was based on economic, social, and institutional factors. It turns out that 40% of farmers make their decision based on financing. When analyzing the decisions of farmers under risk, it was found that 35% of them make the decision in relation to the price, which is the main incentive for production. In order to understand the relationship between the risk, the return, and the size of the farm, it was found that when the area is increased, the return increases, and the revenue of a dunum at the tenure size of 10 dunams amounted to 481,600 dinars and at a higher KS level, what is known as risk-haters, the revenue was the highest possible and the risk also increased with it, and the farmers became among the large holdings they prefer. In any case, some farmers believe that when you want to get a higher return, it is important to keep in mind that there is a greater risk. Risk is affected by a number of factors, including economic, divided into price and productivity, social ones, and others related to the farmer himself in terms of efficiency, management, skill, and experience. . The research recommended a review of tenure laws and the development of risk management strategies by providing adequate funding that ensures ,Providing factories within rural areas that contribute to absorbing surplus production, creating price stability, as well as creating a labor market that reduces poverty in the rural area.

To evaluate and analyze the small farmers fund, one of the funds financed by the allocation of the Supreme Committee for the Agricultural Initiative, this fund finance the unconditioned plastic houses, beekeeping, field crops, winter and summer vegetable crops, protected tomato houses, olive trees services, planting of green silage by fixed sprinkler irrigation and to construct consulting offices. As the total number of loans granted to this fund reached nearly 481 billion dinars in all governorates, amounting to 38991 beneficiaries, constituting about 23% of the total loans disbursed during the study period, Baghdad governorate has 68.6 billion of total amounts of that fund and that consist 16.6% of it, then Anbar came in the second rank by 14.7% then Wasit came in the third rank by 12%, while Kirkuk came in the last. The study reached an analysis of the achievement ratios of the small farmers fund for the period 2009-2018 for all governorates, the provinces of Baghdad and Basra were highest share of this fund for the year 2009, while the lowest share for these year were for Mysan and Kirkuk. In 2010, Anbar has the highest share while Kirkuk was the lowest. In 2011-2012, the governorate of Baghdad ranked first, and the lowest were for Kirkuk governorate, in 2013, Anbar came to the first, the lowest was Kirkuk governorate, then Wasit governorate returned to first place with collection rates for 2014 and in 2015 Najaf was the first and for 2016 and 2017, the governorate of Baghdad came first. There is a clear decrease in the rates of late loan repayment in this fund because these loans are closely related to the guarantees that document the loans. Most of the guarantees of these loans are the bill only, whereby the amount of withdrawals loans of all kinds is proportional to the amount of the guarantee on the bill of exchange 40 million dinars. The study recommended the necessity of conducting a field survey of all the purposes that the small farmers fund.

This study was aimed to enhance the flavor compounds, improve sensorial, microbial and physicochemical characteristics of the yogurt product using dried cantaloupe pulp. This study included the estimation of three flavor compounds in the yogurt product (acetaldehyde, acetone, and ethanol), after seven day of refrigeraed storage at 4°C, a wide difference in the levels of flavor compounds among the treatments have been shown, the values of acetaldehyde were in the following treatments (A) control treatment, (H) cantaloupe 1 %, (K) cantaloupe3%, as follows 13.46, 14.27, 24.54 mg/L respectively. Acetone values were 8.38, 5.33, 3.47 mg/L respectively. Ethanol were 10.25, 7.12, 4.29 mg/L respectively. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus log vaible count after the first day of manufacture were 7.38, 8.53, 8.77 cfu ml-1 for A, H and K treatment respectively, gradually decreased through refrigerated storage to reach after 28 days 6.25, 7.41, 7.60 cfu ml-1 respectively. The log vaible count Streptococcus silvarius subsp. Thermophilus at first day of manufacture were 8.20, 9.66, 9.71 cfu ml-1 for A, H and k treatment respectively, gradually decreased under refrigerated storage to 7.25, 8.50, 8.30 cfu ml-1 respectively after 28 days. Chemical composition did not change, and there were no significant differences among the treatments. Sensory evaluation values showed differences in treatment, the flavor scores for treatments after 28 days of refrigerated storage were (37, 42, 43), the texture were (25, 28, 29), the appearance were (10,14, 14), color (9, 8, 8) for A, H and k treatment respectively. The treatment K was superior as compared to the other treatments with a score of acceptance (94), compared with the control treatment whose score of acceptance was(81) out to 100

This study was investigates the effect of adding different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) % of mallow (Malva neglecta L.) leaves powder (MLP) to wheat bread mix on nutritional and qualitative properties of the obtained bread. Results of the chemical composition based by dry matter, moisture, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrates for wheat flour and mallow leaves powder were 87.4, 12.6, 0.65, 10.5, 1.25, 75% and 96.2, 3.8, 7.90, 12.70, 1.60, 74.20 %, respectively. The study included nine treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 ), where T1 was the control treatment. During the fermentation period, dough mass was increased to its maximum value, T1 recorded the lowest height. The addition of (MLP) led to a slight increase in the specific volume of (T2, T3, T4, T5, T6), and this may be due to the increase in the proportion of polysaccharides in the mallow plant, while the specific volume began to decrease significantly in treatments (T7, T8, T9). Each of (T7, T8, and T9) showed significant differences as compared with the control treatment (T1) for the characteristics of color of crust, symmetry of form, evenness of bake, grain, color, texture of crumb, aroma, and taste. There were no significant differences between (T2, T3, T4, T5, T6) compared with T1. The results indicate that the consumer accepted T2, T3, T4, and T5 treatments as well as T1. GC analysis showed the presence of phenolic compounds in mallow leaves powder, such as phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2-methyl phenol, 4-methyl phenol, 2-nitrophenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, benzoic acid, 2, 4- Dinitrophenol (0.150, 0.036, 0.03, 0.127, 1.360, 0.042, 0.002, 5.552 mg\100g) respectively.

Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) induced by agrochemicals of chitosan (CH) and salicylic acid (SA) at (25, 50 and 100 ppm) , in addition to a biocontrol agent of T. harzianum (Th) at 4 ×106 were examined against M. phaseolina the causal agent of charcoal rot of sunflower. The results depended on estimation of diseases severity and microsclerotia density in the soil. Thus, the seeds immersion in CH 75 ppm for 6 h., gave the highest and considerable reduction (p=0.05) in disease severity by 48.25% and reduced microsclerotia survived in the soil up to 70%. Application of SA at 50 and 75 ppm proved an obvious reduction of charcoal rot severity by up to 39% and 37% for both concentrations, respectively and not varied with Th. The results also confirmed that CH at 75 ppm revealed significant reduction 40.63% in disease severity and similarized with SA at same concentration. However, the lowest dose of SA at 25 ppm realized the highest reduction of micro sclerotia density by 80.28 % compared to 74.91% when used CH at 75 ppm. For molecular identification of a pathogen Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using ITS4 and ITS5 universal primers were applied to amplify and sequence of DNA for six isolates of M. phaseolina viz., OL901219, OL636051, OL901220, OL901204, OL636050 and OL636053 compared for identity of rDNA sequence according to NCBI GenBank databases by BLAST mode and the results showed the entire similarity ratio reached to 100%

This study was aimed to determine the effect of replacing treated and untreated corn impurities with urea instead of wheat bran on rumen bacteria and fermentation of Awassi lambs. Five levels of treated and untreated corn impurities as 44:0%, 32:11%, 20:22%, 10:32% and 0:39% bran:impurities in a 2×5 factorial experiment/ Completely Randomized Design using forty lambs with an initial weight of 27.45 ± 2.16kg and 4-5 months old. Individual feeding was used for 70 days and rumen fluid was sampled at 0, 3, 6h after morning feeding. Results showed an increasing (p<0.05) rumen pH at zero time especially corn impurities treated with urea and increasing (p<0.05) rumen ammonia at zero time and 3h after feeding with highly significant (p<0.01) increased at 6h, and superiority increased of volatile fatty acids (VFA's) for urea treated corn impurities (P<0.05) at zero time and after 3h of feeding, similar results for rumen bacterial count at zero time, 3h and 6h after morning feeding for two dilutions × 107 and × 109 Cfu/ml for impurities treated with urea. In conclusion, it is possible to use corn impurities instead of wheat bran, preferably treated with urea for positive increase rumen fermentation and total bacterial count in sheep.