Iraqi Journal Of Political Science

The research focuses on the subject of international crimes in its political and legal dimensions, as international crime has developed significantly, and its forms have diversified until it has become a threat to international peace and security. Although the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court has exclusively defined international crimes, represented by crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes and aggression, which are subject to the jurisdiction of the international judiciary represented by the International Criminal Court, the practical reality has produced many forms of international crimes other than those mentioned above. Therefore, the international community has found no way but to confront these international crimes due to their seriousness and importance. Therefore, the importance of addressing criminal violations at the international level has increased as a result of its conflict with the purpose of maintaining international peace and security, which is linked to the emergence of international relations between states, especially when it harms the common interests between states, the dimensions of which may strongly extend beyond the borders of a single state, and the desire to consider solidarity between nations and peoples and the stability and development of the international community and to preserve the principle of maintaining international peace and security as an interconnected set of rules and principles of law. The international system on which the international organization was based is one of the most important rules of collective representation and joint action. The UN Security Council issued international resolutions that authorized the establishment of special criminal courts as a means to confront these international crimes due to their seriousness and importance.

The research focuses on the leadership role of Sultan Qaboos bin Said in establishing a balanced foreign policy for Oman, built on a set of fundamental principles that have become a stable foundation for Omani diplomacy. These principles include cooperation and mutual respect with other nations, non-interference in the internal affairs of countries, and avoiding participation in military operations. Sultan Qaboos also sought to build diplomatic relations based on friendship and understanding while maintaining good relations with various countries around the world. This was reflected in Oman’s mediation diplomacy and peace-building initiatives. Such a well-considered policy allowed Oman to maintain its position as a neutral and independent state despite regional and international challenges. Consequently, the research examines the nature of Oman’s external relations with Arab countries and major powers and how it has managed to preserve its independence in a highly complex regional political environment characterized by international rivalries and conflicts. The study also explores how Oman’s foreign policy has been leveraged to achieve internal stability. In conclusion, the research highlights that Sultan Qaboos’s approach to foreign policy was not merely a response to immediate circumstances but a long-term strategy aimed at ensuring Oman’s security and stability while enhancing its role on the international stage as a trusted and neutral mediator.

The problem of minorities is a problem that accompanies most societies, specifically the countries of the Global South, and the problem of minorities increases as countries go through political or social changes or crises. However, by studying the Egyptian case, the Copts were not in most cases a source of political instability in Egypt, but rather they were an important part of Its social fabric, but after the political change in 2011, this minority began to feel the danger of that change due to the political and social climate that affected Egypt during the first transitional phase. This danger was shared by many segments of Egyptian society, and this is what we will try to research and prove the validity of that opinion

The phenomenon of combating violent extremism that leads to terrorism is considered one of the most prominent challenges in the entire world. Consequently, today’s world is facing a confrontation and challenge the likes of which no individual has ever faced before. Violence and killing have moved across continents, countries, and cities, and have taken on a global character, leading to an escalation of crimes committed by them. These groups increase in their degree of danger and intensity, especially in light of their access to weapons and explosives, which leads to an increase in human and material losses and damages that can result from acts of violence and terrorism practiced by these groups. Some countries have resorted to developing an international strategy aimed at combating terrorism and holding accountable the countries that support it. Which created new, more lethal and more dangerous organizations, taking advantage of the deterioration in security as a result of the wars that took place in different regions, and worked to attract individuals sympathetic to them, which was tantamount to cooperation in forming more cells and a broader threat in different regions that constituted a real danger to the interests of neighboring countries and a threat to their security.

Diplomacy has gone through interesting historical stages since the concept emerged hundreds of years ago, and it is in the process of development to suit the development of societies at the political, social and legal levels, especially in the era of the Third Industrial Revolution as a result of the development in the sciences of technology, communications, transportation and information, as modern technology and communications have been harnessed in In the field of diplomacy, the process of communication between societies has become one of the main tasks of diplomacy, and technology has brought about a major qualitative shift in diplomatic work, both in its traditional paths, which are now using technological means of social communication and communications to harness them to serve official diplomacy in missions and consulates, and what the world has witnessed is the birth of contemporary diplomatic paths that the world has witnessed in The last decade of the twentieth century and beyond, and how these paths were employed to be effective diplomacy for countries, even though some of them are outside the control of the state, but the possibility of employing and adapting them to the highest interests of the state and consolidating relations between countries. In this research, we talked about the paths of contemporary diplomacy.

Iraq has faced a series of challenges that have affected institutional partnerships and hindered opportunities to achieve sustainable development goals. Perhaps one of the most important of these challenges is political and security stability in Iraq. In this research, we seek to analyze the economic and social factors that affect institutional partnerships in order to achieve sustainable development and alleviate poverty in Iraq. The study reached a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals, if the Iraqi government adopted a set of means that contributed to strengthening institutional partnerships with international bodies, represented by central follow-up by the Iraqi government, periodic monitoring and control, as well as program evaluation. It also reached a set of recommendations represented by expanding international and local partnerships with Iraqi governmental institutions in the field of scientific research, and conducting studies on the social and political impacts of sustainable development on poverty, in order to improve the quality of life of individuals and alleviate poverty.

research aims to identify the social and legal implications of the phenomenon of electronic blackmail, especially with the abundance of means of communication and the presence of many electronic pages that put a person in contact with the outside world surrounding him. The purpose of this research is to understand the extent of the Iraqi family’s awareness of the dangers of the Internet and what are the social, psychological and legal effects. And the religious consequences of the misuse of social networking sites, especially with the increasing phenomenon of openness to the outside world via the Internet, and what are the legal methods that the Iraqi community can use to protect themselves from blackmail and piracy, and what are the legal materials that protect .

International relations are linked to many factors that may contribute to the development or decline of relations, which are associated with paths that may be different relative to the nature of the relations that bring together countries. Turkish-Iraqi relations have been known since the past to be in a state of fluctuation between cooperation and differences, especially on some important issues. Since the year 2014 Turkish-Iraqi relations began to witness relative progress, especially since cooperation in confronting terrorism, moving to a new stage since the second decade of the twenty-first century, coupled with the directions of the Turkish and Iraqi governments in awareness of the common interests that unite them, putting the two countries in a new stage, the first historically, that focused on cooperation. Economic and security, and it is possible to invest it effectively to strengthen these relations, which may have a positive aspect in settling some of the outstanding issues between the two countries.

As the international community reaches a major historical turning point affected by the changing balance of power and geopolitical competition, issues that threaten human existence, such as climate change, the spread of epidemics, and the spread of nuclear weapons, are intensifying at the global level, which forces the international community as a whole to cooperate in order to find solutions that transcend differences in values and interests. In circumstances where international relations are going through a complex situation of confrontation, competition and cooperation, Japan had to pursue an active foreign policy and effective diplomatic efforts to develop a free and open international system based on the rule of law, while following a comprehensive approach that takes into account the diversity of the international community. To ensure its security and prosperity, as well as to promote universal values such as freedom, democracy and respect for basic human rights, as well as to adopt disciplined diplomacy to contribute to peace and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region and the international community, so Japan moved from a country that adopted passive neutrality towards international issues, to a country that seeks To restore its position in the international system, by activating the language of partnerships and initiatives to activate the thesis of peace and stability in its regional surroundings, and standing up to revisionist countries that are trying to change the existing balance equation in its vital field, especially in the Indo-Pacific region..

Cybersecurity has a significant impact on socialization, and this effect may be positive or negative. Therefore, here comes the role of the family and official and informal institutions to raise awareness and educate about the dangers of incorrect use of technology and smart devices connected to the Internet and to benefit from this technology in a correct and safe manner, if left unattended. Without education, the results will be disastrous. Hacking into smart devices and personal websites, and the resulting consequences and blackmail, is one of the major problems facing societies today.

The Yemeni revolution began on January 15, 2011, and as a result, Yemen faced many internal and external crises, which were reflected primarily on it and on the Arab world, especially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Sultanate of Oman and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, due to considerations of geographical proximity. The most important of these is the failure to address the southern issue, which may lead to the division of Yemen, which will result in the revival of border problems with neighboring countries, which will naturally lead to threatening security and stability in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, given that the Republic of Yemen represents the strategic depth of the security of the Arab Gulf countries, so any conflict in it will affect it, and any security coup and chaos may cast its shadow on neighboring countries, especially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Sultanate of Oman due to the geographical proximity, as we mentioned earlier.

The problem of climate change is one of the modern problems in human history. The negative conditions of climate change and the accompanying danger to human life and nature were not the subject of attention, and interest appeared in the late twentieth century due to the increasing awareness and awareness of the issue of climate change and the accompanying threats. He felt The international community has become aware of the seriousness of climate change, and the problems of climate change have begun to affect aspects of human, economic, and environmental life, as well as having a direct impact on food security. Because of climate change, migration began from regions suffering from drought to temperate regions, and thus affected the economy of the regions to which they migrated. It also affected Climate changes affect agricultural production negatively

The impact of the global supply chain between the United States of America and China on international trade is central to a deep understanding of modern economic dynamics. In recent years, the United States of America and China have succeeded in building close trade relations beyond national borders, with global supply chains ensuring a steady flow of goods and services between the two countries, where this complex trade relationship presents challenges and opportunities for international trade.
Global supply chains between the USA and China have a wide range of industries, ranging from electronics and cars to apparel and home appliances. As shifts in both the United States and China's trade and economic policies increase, including tariffs and changes in manufacturing and trade policies, these chains face increasing challenges. The United States and China are strengthening their efforts to reduce dependencies on global supply chains and enhance national competitiveness, which directly affects the flow of international goods and services. Thus, shifts in the global supply chain between the United States and China pose challenges and opportunities for international trade. By examining this impact, it is possible to understand how global supply chains of the United States of America and China shape many challenges and opportunities related to international trade, and identify possible scenarios for the future in the light of ongoing political and economic transformations.

Since 2015, conflict and competition have been one of the most important features of instability experienced by the political system in Sudan, which in turn has been one of the most important determinants of the relationship between the Islamic elites supported by the military establishment and secularists That's because governance was not available to everyone. The military establishment tightened its grip on power for three consecutive decades and was shocked by secular elites from time to time Which worked to exclude it completely from the political scene, as the internal engines that took root many decades ago and that have returned the artery feeding the various political forces in their conflicts as well as the diversity of the social component The Sudanese reality is on the verge of a new conflict of its kind, which is the emergence of civil forces and actors in it, following the popular uprising that began against the Bashir regime in 2018 In light of the multiple crises suffered by the Sudanese people, especially the economic crisis, the demonstrators demanded the urgent overthrow of all symbols of the regime And to carry out reforms for all the structures of the state, especially the components of the deep state, which tightened their control over all the joints of the state, and the intensity of conflicts increased in the wake of the popular uprising when Lieutenant General Awad Ibn Auf staged a peaceful coup against the removal of Bashir from power In response to the call of the protesters, the army then announced its support for the people to calm the rising masses who demanded the establishment of a sovereign council to involve civil forces in it and to manage the transitional period

Climate change is one of the most important natural problems facing the world at the present time, due to its negative repercussions on various fields and human dimensions. Therefore, the great powers and developed countries are seeking to find alternative solutions to mitigate the consequences of this crisis. Iraq is not far from these changes, but rather it is the basis. In these changes that have occurred in its climate recently, and these negative effects have clearly appeared in Iraq, Iraq ranked fifth in the world among the countries most affected by the effects of climate change, including water and food insecurity, and that the rise The gradual increase in temperature, humidity, and winds are among the most prominent features of climate change. The increase in the frequency of several weather phenomena that have a negative impact on human health and the level of well-being makes us include them in the context of climate change itself. This study aims to explain the negative effects resulting from climate change on Iraq, analyze them, and implement policies. Which the Iraqi government has adopted to reduce this phenomenon through the use of the descriptive approach and the analytical approach.

The Iranian strategy in the Gulf region and the Middle East is of a nature that tends to deal with threats with great flexibility, despite the influence of the ideological and value aspects in its regional strategy, as containment and hedging represent one of the most important principles of this strategy, especially after the events in Gaza, and the escalation that began to be witnessed by regional events and the American strategy that It began trying to arrange its regional situation because of the American elections on the one hand and the interests it seeks to protect in the region.
The nature of the hedging strategy adopted by the Iranian strategy aims to protect Iranian interests and deal with the events taking place in the region in accordance with the principles that govern foreign policy and its relationship with allies in the region without this leading to a decline in its regional position.

Our topic discusses the role of elections in democratic systems. Democracy has its own philosophy and mechanisms, and elections are one of these mechanisms. They are the main nerve for democratic balance and its translation into reality. In this topic, we focus on this democratic mechanism in Iraq, where elections have taken a different turn in producing electoral results. This turn is represented by considering elections as an additional balancing tool that complements the balancing phases occurring post-elections. Through this, balance or agreement between political parties is achieved. This means that elections in Iraq, whether legislative or local, have become a means to legitimize political balance between political parties. This entails several considerations, primarily that these balances do not take the electoral results as a basis for achieving balance in the distribution and transfer of power. In other words, the formula of having the most votes ceases to be relevant in the presence of post-election balances, as well as political, religious, and regional agreements and popular pressures that play a role in achieving balance. These agreements have a prominent role and clear impact, portraying these elections as reflecting a state of formality, with more focus on the post-election phase and the movements of political forces rather than the elections and the results themselves.

Iran has played and continues to play a pivotal, influential role in the regional balance of power in the Middle East and the Arab region, as Iran is considered one of the main regional countries active and driving political and security interactions in the Arab region, due to the military and political capabilities it possesses that enable it to intervene and influence the paths, contexts and developments of issues. The pivotal and main role in the region, so its role became prominent following the outbreak of the Arab Spring revolutions in 2011.
In Egypt and Yemen, as well as in other countries, the most prominent role was in Syria, as the Syrian crisis represented the most dangerous of its counterparts in other Arab countries. Its motives began internally, then quickly turned into a conflict of wills of multiple regional regions, and it resulted in a change in the positions of some powers and with consistency. The positions of the forces were characterized by change and flexibility according to the results of the conflict on the ground.

The research included presenting a brief picture of the geopolitical landscape in the Middle East and the complex negotiations associated with historical complexities, as one of the pivotal moments that resonated throughout the region was the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993. The first and second sections also included an overview of the agreement in addition to the background. Historical and political, and the geography of Lebanon and the Palestinians’ asylum there. The third section dealt with the Lebanese position on the 1993 Oslo issue in some detail and analyzed the basic points on which this position was based. The conclusion also included the researcher's opinion on the topic and the results he reached.

The research topic focuses on studying the political socialization of the Iraqi people and its relationship to democracy from the perspective of its success or failure as a political system in Iraq. This is done by examining the nature of a society composed of various sects with multiple affiliations, filled with foreign interventions, and the influence of the military and its coups recorded in Iraqi modern history. It also involves studying Iraq's geographical location and its openness to neighboring countries and the impact of the teachings and customs of those societies on shaping the Iraqi individual's personality, and how this affects their political choices and party loyalties. Additionally, the research will explore the obstacles that have hindered political socialization processes and the extent to which this socialization has influenced Iraq's democratic transformation after 2003

The issue of human rights has garnered significant attention throughout various eras, with varying degrees of emphasis from one period to another. The concept of human rights has evolved and expanded with the complexity and development of life, continuously adapting to changes in societal fields and progress. This evolution reflects the inherent dynamism of human rights, which constantly adjust to the transformations and advancements in various political and social domains.The international and national interest in human rights and fundamental freedoms has escalated in recent years to the extent that this era is truly considered the era of human rights. This heightened attention can be attributed to the elevated value and dignity of human beings. The international community's concern for protecting human rights has increased, leading to the emergence of numerous concepts and ideas regarding human rights and freedoms. Despite their ancient origins, human rights have evolved through various stages in different political and social arenas.
The neglect and diminishment of human rights have historically led to barbaric acts that have violated human conscience. The ultimate desire of humanity has been the emergence of a world where individuals enjoy freedom of speech, action, belief, and liberation from constraints. Therefore, it has become necessary for the law to protect human rights to prevent rebellion against tyranny and injustice. This necessity has been a fundamental driving force for governments and institutions to activate their roles in monitoring, deterring, and mitigating crimes, as well as punishing violators of the law. Consequently, criminal protection of human rights has been initiated.Criminal protection is one of the most important forms of legal protection as it directly affects human life and freedom. The International Criminal Court is the principal judicial instrument established by the international community to confront serious violations of human rights, which constitute international crimes falling within its jurisdiction. The Court plays a crucial role in safeguarding human rights by prosecuting individuals who commit serious crimes against humanity and human rights violations, ensuring justice and accountability for perpetrators of such crimes. In addition to conventions specifically aimed at protecting international human rights and combating racial discrimination and its punishment, the UN has established a comprehensive system to provide international protection for human rights.The organization of international criminal protection of human rights is not solely a matter of internal state affairs but has become a concern of the international community as a whole. Therefore, the concept of protection is based on the principle of universality, transcending political borders and being applied globally. Furthermore, criminal protection of human rights falls within the realm of important topics in international public law, intersecting with the field of criminal policy.

Consociational democracy, or as some of you call it democracy, is one of the most prominent models of democracy, and it is a model for confronting some of the modern problems and crises that free liberalism is suffering from in the world. The idea of consensual democracy goes back to the Indian thinker Arendt Lijphart, who was one of the first to consider it a theory of governance. In a pluralistic society, a coalition government or broad coalition emerged that included the majority party and others, and the application of consensual democracy contributed to the achievement of democratic democracy, including the presence of a diverse society, the multiplicity of religious nationalisms, and the multiplicity of religious nationalisms. The application of consensual democracy was a factor in achieving democratic democracy, and party pluralism distinguished its national citizenship and contributed to the success of consensual democracy.

Multipartyism plays a vital role in building democratic societies as it allows different interest groups to express their views and form political parties that represent them. This leads to more inclusive and diverse representation of citizens in the decision-making process. It provides a framework for the peaceful transfer of power, which reduces the potential for political instability and violence, and enhances democratic stability. In diverse societies, multipartyism can help manage ethnic, religious and other social tensions by providing a space for debate and dialogue. However, it is important to note that multipartyism can also lead to political instability. It is therefore essential to have a fair electoral system and clear rules for the political process to ensure that multipartyism works effectively in building society.

The United States of America, under its constitution, is a federal, representative, democratic republic, and an indivisible union of 50 sovereign states. The Constitution of the United States of America is the fundamental and supreme law of the United States. It describes the structure of the government of the United States, provides the legal basis upon which all its actions must rest, and the fundamental rights and freedoms of its citizens. It came into effect in 1789. The framers of the Constitution provided for a government of three independent branches: the first is the legislative branch, represented by Congress, which consists of two houses: the Senate, whose members are distributed equally among the states, and the House of Representatives, whose members are distributed among the states according to population. The second is the executive branch, which includes the president, the vice president, and all subordinate officers in the executive departments and executive branches. The third branch is the judicial branch, which consists of the Supreme Court and various subordinate federal courts established by common law, as well as informal institutions that influence political life and political behavior in America, including political parties, interest groups, elections, and the media.