Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted in Qurnah district, Basrah province on
clay soil to study the effect of six treatments of emulsifying petroleum derivatives with
irrigation water by using emulsifying agent adding directly to soil surface, gas oil with
two ratios of 0.3% (g3) and 0.5% (g5) w/w of soil dry weight, two admixture treatments
of fuel oil and gas oil (1:1) with two ratio 0.3%(go3) and 0.5% (go5), fuel oil 0.3% (o3)
and control treatment 0% (c) without any addition. The effect of water deficit factor also
studied with two levels 0.85 (w1) and 0.65 (w2) of available water by using drip
irrigation with two emitters; low discharge 5 Lhr-1 (Ld) and high discharge 15Lhr-1(Hd).
The results showed that all emulsified derivative conditioners significantly increased
dry weight, grain yield and water use efficiency calculated for dry weight WUE (d) and
grain WUE (g) of sunflower compared with control treatment, especially at g5 and go5
treatments which recorded the highest values. Soil capability for saving water and
available water increased as a result of the addition of emulsified oil derivatives, which
contributed to increase the interval time between irrigation periods and reduce the
quantity of irrigation water with less value appearing at g5 and go5 under 65% water
deficit treatment by using 15 Lhr-1 emitter discharge. Increasing emitter discharge from
5 to 15 L hr -1, and increasing irrigation deficit from 0.65 to 0.85 led to increasing all
growth parameters, except water use efficiency.

The field performance of movable boards ditch opener (MB) and
conventional ditch opener (CD) was contrasted by using a specific resistance to
determine the optimum performance of either one of them. The comparison
was conducted using three operating depths (30, 40 and 50cm), three angles
between the boards of MB (45, 60 and 750), one angle for CD (650) because its
boards were fixed, three wings width of the foot of MB whereas, for CD, one
share width (35cm) and two soil types (cultivated and uncultivated). CD could
not penetrate the uncultivated soil more than 25cm so that there was one
operating depth. The results of the experiments showed that SR for MB
decreased as the operating depth, the angle between the boards and the width of
the wings of the foot in both soil types were increased. Specific resistance (SR)
for CD also decreased as the operating depth increased in the cultivated soil,
but in the uncultivated soil, CD could not penetrate the soil more than 25cm.
SR for MB was lower than that for CD for all operating depths, the angle
between the boards, the width of the wings of the foot in both soil types. SR for
MB and CD in the cultivated soil was low compared to uncultivated soil. The
soil type decreased SR for MB more than the operating depth, the angle
between its boards and the width of its wings. On the other hand, the angle
between its boards reduced SR more than the width of the wings and the
operating depth. MB surpassed CD in giving lower SR and that means the field
performance of MB was higher than that for CD.

No study yet is undertaken to measure pain caused by ear tagging in kid
goats using ear postures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect
of ear tagging procedure on pain in black Karadi kids using ear position and frequency
of ear changes. Twenty black Karadi kids, aged 10-14 days, were used in this study. Ear
postures were scored using focal sampling and recorded with instantaneous time
sampling to measure the duration of each ear posture. Each kid was observed separately
for 6 minutes before and 6 minutes after the ear tagging process with 30 seconds
intervals. A total of 24 ear posture samples were recorded from each kid. Results
revealed that Ear tagging significantly increased ears backward (P<0.01) and decreased
ears plane (P<0.001). However, no significant effect of ear tagging was found on ears
forward (P<0.19) and asymmetrical postures (P<0.43). In addition, number of ear
posture changes was significantly (P<0.001) increased after ear tagging. It was
concluded that observing ear postures of kids directly after painful husbandry
procedures such as ear tagging is a reliable non-invasive method to assess pain caused
by these painful methods and hence helps better understands animal welfare.

Abstract: The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of adding
different levels of ginseng roots to the diet on some physiological characteristics of
Japanese quail males. A total of 120 Japanese quail males aged one week were used in
this study. The males were randomly distributed into four experimental treatments
(n=30). Each treatment was replicated three times (10 individual each). Males were fed
experimental diets that were formulated to contain the same components as the control
diet which contained red ginseng roots powder at levels 250, 500 and 750 mg/ kg feed
in other three experimental diets respectively. The results showed that the males of the
fourth treatment recorded the lowest mean of the age of sexual puberty. While the
highest average of sexual puberty age was recorded by the males of first treatment. On
the other hand, the fourth treatment recorded the highest relative weight of testes
compared with the other treatments at the age of 30 and 60 days. The results indicated
that the males of the fourth treatment recorded highest Testosterone, FSH and LH levels
compared with the other treatments at the age of 60 days. We can conclude from this
study that the highest concentration of powder ginseng roots (750mg/kg feed) can
promote the development of testes and increase testosterone, FSH and LH hormones in
the serum of Japanese quail males.

The study was carried on 68 ewes of local Awassi sheep in the Al-Kafeel
sheep station Karbala governorate, Iraq for the period from 1/10/2017 to 1/8/2018.
Genetic analysis was carried out in the molecular genetics laboratory at the College of
Agriculture / Basrah University in order to extract (DNA) and determine the genotype
of the IGF-1(Insulin-like growth factor 1) and GH (Growth Hormone) genes. This study
aimed to know the association between the genotype of the ewes of IGF-1 and GH
genes and their relationship to the productive traits of the lambs, which included the
weights of lambs from birth to weaning and body measurements, Three of the
genotypes for IGF-1 were revealed AG, GC, CC and two for GH CT, TC . The effect of
IGF-1 genotypes was significant (P<0.05) on weights of lambs at weaning, age 6
months and some body measurements with superior genotype GC. The genotypes of
GH had a significant effect on the weight of the lambs at birth by CT superiority. While
the weights of weaning, six months and body measurements were not significantly
affected by different genotypes.

Sampling of Planiliza abu specimens were done from July 2015 until the
end of March 2016, a total of 118 specimens were collected weekly from Tigris River
near Al-Graiat region in Baghdad province. The examination of gills of these fishes
showed the occurrence of six myxosporean species which were documented for the first
time in Iraq. These included: Myxobilatus baicalensis (Dogiel, 1957), Myxobolus bizerti
Bahri & Marques, 1996, M. branchialis (Markevich, 1932), M. chuatsi (Dogiel
&Akhmerov in Akhmerov, 1960), M. dermatobius (Ishii, 1916) and M. niei Shul'man,
1962. The description and measurements of these parasites were given as well as their
illustrations.

Feeding on white or black whole barley grain and fattening period’s effect
on the body weight and measurements, as well as carcass quality of Karadi male lambs
was investigated in this study. A total of sixty Karadi male lambs aged six month-old
was randomly allocated to two feeding systems (white or black barley grain) for four
periods of experimental fattening trial (each period was one month). Body weights as
well as total body gain for lambs fed white barley were significantly (P<0.05) higher
than lambs fed black barley during experimental periods. Feeding white barley
significantly (P<0.05) increased body length at eight-month (second period), nine
month (third period) and final weight (fourth period) compared to black barley.
Moreover, height at withers and heart girth showed significant differences at the final
period (age of 10th months). Result showed a high interaction between fattening periods
and feeding regimes on the length of body, wither height and the girth of heart. This
may indicate that lambs at different experimental periods responded differently to type
of barley. It is concluded that body weights, total body gain and body measurements for
lambs fed white barley were significantly higher than lambs fed black barley.

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus is considered as one of the most
widespread tick species of the world on several host including cattle. The current study
has been conducted to evaluated infestation ability of larval R. annulatus on chicken
growth and development, Indicated very few larvae quested or fed on indigenous adult
chickens when comparison with the number of larvae which used in this study, and that
the larval and nymph feeding period of these ticks was very long. The number of larvae
feeding shows in hollows wings, while the number of feeding nymph investigate on
head, wings and above of thigh, both larvae and nymph described on the same
individual adult chicken, the engorged adult female not observed while the adult male
notice on chickens. Designated the weight of feeding larvae and nymphs stage is
0.32±0.04 mg and nymph’s 2.73±1.22 mg. The weight of larvae and nymph stage under
mattress and feeder’s chicken 0.27±0.21 and 2.52±1.75 mg respectively, shows not
significantly when compared between the weight of feeding on chickens and the weight
under mattress and feeder’s chicken by larvae and nymphs stage at (P < 0.05) values
according chi-square. Experimental study shows not transmissions pathogens from
incubating larvae, which got from engorged female infested with Babesia spp., to adult
chickens when examined their blood by Giemsa stain.

This study was conducted to extract cellulose and synthesis carboxymethyl
cellulose from flour bran. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) was used to
confirm the existent of the carboxymethyl group. The sample edible films were
prepared using 1, 2, 3, and 4 % CMC, and two types of plasticizers glycerol and
sorbitol, (20, 40 and 60) %. Their qualitative, mechanical, reservation and thermal
characteristics were studied. Tensile strength ranged 28-51.3 MPa and elongation
percentage ranged between 65.5-91.0 %. The thickness of simple cellulose films were
0.018-0.078 mm. The values of solubility (19.05-36.31%) and the permeability values
of simple cellulose film increased with the increasing of the plasticized ratio. The
highest permeability was 11.99 g.mm/m2.h.kp at 60% glycerol and thermogravimetric
analysis for some simple cellulose film plasticized by glycerol were 135, 146.29, 125
and123.23° C.

β-glucan was extracted from Baker\'s Yeast of and barley bran using the
conventional classical method and the hot water method respectively. The yield of β-
glucan of Baker\'s Yeast and barley bran were (5.95 and 5.18) % respectively. with
significant differences at the probability at the level of 0.05. β-glucan which extracted
from two sources added were to fish patties at different levels (0.0 ,0.1, 0.3 ,0.5, and 1)
g / 25g, and the patties were stored at 4±2 ̊ C up to for 14 days. The results showed that
the values of pH and water holding capacity of patties treated with β-glucan of yeast
were lowest than those of patties treated with β-glucan of barley bran. In contrast, the
values of peroxide, acidity values, and the percentage of free fatty acids of the patties
treated with β-glucan of yeast were found to be higher than those in the patties treated
with β-glucan extracted from barley bran.

The study was designed to examine the effect of manure (poultry wastes) and bio-formulations of Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride separately or with some, to control root-knot disease on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and chard (Beta vulagaris var.cicla (L.)). The study included the isolation of pathogenic nematode of both plant roots, morphological and molecular identification, examination of the pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo and green house experiments involved application of manure and fungal bio-formulations treatments. The morphological and molecular identification confirmed the identity of root-knot nematode, as Meloidogyne javanica, which was pathogenic to radish and chard. The recorded infection severity was 89 and 95% respectively. The green house experiment results revealed that MThTv treatment was significantly reduced infection severity to 0% for radish and chard in contaminated soil (CS) compared with control positive treatment (55.17 and 40%) respectively. MThTv treatment also showed a highest plant height for Radish in non-nematode-contaminated soil (NCS) and CS treatment (17.85 and 16.50 cm) respectively compared with control positive treatment (5.00 cm), while the highest plant height of Chard was 24.5 cm in MThTv-NCS. The wet weight index in Radish showed a superiority of MThTv and MTh in NC on other treatments (201.75 and 189.5 g.plant-1) respectively followed by MThTv-NCS treatment (184.5 g.plant-1) compared with 19.25 gm.plant-1 in control treatment. In Chard the results showed similar pattern represented by superiority of MThTv-NC treatment (255.25 gm.plant-1) followed by MThTv-NCS (190.75 gm.plant-1) compared with 37.50 gm/plant for positive control.
K

Abstract: This experiment aimed to study the effect of different concentration levels of castor oil seed on production performance and the feed digestion factor in Awassi lambs. It used 15 male Awassi lambs, with an average live-weight of 20.60±0.42 kg and aged 3.5-4.0 months. They were randomly distributed to three treatments (T1-T3). Castor oil seed was supplemented with concentrate diet at the levels of 140 mg/lamb/day, 280 mg/lamb/day and compared with the control group (free castor oil concentrate ration) for 90 days. The lambs were randomly penned indoors in individual cages. The concentrate diet was supplied once a day at 2.5% of live body weight and the straw was given as free. The results have shown high significant (P<0.01) differences in the amount of concentrate feed intake. Third treatment (T3) (concentrate diet treated by 280 mg castor oil seed) was superior as compared with other treatments. The results pointed to high significant (P<0.01) increased in total body weight (daily and weekly gain) and feed conversion ratio of animals fed castor oil seed with concentrate diet compared with unfed animals. The current results have also shown that supplementing castor oil seed in concentrate diet was significantly (P<0.01) increased the total digestible nutrient, dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, crude protein, raw fiber, and nitrogen-free extract as well as a significant increase (P<0.05) in digestion coefficient. It is concluded that the addition of castor oil seed to the diet at 208 mg/lamb/day gave the best results by improvement of the productive parameters and digested nutrients of Awassi lambs.