Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

This study was undertaken at special sheep farm in Missan province. The study began at the 1st of September 2016 and ended at the 29th of December 2016. Sixteen female Arabi lambs, with an average age 210±5 days, and average body weight (23.88) Kg, were randomly divided into four groups as follows:. T1 as a control group, T2 treated with a dose of 0.5g genistein.head-1, T3 treated with a dose of 1g genistein.head-1. T4 treated with a dose of 2g genistein.head-1. All treatments were given genistein orally three times a week to investigate the effect of genistein treatment on sex hormones and reproductive organ development. The results showed significant (P<0.05) increase in concentrations of sex hormones (FSH, LH and estrogen) in female lambs treated 1g genistein for three times a week compared with control, T2 and T4 during the whole study period. The weights of the uterus, right ovary and ovary duct length of T3 group increased significantly (P<0.05) in comparison with TI group. There were no significant (P<0.05) differences observed between treated groups in left ovary weight. Treated of Arabi female lambs with different levels of genistein improved the development of uterus during puberty.

To study the effect of biofertilizers on physiological parameters and yield
of three varieties of Oat (Avena sativa L.), field experiments were conducted during
winter seasons 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 at Al- Zubair district (20 km. West of Basrah
province) in sandy loam soils. A split plot arrangement, using RCBD with three
replicates, the main plots contained varieties: V1 (Genzania), V2 (Shaffaa), V3
(Carloup), Biofertilizer, treatments were at the sub plots: B0 (control), B1 (NPK mineral
fertilizer as recommended), B2 (biofertilizers NPK), B3 (mineral fertilizer PK+
biofertilizers N), B4 (mineral fertilizer K+ biofertilizers NP), B5 (mineral fertilizer P +
biofertilizers NK), B6 (mineral fertilizer N + biofertilizers PK). Data were collected on
Flag leaf area FLA, Leaf area duration LAD, Leaf area index LAI, Crop growth rate
CGR, Relative growth rate RGR, Net assimilation rate NAR, Plant high Tillers number
m2 and grain yield t ha-1. The results showed that the adding of biofertilizers NPK (B2)
led to a significant increase in the studied traits (FLA, LAD, LAI, CGR, RGR, NAR,
and grain yield). The grain yield were increased about 189.96 and 197.3% as compared
with control in each seasons respectively. Cultivar Genzania resulted in highest grain
yield among studied varieties in the first season (5.774 t ha-1), while cultivar Shaffa
gave the highest grain yield in the second season (8.691 t ha-1). The interaction between
Ganzania and B2 treatment recorded the highest seed yield (8.429 tan ha-1) in the first
season. While, in the second season all varieties that interacted with B2 treatment
produced the highest seed yield.

This study was conducted in Barakat Abu al Fadhl Al- Abbas station (AS) for raising sheep/a subsidiary of Al- Kafeel Company for General Investment and livestock services in Holy Karbala province and Babylon Province It was undertaken on Awassi sheep for between October, 2013 to May, 2014 to investigate the polymorphism of TGF-B gene and its association with reproductive traits of Awassi sheep. Blood samples were collected from (80) ewes included 35 samples of Awassi ewes producing twins (pure breed), 21 samples of Awassi ewes producing twins lambs (hybrid breed), also 25 samples of Awassi ewes producing single lambs (pure breed), with age (2 .5- 5) years. DNA samples were extracted from each blood sample of sheep. Reference PCR primers were utilized to amplify segments in TGF-B Super Family gene. Then, AFLP technique was performed for each PCR fragment. The results indicated that two genotypes for each of the fragments of TGF-B Super Family gene (AF and FF) were identified. TGF-B Super Family gene revealed two fragments (156 and 245 bp) for FF genotypes and three fragments (156, 254 and 410 bp) for AF genotypes. PCR- AFLP methods detected two genotypes (AF and FF) with predominant of AF genotype in Awassi ewes producing twin, and this study refers to utilizing TGF-B gene as good genetic markers and their correlation with high fertility and twins producing Awassi sheep.

The study was conducted in the Euphrates river in Al-Samawa city at two stations during the period from October 2016 till September 2017. The first station (north station) was Al-Majd township (45°12'49.2"E, 31°22'14.9"N), and the second station (south station) was Al-Zaier region (45°20'21.4"E, 31°18'54.4"N). Some ecological factors were monthly recorded at the stations of the current study, including water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, transparency, the speed of water flow, BOD5 and total hardness. All factors except total hardness have not significant differences between two stations, The hardness in the north station showed higher (844-1475) mg.l-1 than south station (655-1250) mg.l-1. Fishes were collected by gill nets, cast net, hook and line, hand net and electro-fishing. A total of 4260 fish specimens were collected which belong to 24 species and 10 families, 17 species of them were native species whereas seven of them were alien species. The most abundant species was blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus constituted 26.84% of the total caught of a north station, The value of the dominance index (D3) in north station was 62.57%, while the most abundant species in south station was Prussian carp Carassius auratus constituted 27.14% of the total caught, The value of the dominance index (D3) in the south station was 56.42%.

Abstract: The experiment was implemented in greenhouse at College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, During the spring growing season of 2014 to study the evaluation of genetic behavior of some traits in five cucumber hybrids (Raiane, Karol, Sayff, Karima and Baraka) under the effect of fertilization with two plant extracts treatments (control and fertilization with humic acid at concentrate 6 gm.-l) and harvesting fruits in two periods in each (two days or three days) on growth and yield of cucumber. The experiment results subjected to statistical analysis arranged in R.C.B.D. with three replications. The results can be summarized as follows, Leaves content of nutrient elements, The Baraka hybrid exhibited non-significant in N % of leaves superiority, and the hybrid Raiane in P% of leaves and the hybrid Karima in K% of leaves as compared with other hybrids. Plants fertilized with humic acid were surpassed significantly over the non-fertilized plants in N % of leaves only, The results revealed non-significance in nutrient elements percentages between the fertilized and non-fertilized plants. Treatments of triple interactions showed a significant increase in traits of N % and P % of leaves. Yield qualitative trait, The differences did not reached a significant effect between the fertilized and non-fertilized plants, The plants harvested in each of two and three days revealed non-significant differences in all traits except in trait GA3 of leaves, where the plants of two-days harvesting were superior significantly on the plants of three days harvesting

This study was conducted in the plastic house at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design - College of Agriculture and Forestry - University of Mosul, Iraq. For the period from 1/2/2013 until 1/8/2013. To study the effect of three dates of cutting collection from 1st February to 1st April monthly intervals, and soaking the cuttings in four concentrations of IBA solution 0, 2000, 3000, 4000mg.l-1 seconds on the rooting ability and subsequent growth of semi-hard wood cuttings of two olive varieties Gordal Sevillano and Tanche. The results were showed the cuttings were collected on the 1st of March resulted into the highest of rooted cutting, survival %, carbohydrate content, carbohydrate to nitrogen (C/N ratio) in the basal cuttings. Rooting increased proportionately with increasing of IBA concentrations principally the cuttings were soaked in 4000mg.l-1. Gordal Sevillano cuttings gave a significantly increase of rooting and the basal cuttings gave a significantly increased of carbohydrates content than Tanche variety. The best rooting percentage were get from interaction between Gordal Sevillano which collected on the 1st of March treated with 4000 mg.l-1 were gave 66.67%. Highest rate of survival (80.0%) of control treatment of Tanche olive variety were taken on 1st of February. The highest content of carbohydrate (18.10) were obtained in Gordal Sevillano basal cuttings were taken on 1st of March. Higher percentage of Nitrogen (1.58%) were obtained from interaction between basal cutting of Gordal Sevillano variety. were taken on 1st of March. The highest percentage of C/N ration were got by interaction of Gordal Sevillano which collected on 1st of March.

This study was conducted in Nutrition Lab. Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University to investigate the effect of type and level of substitution of urea with ruminant manure (sheep, cow and buffalo) on basis of nitrogen content on microbial composition of rice straw silage. Urea was substituted with dried manure at six combinations, 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. Silage samples were prepared by treating chopped straw with pre-treated solution contained 10% low quality juice and 2% urea. Treated straw was packed in double plastic bags which were closed tightly and fermented for 60 days in bits. Results revealed that samples prepared by addition of cow manure were characterized with higher number of total anaerobic (P˂0.05) and lactic acid bacteria (P˂0.01), 9.22 and
8.62 log CFU.g-1 FM respectively. Whereas, lower (P˂0.01) number of molds and yeasts were detected in those prepared with addition of buffalo manure, 3.51 and 4.54 log CFU.g-1 FM respectively. Significant increases were also observed in the total number of anaerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria with lower (P˂0.01) numbers of total aerobic bacteria due to substitution of urea with manure, however, lower (P˂0.01) number of molds and yeasts, 3.49 and 4.51 log CFU.g-1 FM were detected in samples prepared with a combination of 100:0 of urea: manure.

The experiment was conducted during 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 winter seasons at Abu Al-Khaseeb District at basrah /Iraq on sandy loam soil to study the effect of sulfur at five concentration ( 0 , 500 , 1000, 1500 and 2000) kg. Ha-1, clean salt at three concentration (0, 0.5 and 1.0) ml. L-1, two cultivars of lettuce local and fajr and interaction among them at electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (7.85 and 9.69) dS.m-1. Result showed significant reduction in the activity of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes and proline content in all treatments of sulfur and clean salt especially at 2000 Kg. Ha-1 sulfur and clean salt at 1.0 ml L-1had significantly decrease in CAT activity (295.80 ، 341.65) U mg–1 FW, POD activity (7.86، 8.98) U mg–1 FW and proline (0.50 ، 0.80) mg g-1DW, comparing with control of CAT activity (663.21, 814.65) U mg–1 FW and POD activity (13.83, 15.52) mg–1 FW and proline (1.19, 2.03) mg g-1DW, respectively for two seasons due to the role of sulfur and clean salt ameliorates the adverse effects of salinity on plants. Fajr lettuce is more salt-tolerant than local due to less antioxidant enzyme levels POD, CAT and proline.

This study was conducted in one of the unheated plastic house at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape design, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul during spring season 2018 to study the impact of two factors, the first: Tuber depth , 10 and 15 cm, the second: Zinc sulphate spraying on potato plants Actrice variety, 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg. l-1, the experiment was designed in the Split Plot system within a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results could be summarized as: Tuber planted at 15 cm depth and spraying with zinc sulphate 450 mg. l-1 increased plant higher, number of stems per plant, leaf area per plant, whole dry matter percentage, number of tubers per plant, plant yield and total mg. l-1 .

The study was conducted at the Shatt Al-Arab River at Ktiban creek in three stations during the period from October 2017 to September 2018. The first station was in the Shatt Al-Arab near Al- Hartha power Station, the second and third stations were in the Ktiban creek. Samples were collected once a monthly. A total of 5106 fish were collected from the study, period included 24 species belong to 12 families, and consisted of eight marine species and 16 freshwater species (nine native and seven exotic species). Physical and chemical characteristics were measured during sampling period. water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, light penetration, salinity, current flow, total dissolve solid (TDS), nitrate, nitrite and phosphates The range of parameters in the Shatt Al-Arab were within their normal levels except salinity values and TDS (8.7 PSU and 8210 mg /l respectively). The values of the diversity
index (H) were calculated in the study stations between 1.06 -1.87 and evenness index (j) ranged from 0.42 -0.83and richness index(D) between 1.00 -2.62.

A field experiment was conducted in agricultural field in Al-Rumaitha, district 25 km north of Al-Muthanna city, during the agricultural season 2017/2018. The aim was to study the effect of spray of seaweed extract at 0, 1 and 2 g.l-1 on growth and yield of two varieties of wheat (Bhooth 22 and Eebaa 99). The experiment was applied according to split plot design with three replicates. The results showed that the increasing of the concentration of seaweed extract up to 2 g L-1 in spray solution led to increase some growth properties (plant height, leaf chlorophyll concentration, flag leaf area and spike length). In addition seaweed extract up to 2 g.l-1 lead to increase the number of spikes/m2, grain yield, and biological yield gave 31.85%, 39.05% and 39.79% respectively compared to the control treatment, while the concentration of seaweed extract up to 1 g.l-1 lead to increased 1 the number of grains per spike. The results revealed a difference in between the varieties in almost growth and reproductive traits. Bhooth 22 has the highest plant height, leaf chlorophyll concentration, spike length, and number of spikes/ m2, grain yield (5979 kg ha-1) and total biomass yield was and the highest biomass (13571 kg ha-1). The interaction between spraying of seaweed extract and varieties explained a significant effect on leaf chlorophyll concertation and biomass yield.

Corn cobs efficiency in adsorption of cadmium from its aquatic solutions was studied in the laboratories of Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, College of Agriculture and Department of Marine Chemistry, Marine Science Centre during the period from January until June, 2018. Three parameters (time, pH and temperature) were tested for determine the removal ratio of cadmium by corn cobs. Its observed that the maximum removal ratios of cadmium ions 81%, 95.01% and 86.75% were 60 min., pH=6 and 25°C respectively.

Three species of fish Tigris asp (Leuciscus vorax) locally named \" Shilluk \"and Abu mullet (Planiliza abu) locally named \"Khushani\" and Blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) were collected from the Southern part of the Al-Chibayish marsh to study the composition of its natural food during the period from February 2014 to January 2015. Each species was divided into two-length group (1 and 2). Fishes consisted high percentage of Tigris asp food for both length groups, which reached 50% and 68% respectively. In contrast, sand and mud were of great importance in the food of Abu mullet that comprise 41% and 40% for the two length groups, respectively. The aquatic plant were most important in the food of blue tilapia at percentage of 56% and 50% for the two length groups, respectively. The highest feeding intensity (point/fish) reached by Tigris asp (11.30 and 13.50) during spring, for Abu mullet (10.52 and 8.08) during summer and autumn, whereas for Blue tilapia blue reached (14.82 and 12.66) in the spring and winter for the two length groups, respectively. However, feeding activity values differed according to month. The three species of fish showed a different specialization in the selection of their food components. The small individuals of the Tigris asp were narrowly specialized in food (0.27) while the large individuals were highly specialized (0.25), whereas Abu mullet and Blue tilapia showed narrow specialization (0.42 and 0.37) and (0.32 and 0.32) for the two length groups respectively. .

The current study has evaluated Shatt Al-Arab water using organic pollution index. The study included three stations, the first Al-Sharash, the second Al-Salhiya and the third area Al-Dweab. Water samples were monthly collected from December 2017 to November 2018. Five environmental parameters were used to calculate the organic pollution index (OPI) including Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Active nitrate (NO3), Ammonium ion (NH4) and Total Phosphate (TP). The highest biological oxygen demand was 9 mg.l-1 at Al-Sharash station in July and the lowest values 1mg.l-1 in the Al- Dweab station during December, January, February and April. The highest chemical oxygen demand (250 mg.l-1 was recorded at Al-Sharash station in September and the lowest value was 6.2 mg.l-1 in Al-Dweab station during December. Nitrates was recorded the highest value 41.51 mg nitrogen-nitrate.l-1 at Al-Salhiya station in May and lowest value 1.49 mg nitrogen- nitrate.l-1 at Al-Sharash station during December. The ammonium ion was recorded in highest value 7.7 mg.l-1 at Al- Salhiya station in December and the lowest value 0.5 mg. l-1 at Al-Sharash station during June, while phosphate value was 0.23 and 1.99 mg.l-1 were recorded at Al-Sharash station in August and July respectively. The highest value of organic pollution index was 2.56 at Al-Salihiya station in August and lowest value 0.69 in the Al-Dweab station in April, while the annual rate of organic pollution index for the first, second and third stations were 1.55, 1.81 and 1.47 respectively, and 1.61 for Shatt Al-Arab water.

Abstract: The field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season 2016-2017 in one of the greenhouses belonging to the Directorate of Agriculture of Basrah in Khor Al-Zubair, in order to study the effect of the bio-stimulator Amalgerol in some growth characteristics of two types of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The trial included 18 treatments involving two types of sweet peppers: KAMAR, RIDA F1 and three concentrations of both Amalgerol (0, 2.5 and 5) ml.l-1 and the appetizer (0, 1 and 1.5) ml.l-1. The factorial experiment was implemented with Split Plot Design by Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates and compared to the least significant differences test LSD at a probability level of 0.05. The main results are summarized as follows: The plants treated with 2.5 and 5 ml.l-1 of Amalgerol biomarker had a significant difference between them in each of the height of the plant, the number of leaves.plants-1, the leaf area in addition to the dry weight of the total vegetation, while the concentration of 5 ml.l-1 was superior in average fruit weight (59.44 g), fruit yield (41.95), early plant yield (233.52 g), plant yield (2.45 kg), and early productivity (3.92 ton / ha -1), in addition to total productivity of 41.15 tons.ha-1.The plants of the hybrid "Kamar" were superior in average fruit weight (61.62 g) and the early plant yield (233.40 g) in addition to the early productivity (3.921 tons.ha-1), while the hybrid plants of "Rida P1" were superior in average fruit number (45.90 fruits) and the total productivity (37.78 tons.ha-1). The interaction between the two factors of the stem and the average number of leaves. Plants-1 and the rate of the number of fruits.plants-1.

In order to study the impact of salt stress (0, 1.5, 3 and 6) ds.m-1 in nutrient’s solution on tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. memory) at different root zone temperature [low (20°C), medium (25°C) and high (30°C)], an experiment was carried at Department of Horticultural, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran. The result showed that low and high root zone heating decreased leaf area, total sugar and phenol content compared to root zone temperature 25°C (optimum), while main branches number, pH, E.C. and anthocyanin of fruit increased at high root zone temperature compared to low root zone temperature. Flavonoid increased under the root zone temperature of 20°C in comparison with temperatures 25 and 30°C, and stem diameter was not affected by root zone heating. Furthermore, salt stress at the level of 3 ds.m-1 increased stem diameter, total sugar, pH and EC of fruit, leaf area and phenol content, whereas salt stress at a high level (6 ds.m-1) increased flavonoid content. Besides, anthocyanin content decreased in control and salt stress at 6 ds.m-1 when compared to salt stress at 3 ds.m-1.

The present study has been conducted to isolate and identify the leaf fungal spot pathogens of eggplant at different regions of Basrah city and their chemical control. The results showed that the disease was spread at all regions cultivated with eggplant at Basrah province with infection percentages of 46.6-88.5%. The highest infection percent was recorded at Garmat Ali region (88.5%), while the lowest percent was recorded at the Agricultural station (46.6%). The highest percent of disease severity (50 %) was recorded at Tomato Cultivars Breeding Project, while the lowest percent was recorded at Agricultural station (20%). Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium oxysporum and Curvularia lunata were isolated from the leaves infected with spot disease, the pathogenicity test revealed that all isolated fungi were pathogenic. C. oxysporum and C. lunata were recorded for the first time in Iraq as causal agents of eggplant leaf spot. The results showed that the fungicide Ortiva inhibited the growth of the fungi with an average of 95.7%, followed by Difecor ( 94.9%), additionally, it was noticed that all examined fungicides completely inhibited the growth of both C. oxysporum and C. lunata ( %100 for each one). The study revealed that the fungicide Ortiva significantly reduced the disease severity of eggplant leaf spot disease up to 11.6% compared with control treatment which was 25%. Finally the results explained that the fungicide Ortiva gave the best protection to eggplant which infected with leaf spot disease compared to the other fungicides, it achieved a best plant height, higher dry weight of shoot and root systems, higher leaf area and higher leaves number. Therefore it is recommended for controlling the spot disease.

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of different levels of Flaxseed powder (FP) as a source of omega-3 on the chemical characteristics of Karadi carcass lambs. Twenty male Karadi lambs aged 4-5 months were used in this study with an average live-weight of 28.00 ± 0.40 kg. The animals were randomly divided into four treatments (FP was added at the levels of 3%, 6% and 9% compared with the control group) for 88 days. At the end of the experiment, twelve lambs were slaughtered. The carcasses were kept at 4°C for 24 h. and subjected to various physio-chemical measurements. The results illustrated significant (p <0.05) differences in percentages of (moisture, protein, fat and ash). T1 was superior than other treatment in moisture percentage and T2 was superior in protein percentage. While, control treatment was superior in fat and ash percentages. The results pointed to significant (P<0.05) increased in Water holding capacity percentage. But concerning pH, there were no significant differences among treatments. Myofibril fragmentation index and protein solubility significantly (P<0.05) increased with FP supplementation in the ration. A significant (P<0.05) decreasing of cholesterol concentration. In contrast to that, myoglobin concentration increase with FP. The results of collagen analysis showed significant (P<0.05) differences among treatments, in soluble part in hydroxyproline concentration and collagen content value, increased but in the insoluble part the value decreased. The results showed improvement in total soluble collagen percentage in FP treatments. The results pointed to improvement (P<0.05) in the sensory evaluation in FP treatments as compared to control treatment.

Chromosome count, karyotypic character analysis, meiotic studies, monoploid karyograms and ideograms were performed in six taxa of Minuartia growing in Iraq (M. hamata, M. hybrida subsp. hybrida, M. intermedia, M. meyeri, M. picta and M. hybrida subsp. turcica). Species of M. hamata and M. meyeri showed 2n=2x=30 chromosome number, while M. hybrida subsp. hybrida and M. intermedia were diploid (26). The chromosome number (n=x) of six species was studied, and was found to be n=15 in M. hamata and M. meyeri, 13 in M. hybrida and M. intermedia, while in M. picta we recorded values of n= 11 and 14. Karyotype analysis of this species was first carried out in our study. Analysis of metaphases showed that the karyotype formula was mainly metacentric, submetacentric, and sub acrocentric. The sizes of the chromosomes were mainly small and very small. The course of meiosis varied from normal to abnormal. Abnormal microsporogenesis formation of two bridge chromosomes was detected in M. hamata and one bridge chromosome in M. intermedia and M. meyeri. Formation of laggard’s chromosomes was detected in M. hamata, M. meyeri and M. intermedia. As well as ring chromosome was showed in M. hybrida subsp. hybrida, also, some cells contain triad cell in metaphase stage instead four cells, as well as founded cell, contains two nuclei in same species which led to reduced pollen fertility and differences in pollen grain size.

The physical properties of extracted gum from Fenugreek seeds Trigonella foenum graccum L. were determined and compared with both Arabic and Acacia gums. The gum was extracted using water and precipitated with ethanol. There were a number of differences among gums regarding the pH value, density, refractive index and the wavelength. The pH value of the Fenugreek gum was 6.69, while the lowest value was 5.02 in the Arabic gum. In contrast, the density of 1% Fenugreek gum was found to be 1.025 g.ml-1 compared with Arabic gum 1.0133 g.ml-1 and Acacia gum 1.0134 g ml-1. The refractive index values were 1.3340, 1.3335 and 1.3336 for Fenugreek gum, Arabic gum, and Acacia gum, respectively. Moreover, the maximum wavelength of the Fenugreek seeds gum was at 330 nm, while the results observed that both Arabic gum and acacia gum had the same wave length (300 nm). The functional properties of extracted Fenugreek gum were studied; the value of swelling Index was 90.90% compared to both Arabic gum (0.20%) and Acacia gum (0.20 %). The solubility of the Fenugreek gum was 40% and 50% at 25°C, and 80°C, respectively. The results also showed that Fenugreek gum had high oil holding capacity value of 0.88% compared with the Arabic gum and Acacia gum. The Fenugreek gum was succeeded to form gels at 4°C using concentration 1, 2, 3 and 4%, while the Arabic gum and Acacia gum did not form gel at different concentrations.

Seven cultivars of grapevine were chosen in one location from governmental vineyard Kanipanka research station, Sulaimani, Iraq included Khoshnaw, Soorssinaee, Sursnay Jafaran, Hautbar, Ashqarbasha, Shekh-Nuradeen and Black-Sadany, during growing season of 2018 to investigate the differences of vegetative growth and berries quality. The chosen vines were 15 years old, grown in a silty-clay soil, spaced at 2 x 3 meters apart, and irrigated by the drip irrigation system; the vines were trained by bilateral horizontal cordon on T-Trellis system. Results showed that grapevine cultivars grown in Kanipanka recorded the highest values of leaf area, petiole length and internod length in Hautbar cultivar (129.228 cm2, 9.611 cm and 8.444 cm ) respectively, Khoshnaw gave the highest Leaf chlorophyll concentration (38.713 SPAD), the highest leaf dry weight and leaf fresh weight was recorded from Ashqar basha cultivar (1.283 g.Leaf-1 and 2.933 g.Leaf-1, Black -Sadany gave the highest shoot length which was 137.667 cm. Comparison the yield characteristics of some grape varieties the highest cluster weight ,cluster diameter, cluster length and number of berry/cluster (219.778 g, 15.667 cm, 27.167 cm and 109.667) respectively was obtained in Sursnay Jafaran. While, all the cultivars have no significant difference in terms of number of seed per berry and cluster weight. For the physical characteristics of berries; results showed that Hautbar cultivar superior other cultivars in term of size of 100 berries, weight of 100 berries, berry length, berry diameter and weight of 100 seeds, (411.3 cm3, 434.36 g, 19.953 mm, 17.133 mm, 40.23g) respectively. Soorssinaee and Sursnay Jafaran gave the highest berry diameter too (21.439 and 19.542 mm). Concerning the comparison of chemical characteristics between some local grape varieties in Kanipanka, results illustrate that total acidity was the highest at Black -Sadany which was (1.47 %). Soorssinaee and Hautbar gave the highest total sugar (72.18 and 73.20 %) respectively. The highest TSS recorded from Shekh Nuradeen (18 %), whereas, there is no significant difference between cultivars in terms of juice% and Anthocyanin.

Samples of frozen fish available in Kirkuk markets were Shad Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton), Mackerel Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus), Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophtholmus (Sauvage). They collected for the period 1st May 2015 to 30th January 2016 at weights average between 650-1250 g. The results showed many of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hydrocarbons compounds; Rainbow trout contained seven and nine of hydrocarbons compounds in the extracts of hexane and ethanol respectively, among them, there were five carcinogenic hydrocarbons in the ethanol extract and three in the hexane, their values ranged between 0.234-19.707 and 0.419-2.972 ng.g-1 dry weight respectively. Numbers of the hydrocarbons ranged between 4-6 in other fish species. This may due to the differences of nature of feeding among the fish species and the differences in their fat content. In Shad fish, the results have recorded one carcinogenic compound in the ethanol and five in the hexane, the concentration of Benzo (a) pyrene reached 24.23 ng.g-1 dry weight which is the most dangerous component among carcinogenic compound. Mackerel contains five compounds of hydrocarbons in the hexane; Four of them belong to the non-carcinogenic group and six in ethanol, five of them are non- carcinogenic. This study showed that differences in the numbers and concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons in the studied fish. This is due to several reasons such as occurrences of fish near to the sources of hydrocarbons pollution. the nature of fish feeding and living.
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Abstract: Eight species of pathogenic and contaminated bacteria were Isolated and identified with the biochemical test and make sure of purity with VITIC2 Technical. The bacteria were Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Investigation effect of aqueous, ethanolic, methanolic of Halawi, Khadrawiand Zahdi date seed extracts on the growth of isolated bacteria, the results showed that ethanolic extract was most effective extract compared to other extracts in influencing on the growth of bacteria using Agar Well Diffusion. The most active extract against P. aeruginosa strain was ethanol extract from Zahdi seed with a 22.3+ 0.32mm inhibition zone followed by 20.2 + 0.22 mm for Escherichia coli.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the most important fruit treesspread in southern Iraq, but because of many circumstances decreased their numbers significantly, the propagation of date palm by tissue culture was the best solution for re-preparation of the problem as it was previously, because propagation is accelerated. Summarizes the working paper in an attempt to find the optimal concentration of thidiazuran (TDZ) (0.0 , 0.5 and 1.0) mgl-1, in production of callus and regeneration of shoots, at different times of initial and callus culturing in medium budding. The results showed that the concentration of (0.5) mgl-1 was optimal in all traits under study.

Abstract: The study showed that the highest activation percentage of the insecticides (Spinosad, Emamectin and the mixture of the insecticides) were obtained when mixed with silica gel for the larvae grown on the corn (2.266, 1.255 and 1300 respectively), while the lowest activation percentage (Antagonism) was recorded for the mixture of each of the Spinosad and Emamectin separately with the gypsum of the larvae grown on the wheat giving 0.776 and 0.989, respectively. The highest of synergism percentage was for silica gel when mixed with each of Spinosad, Emamectin and the mixture of insecticide against the larvae which grown on corn reached 2.014, 1.178 and 1.256 respectively; the lowest of synergism percentage was for gypsum when mixed with the Spinosad and the insecticide mixture against larvae grown on the wheat, which reached 0.454 and 0.918 respectively, while the ratio was 0.841 for the Emamectin insecticide when mixed with the limestone against the larvae which grown on wheat. For the percentage of potentiation, the study showed that the treatment of larvae grown on wheat and corn which treated with a mixture (silica gel and Spinosad insecticide) gave the highest percentage of the potentiation of the pesticide reached 0.41 and 0.252 respectively, and the lowest potentiation percentage of larvae on wheat and maize was recorded for gypsum with the mixture of insecticides reaching 0.082 and 0.016 respectively.

This study was carried out in the nursery of Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah during 2018 growing season. Completely randomized blocks design (C.R.B.D.) was used to investigate the effect of different concentrations of super swing (0, 0.5 and 1) g.l-1 and whey (0, 50 and 75) % and their interactions to enhance the growth parameters and chemical characteristics of Sour orange transplants. The results showed a significant increase in most of the measured growth parameters of transplants treated with high concentration of foliar spraying to both fertilizers. Application of super swing at 1 g.l-1 with whey at 75% together significantly increased the height of plant, the number of leaves, leaf area, the diameter of stem, number of flowers, the leaves content of both nitrogen and potassium, percentage of dry matter, and content of chlorophyll. Whereas, control treatment was significantly increased the water content compared to other treatments. Addition of growth-enhancing compounds such as super swing and whey extract to the plant can improve the metabolic performance and enhances the plant's ability to absorb nutrients from the soil.

The experiment was carried out in a private orchard at Shat-Al- Arab District, Basrah Province during the summer seasons of 2011and 2012 in order to study the effect of irrigation water quality and spraying with Tocopherol on growth and yield of okra plants tolerance to salinity resulted from irrigation by salinity water and its effect on the leaves of chemical parameters. Treatments included three sources of water (i.e. tap water, tap water + river water 1:1 and river water) and spraying plants with Tocopherol at four concentrations 0, 50, 100 and150mg. l-1). Treatments of this experiment were distributed in Split Plot Design with three replicates, which were the main Plots represented water sources, spraying with tocopherol represented sub-plots. Means were compared according to L.S.D. Test at significant level of 0.05. Result could be summarized as follows: Plants irrigated with tap water had a significantly higher parameters (N, K, K+/Na+ ratio), carbohydrate, leaves chlorophyll concentration, abscisic acid contents in leaves for both seasons,.Foliar application with Tocopherol at 150 mg.l-1 caused an increase in N,K, K+/Na+, total soluble carbohydrate and chlorophyll contents in leaves while resulted decrease in proline and abscisic acid contents in leaves.The interactions between the studied factors were significant in all studied parameters for both seasons.

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Luchnow, under subtropical Indian conditions during the season 2012-2013 to study the evaluation of phytotoxicity of sulfantrazone 48% f to sugarcane variety CoSe 92423. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments used in the experiment are sulfentrazone PPI 720 g a.i.ha-1, sulfentrazone PPI 1440 g a.i.ha-1, sulfentrazone Pre-em: 3 DAP 720 g a.i.ha-1, sulfentrazone Pre-em: 3 DAP 1440 g a.i.ha-1 and untreated control(weedy). Theresults showed that sulfentrazone PPI 1440 g ai.ha-1 registered the highest increase ofgermination (56.9 %) that didn’t differ significantly from other treatments. The drymatter accumulation in weeds was the lowest (7.2, 10.6 and 22.8 g.m-²) in sulfentrazonePPI 1440 a.i.ha-1 treatment achieved highest inhibition proportion of dry matter (90.2,88.9 and 83.5 % ) at the 60, 90 and 120 DAP respectively. Phytotoxicity was notsignificantly affected by use of sulfentrazone herbicide. a significant increase in averagenumber of canes by using sulfentrazone PPI 1440 g a.i.ha-1 led to even the highestincrease in this attribute at the 90,120,150, 210 and 300 DAP. The use of sulfentrazonePPI 1440 g a.i.ha-1 registered the highest cane yield (84.1 t.ha-1) that was significantlyhigher to the tune of 44.94 % over control. Addition of sulfentrazone treatmentssignificantly affected sugar yield. Sulfentrazone PPI 1440 g a.i.ha-1 and sulfentrazonePre-eme 1440 g a.i.ha-1caused highest increase in this character which reached to 13.850and 13.500 t.ha-1respectively.

The present study has been achieved to estimate the acute toxicity effect of pesticide (endosulfan) (organochlorine) and its sublethal concentrations effect on the oxygen consuming rate of three various snails species (Melanoides tuberculata, Radix auricularia and Theodoxus jordani) collected from Shatt Al-Arab river along the region extended from Abu-Al-Khasib to Garmat-Ali during 2018. The 24 hr LC50 indicated that the M. tuberculata was more resistant, while R. auricularia and T. jordani were more effective to endosulfan and showed no difference. The study indicated that the employ of various species of snails, with their differing degree of sensitivity to the same toxicant, might be a useful tool in aquatic environmental toxicological investigations. The sublethal concentrations exposure (24 hr LC50) of pesticide had no considerable influence on the rates of oxygen consumption for each snail species. However, a decrease in the capability of snails to preserve respiratory independence through hypoxia was observed 24 hr after exposure to this dose.

A numerous clean-up methods of nucleic acid were developed to achieve the requirements of downstream reactions like PCR and sequencing. The methods were varied in their mechanism, efficiency of purification and final product yield. The present study evaluated the efficiency of ethanol-sodium acetate (EOH-NaOAc3) precipitation method in purification of nucleic acid to satisfy downstream reactions requirements. The yield and purity of nucleic acid were considered as the main standard parameters to estimate the efficiency of method. Geneaid gel extraction kit DF100 was considered as a standard method for comparison. The results of methods comparison revealed that EOH-NaOAc3 method was significantly (P=0.000) surpassed the kit method in the yield of purified PCR product (93.24 and 18.37 ng/μl) with no significant differences (P=0.239) in quality (Absorbance (A260/280+) = 1.816 and 1.843) respectively. To determine the productivity of EOH-NaOAc3 method, a specific amount of genomic DNA (G-DNA) (187.93 ng/ μl) was processed and the results showed that EOH-NaOAc3 method was efficiently conserved 89.6% of total processed G-DNA (168.51 ng/μl) accompanied by significant (P=0.03) elevation of DNA purity (A260/280, 3.07 – 2.53).

This study was conducted in the plant protection dept., College of Agriculture, University of Basrah to investigate the food contaminated fungi in several food products involved potato chips, pasta, and popcorn to specify the potential aflatoxigenic species. Eight samples of food products were randomly collected from local market included two samples of pasta, 5 samples potato chips, and one sample of popcorn. The primary isolation was performed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in 9 cm Petri dishes; the isolated fungi were purified then diagnosed morphologically. The isolation results revealed a presence of several species within three main fungal genera, which included, Penecillium sp., Alternaria alternata , Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. alliaceus, A. candidus, A. fumigatus and A. sclerotiorum in prevalence percentages 43.75 ,35.00 , 18.75, 27.50, 5.64, 3.75, 3.75, 3.75, 3.75 % respectively and frequency percentage 7.15, 2.60, 9.07, 10.69, 0.46, 1.28, 0.46, 1.00% respectively. A. flavus was obtained to examine its ability to produce Aflatoxin using ammonia vapor test. The results revealed that nine isolates of A. flavus showed a possible ability to produce Aflatoxin B1.