Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

New VO (II), Cr (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) Schiff base complexes
derived from piperonal have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods,
conductivity, metal analyses and magnetic moment measurements.
The nature of the complexes formed in ethanolic solution was study following the
molar ratio method. From the spectral studies, Octahedral geometry was suggested for all
prepared complexes except Vanadium (IV) and zinc (II) complexes have square pyramidal
and tetrahedral geometry respectively, Structural geometries of these compounds were also
suggested in gas phase by using hyper chem-8 program for the molecular mechanics and
semi-empirical calculations.
The heat of formation and binding energy for the prepared compounds was calculated
by using PM3 and ZINDO/1 methods. The method of PM3 was used for evaluate the
vibration spectra for the imine and starting material as authentic compound.
Preliminary in vitro tests for antibacterial and antifungal activity show that most of
the prepared compounds display good activity to (Staphylococcus aureus), (Escherichia coli)
and (Candida albicans)
Keywords: Schiff base, Piperonal, hyper chem-8, in vitro, Activity.

Infection of burn wounds is a serious problem leading to death and need critical care.
The purpose of this study is to identify common microorganisms isolated from blood
and wound in the first week of post burn infections and assess their susceptibility to the
commonly used antibacterial agents.
Blood and wound swabs from 62 patients with burn wound infections were collected on
Third and Sixth day of post burn infections.
The microorganisms were isolated and identified by standard microbiological methods.
Susceptibility test were performed by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Out of 62 patients,
female (62.9%) were found to be affected more than males (37.1%) while (53.2%) of the
patients were paediatric and the remaining (46.8%)were adults. The flame burn was the
predominant cause of burn among patients; (51.6%) had flame burns, (33.9%) a scald, and
(14.5%) had an electrical burn.
It was found that predominant aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (15.3%)and Bacteroides spp.(4.8%), respectively. While Candida tropicalis
(0.8%) was the most common fungal organi followed by Candida albicans (0.4%). In most of
the cases, the same microorganisms were found in blood and pus samples. All the bacterial
isolates showed high resistance to used antibiotics.
Imipenem was the most effective antibiotic followed by Meropenem and Ceftriax

The antimicrobial activities of thyme (thymes vulgaris) ethanolic extract was studied by
agar well diffusion technique against tested organisms (Esherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus and Candida albicans). The results were showed that the extract have antibacterial and
antifungal activity against tested microorganisms. The results were also showed that the
median lethal dose (LD50) of ethanolic extract of thyme in laboratory mice was about (4220
mg/kg B.w). The toxic signs during 24 hours after oral administration of thyme extract were
rapid breathing, dullness, contraction of abdominal muscles, paralysis then death.
Key words: Thyme, Antimicrobial activity, LD50

The objective of this study is to optimize the parameters for the development of a
procedure for preparing Sn-sodium citrate label with Tc99m, of providing a stable complex
after mixing with Tc99m-pertechnetate and to find the potential of technetium- 99m (Tc99m)
citrate complex as a new kidney functional agent. The labeling conditions of Tc99m citrate
complex using stannous chloride dehydrate as a reducing agent for pertechnetate have been
described. The gel chromatography scanning (GCS) method reveals that the labeling
efficiency of Tc99m-citrate complex is promoted by raising the pH of the preparation to
(pH=4) using 1N NaOH. The optimal amounts of the reactants in the preparation to obtain
labeled and stable complex with high kidney uptake were found to be (1mg) sodium citrate
and (100 µg) SnCl2.2H2O. The results show that high labeling yield (≥95%) for the labeled
complex. The data of bio distribution experiments in the laboratory animals (mice), clear high
radioactivity accumulation of labeled complex in kidney at 5 minutes post injection. The
results of bio distribution of labeled complex have shown a good biological behavior with
low radioactivity accumulation in the non-target organs (blood, liver and other organs)

The study aims to identify the common risk factors for arterial re-stenosis in women, and to
find out the correlation between restenosis and some risk factors. Descriptive analytical design of
the study was conducting on 35 women, starting from January 4th 2010 to the March 4th 2010.
The questionnaire was composed of two parts and introductory page that invite the women
who participate in the study, part one is demographic- characteristics sheet which consist of 7 items
which included: age, social status, level of education, income levels, family members, and
employments, Part two included risk factors which consist of 9 Items.
The researchers used the appropriate statistical methods in the data analysis which included
descriptive data analysis and inferential data analysis.
Results of the present study revealed that 28.6% of restenosis women at 52-57 and 58-63
years old, majority of them were married, 28.6% of the study sample were illiterate, 97.1% of
women were high cholesterol level, 51.4% of them were obese, and the results presented that there
were correlation between coronary arterial restenosis and overweight and types of live event of the women.
Keyword: Stenosis, coronary artery disease, risk factors.

The objective of this study is to determine the concentration of copper(mg/L) in
drinking water by using chromogenic agent from different area in Baghdad & with different
intervals , The results show that the concentration of copper ( mg\L) in tap water which
remains motionless in plumbing system for following periods one hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12
hours, 24 hours, 7 days and 14 days are 1, 2.2, 4, 5.3, 7.5, 10 and 16 mg\L respectively.
From these results it clear that a high levels of copper occur if corrosive water comes
in contact with copper plumbing and copper-containing fixtures in the water distribution
system. If corrosive water remains motionless in the plumbing system for some time.
These amounts of copper are believed to have given rise to the symptoms of chemical
food poisoning precipitated by the ingestion of alcohol on an empty stomach. Also children
under one year of age are more sensitive to copper than adults. Long-term exposure (more
than 14 days) to copper in drinking water which is much higher than 1,000 ug/I has been
found to cause kidney and liver damage in infants.
Keywords: Spectrophotometry; 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-napthol; copper determina-tion.

Various herbs have been found beneficial in the management of type 2 diabetes and are
gaining considerable recognition in the management of type 2diabetes worldwide. The present
study was planned to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Diabecon (Herbal formulation) as a mono
therapy and also as an adjunct with other oral hypoglycemic agents, in the management of type 2
DM. A total of 80 patients of either sex, between 30-68 years of age, in whom the diagnosis of
type 2 diabetes was confirmed, and who were willing to give informed consent were included in
the study.All enrolled patients were categorized into 4 groups. Group A included 20 newly
diagnosed patients who were not consuming any oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA), while group B
included 20 patients who were already consuming glibenclamide but were not controlled, while
group C included 20 patients who were already consuming metformin but were not controlled
and lastly group D included 20 patients who were already consuming glibenclamide and
metformin combination but were not controlled. Patients from all the groups were advised to
consume Diabecon at a dose of 2 tablets, three times daily (30 minutes) before meal for a period
of 3 months, either as monotherapy for group A or as adjunct in the other three groups.
For all the patients, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose (PPG)
were assessed at the time of enrollment and thereafter every month, for 3 months, While
Glycoselated haemoglubin (HbA1c), Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), High density
lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-c), Low density lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-c), Basal serum
insulin, C-peptide and body weight (BW) were assessed at the time of enrollment and after 3
months.
Diabecon significantly reduced FBG, PPG and HbA1c in all groups, which indicating an
improved glucose homeostasis under the influence of this herbal formulation. There was a mild
improvement in serum basal insulin and C-peptide level after using Diabecon either as
monotherapy or as adjunct to glibenclamide, metformin or glibenclamide and metformin
combination in those with type 2 diabetic patients who were not controlled by such oral
hypoglycemic agent. Diabecon caused improvement of lipid profile including TC, TG and LDL-c
to a variable extent in all groups except for group B. Its main effect is on the reduction of TC
which could be beneficial since hypercholesterolemia is strongly associated with cardiovascular
disease. A significant reduction in body weight was noticed at the end of the study among all
groups except in group B who showed an increase in body weight but it was not significant. This
weight reduction is a desired effect in type 2 diabetic patients and may play a role in improving
insulin resistance. Most of the patients reported a sense of well-being and no side effect were
recorded either by patient or observer except rare cases of gastric upset.
Therefore, it may be concluded that Diabecon is clinically effective herbal formulation in
the management of type 2 diabetes either as a monotherapy in newly diagnosed patients or as an
adjunct therapy in patients on conventional OHAs.

Helicobacter pylori is a curved, S-shape Gram negative rod. It is non-sporulating,
actively motile with cork screw motion. It has a bundle of (4-6) unipolar sheathed flagella,
this sheath thought to protect bacteria against acidity.
Our result predicted increase in infection with H.pylori after operation in positive patient
for infection while reverse pattern were observed in negative patients for infection.
Significant increase of anti H.pylori IgG level percentage in chronic renal patients before,
after, and control groups.
The developments of high level of IgG could be attributed to the treatment that
provide suitable factor for developing infections. The other aspect of gastrointestinal
disorders in uremia is mucosal lesions such as esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis and
peptic ulcer.
The aim of this research was evaluation of H.pylori IgG antibodies in Iraqi chronic
renal failure before and after kidney transplantation.
We concluded that High level of H.pylori IgG was estimated in patients with chronic renal
failure and treatments of infection required before transplantation.
Key word: H. pylori, chronic renal failure, kidney transplantat

In the present study, we investigate the preventive effect of intraperitoneal inoculation
of Lactobacillus acidophilus against intranasally challenge with Streptococcus pneumonia
using a mouse experimental model.
Five days before challenge with Capsulated S. pneumonia the treated group injected
intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml of heat –killed Lactobacillus acidophilus, while the positive
control group injected with 0.5 ml of phosphate buffer saline. Mice were infected by dropping
25 µl of the inoculums containing 108 log- phase colony forming unit S.pneumonia in PBS
into each nostril and allowing it to be inhaled by holding the mice in head-up vertical position
for 2 min . Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation on day 1st, 2ed and 3rd day of
infections.
The study showed that numbers of pneumococcal pathogen that recovered from lungs
of positive control mice was increased from the first day of infection (Log 5.7±1.19) and the
increasing rate continued in the next 2 days (Log 6.9±1.06 at 3rd day).In contrast the animal
treated with L. acidophilus showed greater resistance to pneumococcal challenge, as their
pathogen count in lung was significantly lower than those in positive control at same intervals
(on day one was Log 2.5±0.65 to end as Log2±0.43 at third day), likewise the log mean
number of bacteria found in blood stream of untreated animal increased steadily over the 3
days of the experiments starting with Log 3.3 ± 0.94 to Log 4.96 ± 0.7 at the last day, while
the treated mice showed significant low level of Bacteremia gradually reaching to Log 0.5 ±
0.1 at the last, also the challenge with S. pneumonia increased the number of blood leukocytes
in both experimental group of our study, but the pretreated mice with L. acidophilus present a
significant higher value than positive control group. Also, the neutrophils were the principle
cell population responsible for the increasing leukocyte of both study groups, followed by
lymphocytes cells.
These results showed that administration of intraperitoneal L. acidophilus may
increases the clearance rate of S. pneumoniae from lung and prevent the dissemination of
pneumococci into blood and that may due to activation of immune system by increasing the
total count and efficacy of leukocytes especially neutrophils and lymphocytes.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) were found in patients with
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Cathepsin G was the major target antigen. However,
some ANCA-positive sera did not recognize either of them.The present study was to
investigate the unknown target antigens of ANCA (Cathepsin G) in patients with SLE and its
relation to the activity of the disease (ds DNA ),C1q ,C3and C4.
Seventy four SLE patients referred to immunological department in teaching
laboratory\ medical city during period of (1st of march–31st of May) 2011 and 30 apparently
healthy individual as a control group were subjected to Antinuclear antibody (ANA),
Cathepsin G and C1q were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
technique.While dsDNA was detected by indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) technique and C3,
C4 by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID).
The age of SLE patients ranged between (4-71) years with mean age of 32.4. The
mean C1q and Cathepsin G levels were 30.14 and 9.7 respectively with significant difference
if compare it with the healthy control group. A significant result found between mean age of
SLE patients and Cathepsin Ab of a P value 0.007.
The Cathepsin G antibody was found in 26 (35%) of SLE patients with a significant P
value (0.0001).
The Cathepsin Ab were detected in 18 (43.9%) of a patients with positive ds DNA
with no significant P value 0.078. while C1q Ab were detected in 38 (51.4%) of SLE patients
and only 18 (47.4%) from them with Cathepsin Ab with statistically significant P value 0.024.
Cathepsin Ab found in 19 (42.2%) of SLE patients with low level of C3 and only 6 (21.4%)
of normal level of C3 with no significant P value0.076.
This study showed 54(73.0%) of SLE patients had low level of C4 with no significant
P value (0.15) and the Cathepsin Ab detected in 22 (40.7%) of them with no statistically
significant P value 0.097.
A statistically significant result were found for ANA, C1q,C3,C4 and Cathepsin Ab
if we compare the result of SLE patients with control group, while The Cathepsin G antibody
was found statistically significant in SLE patients ,with significant relation to C1q,on other
hand no relation found with the activity of the disease (ds DNA ),C3 and C4 levels.
Key Word: SLE, Cathepsin G, ds DNA, C1q, C3, C4.

Several new oxoazetidine derivatives based on mefenamic acid were synthesized via a
four steps method in good yields.1st step was prepared 2-[2-chloro-N-(2,3
dimethylphenyl)acetamido]benzoic acid (2) by condensation of mefenamic acid with
chloroacetyl chloride, which on amination with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol to give 2-[N
(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-2-hydrazinylacetamido] benzoic acid (3) in good yields(2nd step).
Compound 3, on condensation with various aldehydes afforded a series of Schiff bases 2-[N
(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-arylhydrazinyl)acetamido]benzoic acid (4a-f) (3rd step).
A series of oxoazetidine have been synthesized by cyclocondensation of various Schiff
bases (4a-f) with chloroacetyl chloride or phenyl acetyl chloride in presence of triethyl amine
to yield compounds (5a-f) and (6a-f), respectively (4th step). Purified compounds were
characterized by mp, TLC, UV, FT-IR and elemental analysis.
The synthesized compounds (5a-f) were screened for their antibacterial activities
against three species of bacteria. They were found to exhibit good antibacterial activity.
Key words :Synthesis, Mefenamic acid, Oxoazetidine, Biological Activity.

Tinidazole is an effective drug for the treatment of amoebiasis, giardiasis and
anaerobic bacterial infections, it has a long half-life and it is practically insoluble in water
thus it is suitable for suspension dosage form.
This study was carried out to prepare an acceptable suspension through studying the
effect of different types and concentrations of suspending agent such as sodium carboxyethyl
cellulose, xanthan gum, sodium alginate and avecil (RC 591).
The effect of these suspending agents was studied in 0.1N HCL and at 37°C. The
obtained results were utilized to formulate different suspensions. The release rate,
sedmintation volume and resuspendability were evaluated for these formulas.
The formula which gave best release and optimum sedimentation volume was chosen
as the best formula.
The result showed that the release rate of the drug was dependent on the type and
concentration of suspending agent. The best one was that containing 0.5%, xanthan gum as a
suspending agent.
The rheology and expiration date were evaluated for this formula. The expiration date
of the prepared suspension was about 2.2 years. The suspension of tinidazole was also
extemporaneously prepared from Fasigyn® tablets. The prepared extemporaneous suspension
should be used within 7 days after preparation.
Keywords: tinidazole, suspension, flocculation, suspending agents

Primary osteosarcoma are one of the most common malignant bone tumors principally
affecting the long bones in children and adolescent. Well differentiated osteosarcoma of the
rib is extremely rare, there is no sex.
Predominance and the mean age is in the third decade. The tumor has strong
predilection for the long bones of the extremities, especially the metaphysis but may occur in
the diaphysis. Radiological, the lesion shows no distinctive features, often simulating fibrous
dysplasia or desmoplastic fibroma.
I report a case of well differentiated osteosarcoma involving the (7th,8th,9th,) left ribs
of 25-year-old male. This is a peculiar case of well differentiated osteosarcoma involving an
unusual site.
This patient underwent a wide excision of the tumor of the ribs and the pleura and
chest wall reconstruction. The patient followed by courses of chemotherapy, and follow up
for 22-monthes with no sign of recurrence. Classic microscopic feature of a ramifying osteoid
matrix amidst the tumor cells was diagnostic of an osteosarcoma.
Key words: male, chest wall tumors, osteosarcoma, ribs.

Zonnla occludens toxin (zot) is one of the major virulence factors of Vibrio cholera. The
detection of zot producing V. cholerae using conventional culture, biochemical and
immunological based assays is time-consuming laborious, and requiring more than three days to
perform. In this work aspecific primers for zot gene were used for detection of V. cholerae that
isolated from clinical and environmental samples.
The results revealed that 12 of 15 clinical isolates were Ol serogroup, 6 isolates belonged
to each of serotypes ogawa and lnaba and 3 isolates belonged to the serotype Non/ Ol, and all
environmental isolates (5 isolates) were belonged to the serotype Non/ O1. Few colonies of V.
cholerae were suspended in nutrient broth and used as few plates in PCR reaction for the
detection of zot gene, The 947 bp sequence of a gene that codes for the zonula occludens toxin
was amplified by PCR. Direct use of V. cholerae pure culture for PCR replaces the need for DNA
extraction or boiling.
PCR results showed that all clinical (Ol) isolates of V. cholerae contain gene namely zot,
while the Non/ O1 isolates that had been isolated from clinical sources, as well as, that isolated
from environment showed no existence for zot gene.
The results of Molecular epidemiology study indicated that the source of outbreaks of
2007, 2008 and 2009 is the same all over Iraq, according to the PCR profile.
Key words: toxigenic, non-toxigenic, pcr, V. cholera

Methotrexate (MTX), a folic acid antagonist is widely used for the treatment of a variety
of tumors. In the present study, the possible protective effect of aqueous green tea extract
(AGTE) in methotrexate-induced haematotoxicity was investigated.
Four main groups of white Albino rats were used: control group, (MTX) group, following
a single dose of MTX (20 mg/kg, i.p.) saline was administered for 5 days. (AGTE) group, was
treated with 1.25% concentration of AGTE only for 12 days and the (MTX+AGTE) group, in this
group rats received different concentrations of AGTE (0.625, 1.25 and 2.5%), as their sole source
of drinking water, 7days before and 5 days after MTX treatment.
MTX induced significant decreases in RBC, Hb, Hct, WBC and platelets. Whereas
increased MCV and MCH. Moreover, the concentrations of AGTE play a major role.
The best protective effects of AGTE treatment were observed at the concentration 1.25%
While 0.625% and 2.5% AGTE had no protective effects on haematological parameters.
Keywords: Methotrexate; haematotoxicity; Aqueous Green tea extract.

140 patients (89 males and 51 females) aged between 40-89 years were studied to
identify the major risk factors among myocardial infarction patients from October 2010 to
February 2011 in the intensive care unit ,respiratory care unit, and coronary care unit at Ibn
Al-Betar for Cardiac Surgery and Al-kademia Teaching Hospitals in Baghdad city.
For achieving this goal, a questionnaire type include data concerning the study was
designed and the data were collected by interview method and review of patients
records.They were confirmed as myocardial infarction cases by the cardiologists.

The results of this study showed that 9.3 % of the sample had no risk factor while the
majorty (90.7%) of the sample had at least one or more risk factors,also it's declared that the
males (63.6 % ) were at higher risk of myocardial infarction (MI) than the females (36.4%)
and most of MI(s) (81.4%) occured in people younger than 69 years old.
The prevalent risk factors were hypertension (66.4%) and its prevalent was higher in
males (40%) than in females (26.4%) , also high blood cholesterol (61.4%) , smoking
(60.7%) , and type 2 diabetes mellitus (52.1%).
Smoking was the most prevalent risk factor among males (49.3%) in relation to other
risk factors, while hypertension was the main one among females (26.4%).The high
prevalence of hypertension,blood cholesterol ,smoking, and diabetes mellitus in this study
calls for an action plan by the primary health care team to prevent and control these risk
factors. More effort is needed to improve attendees, knowledge, and promote healthy attitudes
and behaviour.
Key words: Myocardial infarction; risk factors.

Benzothiazoles are bicyclic ring system which have multiple applications. as antitumor ,
antiviral , antibacterial , anthelmintic and some of them showed glucose level.20 lowering effect.
Accordingly, research is conducted to synthesize and evaluate some new derivatives as
antibacterial agents by linking 2-aminobenzothiazoles with glycine and glycine derivatives.
S-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazinyl) ethanethioate has been tested
on hospital strains of E.coli and pseudomonas and found to have good activity at different
concentrations.
Key words: benzothiazoles , antibacterial , chloroacetyl chloride

In this study, we investigated serum Aluminum levels of healthy individuals in
suitability-randomly chosen three different regions of the world in relation to intellectual
ability of randomly chosen 16 year male students. Based on socio-economical factors, and the
availability of resources and trained staff, the plasma aluminum contents were measured for
30 volunteers from three towns; in UK-Tower Hamlets, KSA-Al-Dammam and Iraq
Almusaib.
The latter’s candidates were found to have the highest levels of aluminum in their
plasma. This might be attributed to the relatively high levels of aluminum in drinking water or
the use of aluminum cooking scratched pans and pots other than stainless steel or properly
coated cooking apparatus especially in frying. Dust is also a contributing factor.
Spectrophotometric techniques were used to determine the concentration of Al in water and
biological fluids.
Throughout this study morin was used as the chelating agent. It gives a deep-yellow
complex with aluminum with a maximum absorbance at 421nm. Acidified (0.0002M
H2SO4)/ethanolic (50%) solution were used. Absorbance was measured at 421nm. Creatinine
and urea levels were used to check for kidney function. They were within normal limits for all
participants.
The possible effects of aluminum level in plasma on intellectual ability for a randomly
chosen sample of thirty 16 years old pupils in the three towns were studied. Average
mathematics school official grades were plotted against plasma aluminum levels. Correlation
coefficients indicate a possible link between aluminum levels in plasma with mental ability.
Key Words: Aluminum; ligand; morin; plasma; spectrophotometer; intellectual ability;
random sampling.

Until 1995, only two options for pharmacologic treatment were available for patients
with diabetes; sulfonylurea (for type 2 DM only) and insulin (for type 1 or 2). Since 1995, a
number of new oral agents, injectables, and insulins have been introduced in therapy.
Currently, six classes of oral agents are approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: ,
sulfonylurea, α-glucosidase inhibitors, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones or
glitazones& dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors.
This study aimed to evaluate the lipid profile, kidney function and BMI by using two
combinations of drugs metformin + glibenclamide and metformin + sitagliptin on patients
with T2DM.
Sixty eight T2DM patients (and categorized in to two treatment groups) and 34
normal healthy individuals as control group were enrolled in this study group 1 (34 patients )
received metformin 500 mg three times daily + glibenclamide 5 mg twice daily and group 2
(34 patients) received metformin 500 mg three times daily + sitagliptin 100 mg once daily.
From each patients 10 ml of blood was obtained by veinpuncture and the serum was separated
and used for estimating the lipid profile, kidney function (blood urea and serum creatinin).
The mean calculated serum total cholesterol(TC), serum triglyceride(TG), low density
lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc)and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol(VLDLc) were
significantly(p<0.05) lower for group 2 patients after 3 & 6 months of treatment (225.88 ±
6.62 mg/dl,214.32 mg/dl ± 4.86 and 197.61 mg/ dl ± 3.4), (252.08±9.07mg/dl, 234.02 mg/dl ±
6.44 and 196.0 mg/dl ± 5.70 ), (96.2± 2.03mg/dl, 94.26 mg/dl ± 2.58, 88.17 mg/dl ± 1.79) and
(78.38±3.65mg/dl, 68.50 mg/dl ± 2.9, 60.52 mg/dl ± 2.26)respectively as compared to group
1 (245.7 ± 2.87,235.61mg/dl ± 2.64, 224.9 mg/dl ±2.98 ), (257.38 ± 9.25,249.67 mg/dl ± 8.19
, 235.7 mg/dl ± 7.83 ), (103.14 ± 2.19, 95.64 mg/dl ± 1.19 , 91.64 mg/dl ± 1.196) and (94.74
mg/dl ± 2.93 , 83.79 mg/dl ± 3.28 ) respectively. The picture was different for high density
lipoprotein (HDLc) where, significantly (p<0.05) increased for group 2 patients after 3&6
months of treatment (48.37± 1.07, 49.9 mg/dl ± 1.16 and 51.14 mg/dl ± 1.35 ) compared to
group 1 patients (43.02±1.24, 44.67 mg/dl ± 1.28 , 46.52 mg /dl ± 1.22). The mean calculated
body mass index (BMI) was significantly (p<0.05) lower for group 2 patients after 1&6
months of treatment (26.7 ± 0.35 and 25.3 ± 0.35) than in group 1 patients (28.5 ± 0.55 and
26.95 ± 0.43.
This study also showed significantly(p<0.05) lower mean serum blood urea and serum
creatinine level for group 2 patients after 3&6 months of treatment (42.9 ± 1.30 , 44.0 ± 1.48
and 44.0 ± 1.59 mg /dl ),( 0.89 ± 0.03 , 0.91 ± 0.03 and 0.98 ± 0.05 mg/dl) respectively
compared to that of group 1(60.0 ± 4.25 , 63.0 ± 4.4 and 64.0 ± 4.34 mg/dl), (1.23 ± 0.54 ,
1.26 ± 0.55 and 1.32 ± 0.54 mg/dl) respectively.
IN conclusion, the combination of metformin + sitagliptin improved lipid profile,
kidney function and body mass index more than metformin +glibenclamide combination.
Keywords: Dipeptidyl peptidase – 4 (DPP-4) \ Diabetes mellitus

Nosocomial infection is a major problem in the world today. Methicillin- resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, usually resistant to several antibiotics and also intrinsic
resistance to ß- lactam antibiotics, shows a particular ability to spread in hospitals and now
present in most of the countries. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence
of MRSA and their rate of resistance to different antistaphylococcal antibiotics.
Between Decembers 2009and April 2011, the clinical specimens submitted at the
microbiology laboratory were processed and all Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates were
included in this study.
All isolates were identified morphologically and biochemically by standard laboratory
procedures and antibiotic susceptibility pattern including oxacillin was determined by modified
Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.
Out of a total of 337 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various clinical samples,
140(41.54%) were found to be Methicillin- resistant. Among MRSA isolates, 86(46.99%) were
from different inpatient departments, whereas, 54 (35.06%) of the isolates were from outpatients.
All MRSA were resistant to penicillin. About 70% of the MRSA strains were resistant to
cephalexin, ciprofloxacin and cloxacillin ,while less than 10% of them were resistant to amikacin
and tetracycline. Many MRSA strains were multidrug resistant. However, no strains were
resistant to vancomycin.
This report showed a high prevalence of MRSA in Al-Yarmook hospital. To reduce the
prevalence of MRSA, regular surveillance of hospital acquired infection and isolation is the need
of the hour.
Key words: Nosocomial infection, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),
multidrug resistant.

This study was designed to investing the drug prescribing pattern, the important factor to
determine the rational or irrational use of drugs among patients dispensing their prescriptions
from the private pharmacies in Al-Basrah governorate, Iraq for a period of 1 month.
The data collected from prescriptions were calculated and analyzed according to the
WHO prescribing guidelines.
The data showed that the mean of drugs included in single prescription was 4%, and 13%
of prescribed drugs were written as generic names; moreover, the percentage of antibiotics,
corticosteroids and anxiolytics were 45.7%, 12% and 19.3% respectively.
Those results indicate the irrationality of prescribing drugs when compared with the world
health organization standard values of prescribing indicators; in addition to the bad prescribing
pattern regardless of the degree of specialization of the physician, were 61% of those
prescriptions have been written by specialized physicians.
In conclusion, actual intervention and follow up, training on rational use of drugs and
intervention strategies for prescribers is required to improve the rational use of drugs.
Keywords: prescription pattern, polypharmacy, rational drug use

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); naproxen and indomethacin have
been conjugated with different antioxidants (thymol, menthol & guaiacol) having
antiulcerogenic activity via glycine amino acid as spacer with the objective of obtaining
NSAIDs-glycine- antioxidant prodrugs as gastrosparing NSAIDs devoid of ulcerogenic side
effects and synergistically with anti-inflammatory action of glycine. Four mutual prodrugs (I
IV) were synthesized using glycine as spacer and their structures were confirmed and
characterized using elemental microanalysis (CHNO), IR, and some physiochemical
properties.
Invivo acute anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds (I & II) (naproxen
derivatives) and the compounds (III & IV) (indomethacin derivatives) was evaluated in rat
using an egg-white induced edema model of inflammation in a dose equivalent to 2.5 mg/Kg
of naproxen, and 2 mg/Kg of indomethacin respectively.
All tested compounds produced significant reduction of paw edema with respect to
the effect of propylene glycol 50% v/v (control group). Moreover, the activity of compound
III was significantly higher than that of indomethacin (at 2 mg/Kg), while compound IV
expressed a comparable effect to that of indomethacin in the (120–300) minute time of the
experiment, while compounds I&II was showed a comparable effect to that of naproxen at
(180-300) minute time interval of the experiment. The result of this study indicates that these
mutual prodrugs of naproxen & indomethacin maintained or may enhanced their anti
inflammatory activity.
Keywords: NSAIDs naproxen; indomethacin; glycine; anti-oxidant; mutual prodrug; anti
inflammatory; paw edema.

The study included 30 serum samples from people (age: 1-12 years) suffering from
visceral leishmaniasis (Leishmania donovani) infection, which were collected from the
Central Health Laboratories, and a similar number of healthy controls.
The serum level of total protein, albumin and globulin was measured, and fractions of
globulin (alpha 1 globulin, alpha 2 globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin) were also
analyzed.
The results showed a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in total protein of patients (82.27
vs. 57.75 g/L), as compared with controls, while there was a non-significant decrease in the
level of albumin (30.63 vs. 31.66 g/L). A similar significant increased level of globulin was
also observed in patients (51.63 vs. 24.83 g/L), and the fractions of globulin (alpha 1 globulin,
alpha 2 globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin) were similarly increased (6.01, 13.20, 10.37,
21.64 vs. 3.74, 6.63, 7.06, 7.50 g/L, respectively).
Accordingly, the albumin:globulin ratio was decreased in patients as compared with
controls (0.62 vs. 1.20).
Key Words: visceral leishmaniasis, albumin, globulin.

This study was done from 3/7/2011 to 1/1/2012 , different clinical samples were collected
from (1235) patients that coming to the Specialized center for chest and respiratory diseases /
Baghdad to investigate Mycobacterium tuberculosis and study their resistant to first and second
line antimicrobial agents by using Bactec 960.
The results obtained from direct smear examination with Ziehl – Neelsen stain in (294)
patients that indicated these patients are Infected with tuberculosis .These samples has been
cultured on solid medium Lowenstein Jensen media (L.J.) and liquid medium ( middle brook 7H8
broth base) in the Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tubes (MGIT) using a device (BACTEC
MGIT 960 System).Results of (275) samples that represented (22.27%) from total samples were
showed a significant real growth that belong to bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
From (275) isolates tested to 1st line anti TB (streptomycin (SM), isoniazid (INH),
rifampin (RMP) and ethambutol (EMB)), (196) isolates were resistant to the first line
antimicrobial agents that used in the treatment of tuberculosis by using Bactec 960. (125) isolates
(63.77%) showed resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs (MDR-TB).
Furthermore, the sensitivity test was done on thirty isolates that characterized by multiple
drug resistance criteria (MDR-TB) on second line antimicrobial agents to investigate Extensively
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis(XDR-TB) between these isolates. The results showed that the best
antibiotics in their impact on the isolates (MDR-TB) is (PAS) P-aminosalicylic acid as the
percentage of resistance was (3.3%).
Key Word: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bactec 960 , MDR-TB.