Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

The objective of this study is to identify the methods and scientific approach
used by Arabian scientists in the in the field of the Medical & Pharmaceutical
sciences, as research seeks to achieve a set of goals, including:
1 - To find the origin of the pharmacology and the role of Arabian scientists in
emerging and making this science.
2 - To find the most prominent of Arab scientists in this field of science and their
famous writings with the characteristics of these writings.
3 - To find the scientific methods used in collecting and analyzing information.
4 - To find the relationship of Scientists of Arabs and Muslims with the scientists
from other nations and the extent of affecting them by each other.
This research is followed the survey methods to collect and analyze
information through the collection of books of this field.

This study was performed to identify the extent of the infection with
Brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis in humans in Kut city through a period of
nine months from September 2007 till May 2008.
One hundred blood samples were collected from humans and all were
suspected in having brucellosis while twenty blood samples were collected from
humans and all were known in not being suspected in having brucellosis and has no
history in having such disease according to the performed serological tests (Rose
Bengal test and 2-Mercaptoethanol test). The recorded cases for the brucellosis
suspected samples were 58 Cases (58%) that positive for Rose Bengal test which the
acute phases.
With the use of 2–Mercaptoethanol test, the results showed that the chronic
phase positive cases reached up to 12 samples (20.68%).
Blood sample from the infected cases used for the purpose of bacterial
isolation. Later by using Castaneda biphase medium the results showed that out of
58, 8 (13.79%) isolates were positive for the test. This method has been
characterized by its time shortness for isolation.
A number of morphological and biochemical tests had been carried including
the direct examination, Catalase, Oxidase , Urease, IMVIC test, inoculation into
nitrate reduction test medium and the ability to grow in the bacteriostatic dyes
medium under the presence of basic fuchsin dye with two concentrations 1:50000
and 1:100000.
The results of the biotyping of isolates showed that 2 isolates out of 8 isolates
(25%) were agglutinated with monospecific antisera for Brucella abortus (A) so it
was belonging to the biotype 2. While the rest 6 isolates (75%) which were
agglutinated simultaneously with monospacific antisera for Brucella abortus (A)
and with monospecific antisera for Brucella melitensis (M) so it was belonging to
the biotype 3.
All isolate's colonies which were isolated from the infected cases were in the
smooth phase and showed its negativity to the virulence factors tests represented by
the enzymes of (hemolysin, gelatin hydrolysis, lecithinase, DNAase).
All isolates were subjected to the antibiotics sensitivity test toward twenty
two antibiotics and they were sensitive in a rate of 100% toward Streptomycin,
Pipracillin, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Rifampicin, Doxycyclin and Cephoxitin
while toward Chloramphenicol it was 92% and for Tetracycline and Gentamycin it
was 80% for both. At the same time the isolates were resistant at a rate 100% to
Augmentin, Ceftriaxone, Amoxicillin, Nalidixic acid, Lincomycin, Cefixine,
Cloxacillin, Clindamycin, and the mixed Trimethoprin and Sulfamethoxazole.

In this work new monomers have been prepared such as N-Cephalexin
maleamic acid M1 and N-Cephalexin citriconamic acid M2, from reaction of
Cephalexine with maleic anhydride and citraconic anhydride at room temperature
using dioxane as a solvent.
The new prepared monomers M1and M2 were polymerized free radically
with AIBN as initiator to their corresponding poly amic acids P1 and P2. Which
were converted to their sodium salt polymers P3 and P4 to enhance their solubility
in water.
The physical and chemical properties were studied; the prepared monomers
and polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR and UV. Spectroscopy, the
intrinsic viscosity was measured by Ostwald viscometer at 30 0C with DMF as a
solvent; the drug release rate was studied. Experimental results showed that the
hydrolysis of Cephalexin in alkaline medium was higher than acidic medium.
The softening point of the prepared P1 drug polymer was 130.23-138.350C
with , and softening point of the
prepared P2 was 207-2200C.
Keywords: Cephalexine; Amic Acids; Drug Polymers

Studying Phytic acid cytotoxic effect on cancer cell line showed that it is a
concentration dependant effect on cancer cell line in compare with control, also
have effect on the production of p53 protein using protein detection method using
Eliza.
The concentration of p3 protein is decreased in Vero with no significant
effect (34 pg/ml ± SD 4) compare with control (64pg/ml ±SD 4) p > 0.05.
Radomyosarcoma cell line (232 pg/ml± SD 32) shows a significant increase in
compare with control (686 pg/ml ± SD 86) p> 0.05. The production of p53
increase in Glioblastoma- Multiforme cell (118 pg/ml ± SD 18) in compare with
control (38 pg/ml ± SD 8), while the p53 quantity was not affected in the Ahmed
Mohamed Nahi 3 (40 pg/ml± SD 10) compare with control (44 pg/ml ± SD 4)
p>0.05.which show a different inhibition mechanisms of action on cancer cell line.

The objective of this study is to identify the practices of women for Breast
self examination, and to find out the relationship between women practices and
some variables (Age, level of education, information concerning to BSE, and
case discovered.
Descriptive analytical design of the study conducting on 110 woman's,
starting from May 8th 2009 to the October 29th 2009, the questionnaire was
composed of socio-demographic characteristics and 20 Items related to
knowledge and practices of women regarding to BSE.
It was found that most of the study sample at 31-40 years old and the
majority of them have college education, Majority of the study sample have
information about BSE, most of the study sample who were doing BSE was
discovered breast mass during examination and 23% of mass discovered during
examination was malignant, and there were highly significant between women
practices of study sample for BSE and age, level of education, information
concerning BSE and case discovered during examination at P≤0.05 level.
Keywords: Breast self- examination, women health, Breast cancer, women
health promotion.

Pre-eclampsia is one of the most important gestational disorders that lead
to both maternal and fetal bad outcomes. There are many risk factors that are
associated and augment the disease process of pre-eclampsia. Many hypotheses
have been introduced to explain why such condition is obviously seen after 20
weeks′ gestation. The most accepted of these relies on both immunological and
vascular involvement. This clinical study was designed to evaluate and report
the incidence of the most common risk factors that were associated with pre
eclampsia.
One hundred pre-eclamptic patients and (60) normal pregnant women as
controls were collected where all pregnant women received a detailed inquiry
about their pregnancies, medical histories and antenatal cares. The study showed
that there were certain risk factors significantly associated with pre-eclampsia
incidence P<0.05 and these were gestational age (P-0.002), family history
(P<0.001), multifetal pregnancy (P-0.009), previous abortion (P<0.001),
medical history including UTI and DM (P<0.001) and social status (P-0.002),
where as maternal age (P-0.81) and Rh factor (P-0.985) were insignificant risk
factors for pre-eclampsia incidence.
These findings suggest that gestational age, family history, multifetal
pregnancy , previous abortion , medical history including UTI and DM and
social status should be considered as important determent risk factors in the evaluation and diagnosis of pre-eclampsia by obstetricians

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex progressive disorder characterized
by impaired insulin sensitivity, reduced insulin secretion and progressive failure
of pancreatic β – cells. Type 2 diabetes therapies are initiated with lifestyle
changes (diet, exercise) and pharmacologic agents, including oral antidiabetic
drug, among them: sulphonylurea (glibenclamide), Biguanide (metformin) and
combination of them.
The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of the drugs, both as
monotherapy and in combination, and discussed evidence – based treatment.
forty patients with (FPG of 167.9±3.5mg/dl; PPG of 276.3±5.4mg/dl; HbAlcof
8.1±0.2%) were received metformin (500mg tid), and 15 patients with (FPG of
165.1±4.3; PPG of 273.6±5.5; HbAlc of 7.9±0.2) were received glibenclamide
(5mg once daily) monotherapy, 35 patients with (FPG of 179±4.1; PPG of
304.4±5.6; HbAlc of 7.9±0.1) were received glibenclamide/metformin
(2.5mg/500mg bid) as combination therapy. Blood samples were withdrawn
from the patients at pretreatment, then monthly for three months. After 3 months
of treatment, patients who received glibenclamide/metformin combination
(2.5/500mg) had greater reductions in FPG, PPG and HbAlc (-70.6mg/dl,
125.3mg/dl, and -2.0% respectively), compared with metformin (-48.8mg/dl,
and -88.5mg/dl, -1.6% respectively), or glibenclamide (-52.3mg/dl, -63.5mg/dl,
0.8% respectively). Metformin and glibenclamide/metformin combination had
approximately similar effect in reduction of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and
low – density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared with glibenclamide alone which
showed elevation.
Metformin significantly increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol
where as glibenclamide/metformin combination or glibenclamide alone did not
show that, also metformin reduces body weight significantly in contrast to
glibenclamide/metformin and glibenclamide alone ( which is associated with
weight gain).
Metformin monotherapy and glibenclamide/metformin combination both
are effective as an initial treatment of newly diagnosed diabetic patients in
Kurdistan region (Hawler city). These two strategies reduced plasma glucose
and HbAlc significantly, and both have favorable effect on serum lipid profile,
but only metformin had a significant reduction of body weight in diabetic
patients.

The biological activity of N-containing ring compounds was studied as a
function of the distribution coefficient of these compounds in 1-octanol/water
system. The reaction used to monitor activity is the detritiation of 3[H]
acetophenone in dimethylsulfoxide affected by the nitrogen bases understudy at
25.0oC
A strong correlation was found between the rate of detretiation of labeled
acetophenone and the basicity of N-containing ring cyclic compounds. The
correlation coefficient and regression constant were 1.0321 and R2= 0.9415
respectively. This finding shows that similar factors were involved in both cases.
Whenever these bases are part of the structure of a drug e.g., they may cause
deprotonation of some alkyl groups e.g an acyl hence altering its distribution and binding to the receptor.
Key Words: Detritiation, Partition Coefficient, TLC, DMSO

The study included 60 patients with preoperative single and multiple
nodule goiter, their age ranged from (20-60) years. The other group included
(20) persons as healthy control with age (20-60) years. Serum samples were
tested by using ELISA technique for detection of (CT). Our findings indicated
that calcitonin concentration in three patients with multiple nodule goiter had
high mean level (20.69±3.55) compared with the other patients (4.18± 0.07).
The detection of calcitonin concentration may the first studied descriptive study
in Iraq, and the results were compared abroad studies. Lastly the level of thyroid
hormone was not affected by the elevated concentration calcitonin.

Nystatin was prepared as vaginal gels using mucoadhesive polymers to
provide mucoadhesive property which in turns increase its effectiveness;
different formulas were prepared which were evaluated for the in vitro drug
release and for their physical properties (swelling index, viscosity, rheological
behavior, pH, spreadability, and mucoadhesive characteristics). The influence
of type and concentration of gelling agent [2.5 and 3.5 %w/w
carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), 0.5 and 1% w/w carbopol 934 (CP 934), and 3
and 4% w/w xanthan gum], besides the effect of addition of different
concentration (1, 3, 5, and 10%w/w) of tween 80 (TW.80) as a surfactant on
nystatin release from the prepared gels were investigated. All the prepared
formulas were observed to have accepted physical properties and with higher
release amount after 5 hours in comparison with Nystatin® vaginal cream
(Lifepharma, Italy).
It was found that CMC containing gel produced the highest nystatin
release compared with other polymer types used, also as the polymer
concentration increased, the amount of nystatin released decreased. Addition of
1%w/w TW. 80 increased nystatin release, also the release from CMC
containing gel was appeared to increase with increasing TW. 80 concentration
(from 1 to 10% w/w), It was found that the formula containing CMC in a
concentration of 2.5% w/w and TW. 80 in a concentration of 5% w/w was the
formula of choice due to its optimum drug release and physical properties,
rheological study revealed that this formula exhibited pseudoplastic flow with
shearthinnig behavior and thixotrpy. All formulas were found to follow zero
order release kinetics.
Key words: nystatin, mucoadhesive, vaginal gel

Liver is the main organ of glucose storage as glycogen and metabolism.
This key function of liver exposes it to many types of diseases with metabolic
disorders, particularly diabetes.
Many studies had showed that; diabetes is associated with high risk of
chronic liver disease, primary liver cancers and liver cirrhosis. However, most
of these studies were performed in Western countries, and there is a lack of information from Iraq.

Forty four anti-HCV positive and twenty anti-HCV negative individuals
were included in this study for the assessment of interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations
and the frequency of C-reactive protein (CRP). Data obtained were statistically
analyzed for the significance of differences and correlation between parameters
studied.
The results showed that CRP frequency was equal in anti-HCV positive and
negative individuals, whereas IL-6 found to be elevated in 50% of anti-HCV
positive patients. HCV infection found to be positively associated in most cases
with increased levels of IL-6.
The results suggested that il-6 and CRP levels varied during the course of
HCV infection and do not reflect the extent of liver inflammation in HCV patients.
Key words: Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Interleukin (IL)-6, C- reactive protein
(CRP).

A new series of 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives (1-15) incorporated into
fused to different nitrogen and sulphur containing heterocyclic were prepared from
3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole when treated with ethylchloroacetate in the present of
potassium carbonate to offer Ethyl (3, 5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) acetate (1).
Compound (1) converted to 2-[(3,5-dimethyl -1H-pyrazol -1-yl) acetyl]
hydrazinecarbothioamide (2) by reaction with thiosemicarbazide in methanol.
Cyclocondensation (2) was reacted with mineral acid H2SO4 to produce 5-[(3, 5
dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) methyl]-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-amine (3). Various new Schiff
bases (4-9) were synthesized by the condensation of 5-[(3, 5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1
yl) methyl]-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-amine (3) with various aryl aromatic aldehydes.A
series of six new 4-substituted-phenyl-3-chloro-1-{5-[(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1
yl)methyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl}azetidin -2-one (10-15) have been synthesized by condensation of various Schiff bases (4-9) with chloroacetyl chloride in presence of
triethylamine. The structures of the new compounds (1-15) have been characterized by
elemental analysis and spectral data. The newly synthesized compounds (10-15) were
screened for their antibacterial activity against four bacterial species. They were found
to exhibit good antibacterial activity.
Key words: Pyrazole, Thiadiazole, Azetidinone, Antibacterial activity.

The inhibitory activity of total alkaloids of Iraqi fenugreek extract on
cancer cells was evaluated and its cytotoxicity on different cancer cell lines was
measured.
Alkaloids were extracted from the seed, which contain the main active
constituent, by organic solvent. The crude extract was purified and the totalalkaloids were obtained. Detection and identification of purified extract were
carried out by using many assays.
Cytotoxic effects of different concentration (62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000
µg/ml) of fenugreek alkaloids on two cell line (RD, REF) cancer line was
studied after 24h,48h and 72h of exposure to the alkaloids extract. It was found
that there was a significant cytotoxic effect on this line at concentration
(1000µg/ml) after 24hr of exposure while no significant effect seen in other
concentration used in the study. Similarly it found after 72hr a significant effect
could be detected at high concentration (1000µg/ml).No significant cytotoxicity
after 48hr of exposure for all concentration used could be seen. On REF cancer
cell line no significant cytotoxic effect could be seen after 24hr of exposure even
that there is a slight none, significant effect in some concentration. After 48hr
only at high concentration (1000µg/ml) a significant effect was seen. All
concentration used have no cytotoxic effect after 72hr of exposure. So we can
conclude that fenugreek alkaloids have a cytotoxic effect on different cancer cell
line which differs in potency from cell line to other and different exposure times.

Cisplatin is an inorganic complex; the therapeutic effects of it are
significantly improved by dose escalation. However high-dose therapy with
cisplatin is limited by its cumulative nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.
The aim of study was to compare between the effect of melatonin and zinc
sulfate in prevention of cisplatin induced-nephrotoxicity in rats.
Forty male albino rats weighing (200-250gm) were equally divided into four
groups: normal group (0.2 ml isotonic saline group), control group "cisplatin
group" (12 mg/kg cisplatin, single dose I.P.), melatonin group (15 mg/kg I.P.)
prophylactically one day prior to cisplatin administration and continued for further
3 days, and zinc sulfate group (50 mg/ kg I.P.) prophylactically one day prior to
cisplatin administration and continued for further 3 days.
There was significant difference (p<0.05) between zinc sulfate and melatonin
in reducing serum creatinine and BUN (melatonin more effective in reducing these
parameters), and there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between them in
reducing serum malondialdhyde (MDA) and increasing serum glutathione (GSH).
As a conclusion, melatonin (15 mg/ kg I.P.) and zinc sulfate (50 mg/ kg I.P.)
had protective effects against cisplatin- induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Melatonin
was found to be more effective than zinc sulfate in its ability to reverse the
abnormal renal function and preventing histopathological changes.
Key words: cisplatin, melatonin, zinc sulfate, nephrotoxicity

The objective of this study is to evaluate the protective effects of
simvastatin, telmisartan or their combination on cardiovascular system in
patients with COPD.
Eighty patients with mild to moderate COPD were participated in this
study. They were recruited into four groups where the first group includes 20
patients on an inhaled β2- agonist only (control), the second group includes 20
patients on an inhaled β2- agonist plus 20mg/d simvastatin, the third group
includes 20 patients on an inhaled β2- agonist plus 40mg/d telmisartan and the
fourth group includes 20 patients on an inhaled β2- agonist plus combination of
both simvastatin and telmisartan. Twenty apparently healthy subjects were
selected to be a normal group for comparison. Baseline, 3 and 6 months periods
were used to monitor patients. Assessing the plasma levels of hs-CRP, VCAM-1
and lipid profile. ANOVA method for statistics were used to compare the
results.
There was a great reduction in hs-CRP and VCAM-1 in addition to
modulation of lipid profile after the use of simvastatin 20mg/d, telmisartan
40mg/d and their combination in COPD patients.
Simvastatin 20mg/d, telmisartan 40mg/d and their combination exerted a
protective effect on the cardiovascular system in COPD patients after 3 and 6
months of therapy by reducing hs-CRP, VCAM-1 and lipid profile.
Key words: Simvastatin, telmisartan, COPD.

A total of 160 urine samples from patient attendants to Tikrit Teaching
Hospital in Tikrit during the priod from 1st June to 30 September 2001 with signs
and symptoms suggestive of urinary tract infection .Only 51 urine sample (32%)
were positive yielded significant Bacteruria.
The result indicated that E.coli was the most frequent organism (41%) and
consequently followed by Klebseilla spp., Enterobacter spp. (15.5%) and
proteus mirabilus, pseudomonas aeruginosa (10%). Urinary Tract Infections are
less common in male than female 19 (12%) and 32 (20%) respectively. Cell was
found with bicteria in all the positive cases (the 51 urine sample).
Regarding to relation of U.T.I. with age, the result showed that the most
frequent infected patient was in age group of (6-8) years in both females and
male 9(5.6%) and 5 (3%) respectively .The samples were examined within 30
min, specimens were cultured on blood agar, MacConky agar .and nutrient agar,

The objective of this study is to recount the prenatal developmental changes
of the primary visual cortex with the space and time appearance of the activity of
the studied marker through In Situ Hybridization technique. TGF-β1 has a
multitude of functions, including both promoting the formation and inhibiting the
breakdown of connective tissue with inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation.
Eighteen embryos were used; three embryos for each of the following
gestational days (G15, G16, G17, G18, G19 and G20). The reaction was gradual
and followed an inside-out gradient from deep to superficial laminae of the rat's
primary visual cortex.
Cell migration was altered by TGF-β1 in a concentration-dependent manner:
at low concentrations, cell migration was promoted whereas at high concentrations,
migration was impeded. Therefore, it is an important regulator of the cell behavior
throughout prenatal age.

A simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method of
determination of Sulfacetamide (SAC) in pure form and pharmaceutical
formulation.
The method is based on the formation of (SAC) complex. The reaction
between of the Sulfacetamide with the mixture of metol and potassium
hexacyanoferrate (ΙΙΙ) was evaluated for the spectrophotometric determination of
the Sulfacetamide. The maximum absorbance of the colored complex occurred at
λ=540nm. Reaction conditions have been optimized to obtain (SAC) complex of
high sensitivity and longer stability. Under optimum conditions the absorbance of
the (SAC) complex where found to increase linearly with increase in concentration
of the Sulfacetamide, which corroborated with correlation coefficient value. The
concentration ranges are 0.1-100 µg ml-1 with detection limit 0.01842µg ml-1 and relative standard deviation 0.74 % and relative error of prediction for drug were
lower.
The proposed method was successfully applied to determine of the selected
Sulfacetamide in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations with good precision
and accuracy compared to standard method as revealed by t- and F- values and the
results obtained agree well with the labeled contents.
Key word: Sulfacetamide, spectrophotometric, oxidation–reduction reaction.

Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectrum fluoroquinolone, effective in the
treatment of a wide range of infections, including genitourinary tract infections.
In this study, bioadhesive vaginal tablets of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride were
prepared by direct compression method using a combination of bioadhesive
polymers carbopol 934P(Cp), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and sodium
alginate (SA) in different ratios.
The prepared tablet formulations were characterized by measuring their
swelling capacity, surface pH, bioadhesive properties, and in-vitro drug
dissolution. It was found that the bioadhesive force was directly proportional to carbopol 934P content in different formulae and was further enhanced by the
inclusion of carboxymethylcellulose. Swelling studies indicated that formulae
containing a combination of carbopol 934P and sodium alginate or
carboxymethylcellulose had greater swelling index than those containing
carbopol 934P alone. Formulations containing Carbopol 934P and
carboxymethylcellulose were found to swell to a greater extent than those
composed of similar ratios of carbopol and sodium alginate. In vitro drug release
study showed that the release of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride from formulae
containing carboxymethylcellulose was faster than from those containing
sodium alginate.
Formula F5 composed of CP/CMC in a ratio of 2:1 showed moderate
swelling, suitable bioadhesion and retardation of drug release. Thus, it may be
considered a good candidate as a base for bioadhesive vaginal tablet.
Keywords: Bioadhesion, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, carbopol 934P,
carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, vaginal drug delivery