Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Samples of insect adults, larvae and cocoons with pieces of infested declining palm leaves of Phoenix dactylifera were collected in Safwan area which is located south of Basrah, Iraq in mid-October 2015. The pest identified as a red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. This is the first record the pest in Iraq.

The experience carried out in the field of sheep, Department of in the Collage of Agriculture University of Baghdad for the period from 4/10/2012 to 4/11/2012 using the 9 local Awasi Rams, that similar in weight and age (average weight of 46.5 kg and the age of 2.5 years ) were divided into three groups comprising one group of three RAMS, the added quantities 3 g/Ram/day of anise treated and untreated with formaldehyde And without add the group to the first, second, and third (comparison) respectively to the feed, in the end of the experiment was pulling blood from the jugular vein to measure the number of white blood cells and lymphocyte and monocyte and granular cells and the number of red blood cells, the concentration of hemoglobin and the size of the corpus of red blood, the concentration for him and the number of blood platelets in the blood and concentration of cholesterol, sugar, total protein and albumen and globulin, urea, GOT and GPT , Alkalin phosphatase ,triglecerides and high density fats in the blood serum. the results indicated the occurrence significant decrease (p>0.055) in the concentration of the enzyme GOT in the serum Blood for anise treated group was 63 units/l compared with control group and anise untreated although 80.50 and 86.00 unit/liter respectively, as well as significant increase in the concentration of the enzyme Alkaline phosphatase in serum both groups of anise treated and untreated they were 42.00 and 60.00 unit/liter respectively compared with control group which was 34.00 unit/l, while no changes were significant in the rest of the characters of the blood covered by the study

Dietary additives were used as flavoring to the diets of fish and examine their effects on the sensory properties (taste, flavor and overall acceptability) for young common carp Cyprinus carpio L. after cooking (Grill). Sensory tests were conducted by the arbitrators of experienced and competent in the Department of Food Science and accordance with a sensory evaluation form. The average fish weight was 45.40 ± 0.1403 g . Cardamom powder (B) and Anise (C) were used as additives to the diets while (A) represent control diet. Fish were fed by 1.5 % of body weight at a rate of one meal day for two months. It was found that the addition of flavoring substances did not significantly affect the chemical composition of the diet. Also, the addition of cardamom and Anise led to significant differences (P <0.05) in weight gain of the fish. The current study showed that the fish fed on the diet B (cardamom) superior in terms of taste and flavor in comparison with diet C (Anise).

Spatial and temporal variability of fish assemblage in Himreen Lake was studied from summer 2014 to spring 2015. Water temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, transparency and potential hydrogen ion were measured from three sites in the Lake. Several fishing methods were adopted to collect fish including; gill nets, cast net, hook and line and hand net. The results showed that the fish assemblage consisted of 19 species representing seven families. Number of species increased in summer and spring and sharply decreased in winter. Luciobarbus grypus was the most abundant species comprising 23.6% of the catch, followed by Carassius auratus (20.07%) and Cyprinus carpio (11.39%). The dominance (D3) ‎‏value for the main three abundant species was 55.06%. The overall values of diversity index ranged from 1.71 in winter to 2.43 in summer, richness index from 2.4 in winter to 2.94 in summer and evenness index from 0.71 in winter to 0.84 in autumn. Associations between the distribution of fish species and the environmental variables were quantified by using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA).

Three types of hormones were used in this study, i.e. LHRH-A2 with dosages of (10, 20 or 30) µg . kg-1, a mixture of LHRH-A2 with dosages of (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) µg . kg-1 with Domperidone (DOM) at 5 mg . kg-1 and carp pituitary gland extract (CPE) at 4 mg .kg-1 , in order to study the effect of hormone type and dosage on the oocytes development of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. females during the artificial fertilization. It has been found that the mature egg cells ratio prepared for realizing has appeared in some histological sections of the ovaries for females treated with the hormone LHRH-A2 alone or a mixture of the hormone LHRH-A2 + DOM except that the amount of this ratio was uneven impact of the type of hormone dose level, histological sections showed the presence ovale cells in the initial stages of growth Primary growth phase and the other in the secondary stage of growth Secondary growth phase which indicate lack of contribution to the fertility process Working fecundity. The histological sections showed there were little number of eggs arrived to the final stage of maturity, and so did not get ovulation in fish treated with hormone LHRH-A2 unit or the mixture of the hormone LHRH-A2 + DOM and this shows a lack of ability to stimulate the final maturity of the eggs and then ovulation. In contrast, the fish that were treated with extract of the pituitary gland, eggs arrived at the final stage of maturation and ovulation

Food and feeding habits of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae and juveniles were studied in earthen ponds of Marine Science Centre Fish Farm. Total length and mouth width of fish were measured aid of dissecting microscope, while digestive canal contents and fullness degree were inspected aid of compound microscope. Water temperature was between 22-24 °C, whereas salinity was 4 PSU. Results are showed high correlation (0.98) between fish length and mouth width, where mouth width was increased with increasing of fish length. Feeding intensity and activity were 13.98 and 88% respectively, whereas important relative indexes were 3731, 2559, 2263 and 1 for artificial feed, algae, diatoms and copepods respectively. Results appeared that digestive canal of fish less than 25 ml length was undifferentiated straight pipe while in fish more than 25 mm length was curved pipe. Five genere of algae (Chlorella, Oscillatoria Rhizosolina, Spirogyra and Ulothrix ) were detected in the alimentary canal of fish

Genetic diversity of fish species in Iraqi waters studies are rare, the study design to invistigate the genetic diversity of Kattan Luciobarbus xanthopterus Heckel, 1843 among four ecosystems; Shatt Al-Arab River southern Iraq, Dokan reserviour in Sulaimanya province, Tigris near Kut city and Euphrates near Kerbala’a city. Couple RAPD decamere primers have been selected. The profiles of RAPD-PCR products on agarose gel revealed 22 and 19 bands respectively. The C15 primer amplified seven, seven, one and four bands and C16 primer created four, eight, two and eight bands respectively. The study concluded that the L. xanthopterus genetically differentiated while adapting to various environments. whereas population in Tigris near Kut city was the most divers from the others. In the same time populations from Shatt Al-Arab river and Dokan reserviour were the most similar, while the Euphrates population near Kerbala'a varied from the two later most similar populations. The result of RAPD test revealed that this species acclimated with the ecological variation. The study recommoneds not to use each of the four stocks in artificial crossbreeding in order to conserve the L. xanthopterus genetic diversity.

Genera and species of bacteria was isolated and identified from various of Shrimp Metapenaeus affinis , which have been brought from region of FAO in the province of Basrah, All samples were examined for the occurrence of bacteria and were identified according to growth characteristics , morphological, and microscopic examinations in addition to biochemical tests and API Identification Kit . Thirty fife isolates of bacteria were found in shrimp and as a follow: Klebsiella pneumonia sub. pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca, Morganella morganii sub. Morganii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Cronobacter sakazakii , Enterobacter taylorae, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter amalonaticus , Proteus marina, Proteus vulgaris , Proteus mirabilis, Hafnia alvei, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Serratia fonticola,Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio harveyi , Vibrio fischeri,Vibrio parahaernolyticus ,Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio alginolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis,Bacillus alvei , Aeromonas veronii , Aeromonas sobria, Aeromonas encheleia and Aeromonas schubertii .The results of determination of histamine which produced from bacteria by using Trypticase Soy broth-Histidine (TSBH), Histamine decarboxylase broth(H.D.B.) and Histamine decarboxylase agar (H.D.A.) showed that all isolated bacteria were histamine producing with various levels expect Hafnia alvei, Aeromonas schubertii, Aeromonas veronii, Aeromonas encheleia and Aeromonas sobria were not produce histamine.

Preparation two hydrolysates protein from shrimp by products using enzymes are Alcalase and Pepsin,itʼs separation by ultrafiltration and purification by gel filtration , showed four peaks of peptides hydrolysate enzyme Alcalase and three peaks for peptides hydrolysate enzyme Pepsin and tested the antioxidation activity, the peptides first and the second peak for hydrolysate enzyme alcalase and Pepsin showed highest antioxidant activity compared with other peaks, also tested the inhibitory effect against bacteria the peptides second peak of the enzyme Pepsin hydrolysate effect in the bacteria Escherichia coli compared to another peaks ,then addition peptides two peaks to beef patties by two concentration 50 and 100mg.100g meat -1, beef patties storage at 1 ±4cﹾ for 10 dayes treated with peptides two peakes enzyme The results showed there is adecrease in peroxide values for beef patties treated treated with peptides of the enzyme Alcalase was more cleared compared to the peptides of first peak for the same enzyme and peptides two peakes enzyme Pepsin also got a decrease in the total number of bacteria and total coliform bacteria and psychrotrophic bacteria When the treatment second peptides peak of the enzyme Pepsin concentration of 50 and 100 mg . 100 g meat -1.

Results of this study showed that 26 species belonging to 12 genera were isolated from dodder stems ,flowers and seeds .The fungi Exserohilum rostratum, Bipolaris bicolor, Altrenaria longipes , A.tenuissima, Acremonium restrictum, Bipolaris australliensis and Cladosporium oxysporium were recorded for the first time on dodder in Iraq. However the two species E. rostratum and B. bicolor were recordrd on dodder for the first time in the world . The fungi A.terreus , E. rostratum ,T. viride , A. alternata and B. bicolor inhibited the percentage of dodder seed germination up to 10, 13.4 ,16.7,16.7 and 23.4 % respectively. The fungal exudates also effect dodder seed germination , the exudates of E. rostratum reduced the germination percent to 13.4%. The pots experiment showed that treatment of T. viride led to increase the plant hight up to 29.98 cm .T. viride also gave more leaves and branch number reached to 28.56 leaves per plant. The results also explained that T. viride with 350 ppm glyphosate led to increase the infection of dodder.The experiment showed that T.viride gave a higher hight of plant reached to 31.34 cm,. T.viride led to increase the number of leaves up to 28.67 , while dodder led to reduce the number of and branches. Which reached to 13.34 and 5.34respectively .The infection of dodder also increased when T. viride was applied .It reached 91.67 %

This study was conducted in the Basra province during the growing season 2014-2015, three locations were chosen for the date palm orchards (North , Center and South of Basra),every location include ten areas for each location and ten date palms orchards selected for each area. a questionnaire was distributed on the owners of orchards . this investigation for study some physical and chemical properties of the soil and irrigation water of the three locations, was also estimated the level of macro elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and trace (calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron and zinc) in the soil and date palm leaves. declining in the productivity of date palm each of following parameters were analyses .an addition to the evaluation of the infestation by Batrachedra amydraula Merck and dust mite effect on the defoliation of fruits ,leaves content for total chlorophyll, total carbohydrates as well as protein. The results elucidated that the level of soil salinity and irrigation water has reached the highest averages and caused a significant declining in the productivity .the questionnaire analysis revealed the increases in the total number of none productivity trees meanwhile ,its noteworthy that must of productive ones were alxue-age overage which reached over 20 years ,as well as a significant reduction in the average number of date palm trees in each donum. An increase in the labour cost was evident from the questionnaire, en lighting a decrease of professional workers ,and the absence of governmental supporting for date palm growers .further more majority of farmer did not pay any attention for date palm cultural services . All of examined orchards showed an infestation by both Batrachedra amydraula Merck and dust mite with a percent of infestation and intensity 48% and 30% for Batrachedra amydraula Merck ,respectively ,and 28% and 36% for dust mite respectively. A high percent of fruits drop was observed and reached 36.6%in the weak date palm trees while was 16.8% in strong date palm trees. Finally the mineral content in date palm soil revealed that both concentration macro and micro nutrients were low around the weak date palm trees in contrast with strong ones, also the total chlorophyll , carbohydrates and proteins levels were low in weak date palm trees compared to strong ones which could be the reason behind the declining I date palm productivity at Basrah city.

This study was conducted at Department of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah from 5/12/2012 to 5/3/2013. Sausages made of meat and fat geese, Crushed ice, Oat flour, salt, Garlic powder and pepper. The treatments were as follows, (T0= Control with 3% Wheat flour + 10% fat geese), [(T1= 3% Oat flour + 10% fat geese), (T2= 5% Oat flour + 8% fat geese) and (T3= 7% Oat flour + 6% fat geese), Chemical and physical characteristics and panel taste were estimates. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in treatment T3 (Fresh and frozen-stored for 60 days) both the moisture and ash with an average of (67.56 , 67.46)% and (3.10 , 4.43)% respectively, As well as the treatment T3 (fresh) recorded a significant increase (p<0.05) in pH value and created significant (p<0.05) in emulsion stability, cooking loss, free fatty acid and cholesterol. Cholesterol with percentage (105.63 , 90.73) for the treatment T3 (Fresh and frozen-stored for 60 days) respectively. panel test did not show significant effect. In treatments also showed significant (p<0.05) differences in average of cholesterol for stored treatments compared with fresh treatment.

This study was conducted at Department of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah from 5/12/2012 to 5/3/2013. Sausages made of meat and fat geese, Crushed ice, Oat flour, salt, Garlic powder and pepper. The treatments were as follows, (T0= Control with 3% Wheat flour + 10% fat geese), [(T1= 3% Oat flour + 10% fat geese), (T2= 5% Oat flour + 8% fat geese) and (T3= 7% Oat flour + 6% fat geese), Chemical and physical characteristics and panel taste were estimates. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in treatment T3 (Fresh and frozen-stored for 60 days) both the moisture and ash with an average of (67.56 , 67.46)% and (3.10 , 4.43)% respectively, As well as the treatment T3 (fresh) recorded a significant increase (p<0.05) in pH value and created significant (p<0.05) in emulsion stability, cooking loss, free fatty acid and cholesterol. Cholesterol with percentage (105.63 , 90.73) for the treatment T3 (Fresh and frozen-stored for 60 days) respectively. panel test did not show significant effect. In treatments also showed significant (p<0.05) differences in average of cholesterol for stored treatments compared with fresh treatment.

This study was carried out at the animal farm pertaining to the Department of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala at period from 1/3/2013 to 1/5/2013 used in this experiment 12 from male awasi local sheep at age 8 months divided sheep to three groups on the weight per group contain 4 sheep and divided treatment randomly. Add yeast culture to the feed concentrate 0 , 5 , 8 gm / sheep / day to treatment C , T1 , T2 respectively the first treatment is control experiment and in the end to limited of all cont of red blood corpus and white blood cell and hemoglobin concentrate and packed cell volume and also limited volume of red blood corpus and concentrate hemoglobin in red blood corpus . showed from this products don’t significant deference's among this treatment in began of this treatment for all this parameters but in the end of experiment showed significant increased to red blood corpus for treatments T1 , T2 compared with control treatment C .the conclusion add of yeast culture to the feed concentrate 5 , 8 gm / sheep / day has positive active to increased cont of red blood corpus to sheep.

A field experiment was carried out at field experiment, College of Agriculture university of Baghdad, Abu-Graib, during season 2008 to stud the effect of four foliar application dates Viz .(1- Non foliar 2- at flowering buds format ion 3- at flowering stage 4- at boll formation ) and two varieties of cotton Ashour and Lashata on lint traits and qualitative characters for seeds cotton . the results showed that the foliar application dates, varieties and interaction between them have significant effect on , lint and seeds traits. plant fibers foliar applied with growth regulator at flowering stage were distinguished by their length, strength ,and fineness, the varieties of Lashata produced long, strong ,and more rough fibers as compared with Ashour, The plant seeds where the treatment of foliar was applied at flowering stage and at boll formation give higher oil and protein percentage rates of 25.23% and 21.06 % respectively, variety of Lashata give higher oil and protein percentage rates of 24.12% and 20.60% respectively . The saturated fatty acids combination was decreased with foliar application at flowering stage offsets increase in un saturated fatty acids combination . Lashata was decrease in saturated fatty acids combination accompanied with increase in unsaturated fatty acids combination, the foliar applied at flowering buds formation with variety of Lashata led to decrease in saturated fatty acids combination accompanied with increase in un saturated fatty acids combination.

It is tested the relationship between sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP ) with the difference of clayed mineral( kaolinite and montmorillonite) and ionic strength,(I), (20,40,80,240) mmole.L‾¹. The results conducted that this relationship differed with the difference of clayed mineral and ionic strength (I). As well, these results contradicted to what United State Saline Laboratory (USSL) reached in 1954. It seems that clayed mineral (1:1), Kaolinite, has selectivity to sodium ions in comparison with calcium ions on increasing the ionic strength ( 80, 240 ) m.mole. L‾¹ while its selectivity to calcium ions increases with the decreasing of ionic strength ( 20,40 ) mmole.L‾¹. Whereas expanded clayed mineral, (2:1), Montmorillonite, which has internal and external faces has selectivity to sodium ions on minimum ionic strength (20, 40) mmole.L‾¹, and this selectivity decreased to sodium ions with the increasing of ionic strength ( 80, 240 ) mmole.L‾¹ where combination sites in common have selectivity to calcium ions against sodium ions according to diffuse double layer (DDL).

The study was conducted in an agricultural field which located at the Abu-Al-Khaseeb /20 Km south of Basra City during the seasonal growth 2013 and 2014 on a land area about one hectare, in order to study the effect of method and interval irrigation and mulching soil surface in some physical and chemical properties of the soil and production of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Hillawi c. v .The results showed that the addition of irrigation water by the irrigation methods (D, DS, S) increase the moisture content significantly for different depths of soil compared with traditional irrigation treatment (tidal). Surface irrigation treatment shows higher values in the moisture content, followed by treatment of irrigation alternately then treated drip irrigation, irrigation with treated showed tidal lowest values. The irrigation methods (drip, drip-surface, surface) increased in moisture content values with lack of a period irrigation, especially when the interval 4 day. Moisture content of the irrigation methods treatments increased significantly values morally using coverage, particularly nylon. The moisture content values increase significantly with depth for all experimental treatments, and she took to decline at the end of the first season and the second compared to the first season. The use of irrigation methods (drip, drip-surface, surface) decreased the electrical conductivity values on different depths of soil compared with traditional irrigation treatment (tidal), which maintained a significant increase in the electrical conductivity values, especially in (0-30 ,30-60 ,) cm depth, followed by treatment of drip irrigation and surface irrigation, The rotation treatment DS showed high efficiency in salts washing rate in all depths and recorded the lowest values in the electrical conductivity .The results showed that the using of mulching, especially nylon contributed significantly in reducing the electrical conductivity values, and that the exposed treatment showed higher values, as the results showed that the using of long interval increase in the electrical conductivity values .Other than increase the electrical conductivity values of the surface depth of all treatments and it decreased significantly at both ends of the first and second seasons, compared with the beginning of the experiment except for the treatment of tidal which remained conservative values until the end of the experiment .

The present study was included, treatment of the lab mice with thyroxin hormone after 10-12 weeks of age. Ninety females ,which divided into 2equal groups, 45 females of each; for study effect of Thyroxin hormone on blood parameters of females,(pregnant and non-pregnant). The animals were divided into two groups ,control group and the treated group with 0.5mg/kg/day of thyroxine hormone . the non-pregnant females, treated pregnant ,and non-treated females were Sacrificed during consecutive days (8,9,10,11,12,13,14 and 15) days post coitus, while the blood parameters varied during the periods and the groups between decreasing and increasing during the normal rang ,except in few cases were found significant decreasing in; white blood cells count, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes granulocytes %,monocytes% and lymphocytes% during various periods and significantly decreased red blood cells values, HGB ,HCT%,MCH ,MCHC ,MCV ,RDW ,PLT ,MPV,PDW and PCT% in different periods , and also the results was explained significantly increasing in white blood cells, monocytes, lymphocytes ,granulocytes, granulocytes %,monocytes% and lymphocytes% during various periods and MCHC, HCT%, MCV, RDW, PLT, MPV,PDW and PCT% in different periods.

: In this study, 960 birds from quail Japanese (576 female and 384 male), were randomly treated to four groups represent lighting systems transactions (continuous lighting, 12, 16 and 18 Lighting hour per day) and four levels of food rationing schedule (ad libitum, 6 , 9 and 12 feed) hours/day and with three replicates per treatment and by 20 birds (12 females and 8 males) for each replicate for the purpose of studying the effect of different systems of lighting and feed restriction schedule in dressing percentage and some characteristics carcasses of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), study results indicated no significant effect of the lighting systems in dressing percentage and the relative weight of breast and thigh for both females and males and study results indicated that the highest relative weight of the liver in females and males reared under continuous lighting effect, which was not significantly different with my treatment lighting 16 and 18-hour light/per day in females, while there was no significant different of lighting systems in the relative weight of the heart and gizzard in females and males and recorded the treatment of continuous lighting the highest percentage abdominal fat pad in females and males, either for the impact of feed restriction schedule factor has been found that of female quail reared under ad libitum feeding and nutrition for 12 hours/day higher carcass for females and males were recorded carcass of birds that gave her fodder for 6 and 9 hours/day higher relative weight of deterministic thigh in the carcass of female and male, while there were no significant differences for the relative weight of the breast in females were observed while of male quail recorded reared under ad libitum feeding higher relative weight to the breast, and male and female registered reared under free feeding highest relative weight of the liver and gizzard while there were no significant differences in the relative weight of the heart, spleen and bursa gland although higher relative weight to abdominal fat pad record in females and males reared under ad libitum feeding effect.

Field experiment was conducted during the winter season 2014-2015 in Abu gosrah in the district of Abu-Alkhaseeb which is located 14.5 km south of center of Basra province, in order to study the effect of adding molybdenum (Mo) and boron (B) on growth recipes of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) var. Luz de Otono. A factorial experiment was carried out with the design of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates, and included two factors; the first includes macerating seeds with three concentrations of molybdenum ( 0, 5 and 10 mg l-1), and the second factor was spraying with boron solution which included three concentrations ( 0, 25 and 50 mg l-1 ), which were added to the plant in the form of boric acid (17.4% B). The results showed that macerating the seeds of broad bean with 10 mg l-1 molybdenum has led to a significant increase in the number of days from planting until 50% flowering , Plant height , Number of branches ,leaf area , Pod length and dry weight of shoots by (16.26, 8.5 ,28.2 , 91. 14, 35.56 and 61.94)% respectively compared with control. Spraying plants with 50 mg B .L-1 gave the highst gave the highest average number of days from planting until 50% flowering , plant height , Number of branches per plant, leaf area , Pod length , dry weight of shoots by (7.26, 8.00, 27.19, 31.55, 18.3 and 40.44)% respectively, compared to the control. Interaction between the two treatments showed a significant positive effect in plant height , number of branchs and dry weight of shoot by using 10 mg Mo L -1+ B 50 mg L -1.

This study was conducted in Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Agriculture Collage, Basrah University, Basrah Governorate, Iraq during the period 1/ Mars/ 2014 to 15/ Mars/ 2015. The aims of this study can be summarized to effect the different of concentrations of 2,4-D and BA to induced of callus, somatic embryos and regeneration of Adeventions shoots of dwarf gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.) cultivar 'Radicans' viaculture of base and middle segament of leaves,The present study has revealed that (a) The abundant primary callus formation (100%) could be achieved only from young leaf segments (basal and middle segments) within 10.3 and 15.3 days in MS medium containing 3 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2 mg/L BA, and under dark conditions.1) Transferring the primary callus to MS medium enriched with 3mg/L 2,4-D for 8 weeks under light conditions led to induce somatic embryos, that can be identified by their nodular consistency and green color.2) While, shifting the primary callus to MS medium enriched with 3 or 5mg/L BA + 0.2mg/L 2,4-D led to converting the primary callus to compact callus, and at the end of incubation period, small adventitious shoots was generating. (b) Results also showed that white brownish granular callus initiated under dark conditions on the base of the leaf petioles (basal segment) explants grown on MS medium containing 5 mg/L BA+0.2mg/L NAA, then the callus increased to covered whole explant during the end of incubation period. However, adventitious shoots was generated from primary callus when shifted to MS medium fortify with 1 or 2 mg/L BA. Results also revealed that the middle segment of the leaf explants failed to form callus on MS medium containing different concentrations of BA used in this study but they became brown and died.

This study was conducted in Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Agriculture Collage, Basrah University, Basrah Governorate, Iraq during the period 23/ October/ 2013 to 23/ May / 2014. The aims of this study can be summarized to effect the source of explants and different concentrations of Cytokinins (TDZ), Auxins (IBA) on initiation, multiplication and rooting explants in micropropagation of dwarf gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.) cultivar 'Radicans', Maximum successful response of shoot tips in vitro (100%) was noticed in MS medium enriched with different concentrations of TDZ (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg.L) in the presence of NAA and GA3 0.2mg.L each, but the high rate of shoot number(1.8) and length (1.18 cm) obtained on MS medium containing 1 mg.L TDZ. Where, the rate value of leaf width and numbers were increased only on MS medium fortified with low concentrations of TDZ (0.5 and 1mg.L). On the contrary, nodal explants cultured on same medium failed to responding, except the ones cultured on MS medium containing 1mg.L TDZ , showed moderate rate value of average growth responding(66. 06%). Highest shoot and leaf numbers and leaf width recorded on MS medium containing 1 mg. L TDZ in the presence of NAA and GA3 0.2mg.L each (4.33 shoots. explant, 6.00 leaves. explant and 1.30 cm respectively). Whereas, highest shoot length (1.50 cm) recorded on MS medium fortified with 0.5 mg. L TDZ. However, small amount of white brownish callus raised around the nodes grown on medium containing 0.5 mg. L TDZ, while big amount of the same callus was recognized around the nodes grown on MS medium containing 1.5 mg. L TDZ. Maximum root formation rate (100%) with high number of roots (7.33/plantlet), root length (7.33cm) and number of secondary roots (8.00. main root), were obtained within a short period (13.33 days) when the multiplied shoots transferred to½ MS medium enriched with 4mg.L IBA compared with another treatments (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) mg. L. Also, it was found that the length of shoots and number of leaves were increased to (12 cm and 11.33 leaves. plantlet, respectively).

Two assemblages of Sbour Tenualosa ilisha from Al-Fao and Abu Al-Khaseeb were chosen for comparison the chemical composition between them. The results showed that the proportion of protein in the Al-Fao assemblage is 33% higher than from Abu Al-Khaseeb once 17.63%, as well as the case for fat and ash, while the moisture content was higher in Abu Al- Khaseeb assemblage 65.54% compared to the Fao once 65.40 %. The results of statistical analysis showed significant differences in the assemblage between the two stations (P<0.05) in the proportions of moisture, protein, fat ratio and no significant difference (P> 0.05) in ash ratio. Explant electrical immigration of Tenualosa ilisha Fish proteins after separation Alsarcolima proteins from muscles Tenualosa ilisha of Al-Fao and Abu Al- Khaseeb zones, while the Tenualosa ilisha muscle proteins for the Abu Al-Khaseeb showed fusion protein packets and change in average movement, intensity and location about muscle proteins Alsarcolima of Al-Fao assemblage. if shown five protein packages in addition to the presence of dense packs on top of the gel, while appeared Alsarcolima proteins of Al-Fao assemblage showed packs and faster movement during electrophoreses on gel acrylicamaid, it was diagnosed Tenualosa ilisha proteins explanted located it within five proteins (Gelsolin, C. protein, M1 / M2, Fimbrin, actin) and appeared big regulation between proteins in the Al-Fao assemblage and lower than that in Abu Al-Khaseeb assemblage.

The study was conducted to determine growth parameters of the Sobaity seabream Sparidentex hasta fry which cultivated for 60 days in floating cages and 90 days in earthen ponds. Fishes fed on minced fish, as well as natural food available in the ponds. Results of this study appeared that Sobaity seabream (20.97 g) reared in floating cages achieved final weight of 74.38 g while the total weight gain obtained 53.42, daily and specific growth rates attained 0.89 g / day and 2.11%/ day respectively. Growth of this fish in earthen ponds showed that fish weights increased from 78.37 g to 201.17 g, weight gain achieved 122.80 g and the daily and specific growth rates attained 1.36 g / day and 1. 05% weight / day respectively. These initial results for the cultivation of this fish gave a good indicator of the possibility of its candidacy for culture in marine and brackish water at the south of Basrah.

The study aim to estimation the activity of α-Amylase enzyme in the gut extract of three fish species with varying in their feeding habit i.e. Shilluk Leuciscus vorax (carnivores), blue tilapia Oreachromis aureus (herbivores) and Khushani Liza abu (omnivores) in the Southern part of Chybaesh Marsh, Iraq for the period from April (2014) to December in (2015). The fishes were collected by gill nets and electrical fishing apparatus. A sample, part from the gut of each species of fish were taken in the field and placed plastic tube (10)ml and then preserved in a container containing liquid nitrogen (-190C°). To estimating of the enzyme activity a kit was used (Amylase method E-PNPG7). The results showed superiority of herbivores fish, which reached the maximum activity of the enzyme in autumn (550.65 IU / g tissue) while the lowest value recorded in spring (176.28 IU / g tissue), the statistical analysis showed significant differences (sig= 0.0017, p˃0.05 ) between tilapia and khushni, tilapia and shilluk (sig=0.0025, p˂0.05) ,while not recorded significant differences (sig= 0.0887, p˃0.05) between the shilluk and the Khushni,whereas recorded between the omnivores and carnivores, also positive significant correlation was found between enzyme activity in Khushani and water temperature (r = 0.717) but thereis not significant differences (r = 0.467, r = -0.337) between temperature of Shilluk and tilapia respectively.

The present study included prepared current check- list of fish have been found in the Shatt Al- Basrah canal, southern Iraq for the period from June 2009 to June 2010 has included 53 species ,belong to 34 families, two of them belong to cartilaginous fishes and 51 bony fishes species including 14 species of freshwater fishes and 37 species of marine habitat. Cyprinidae considered the rich family with the number of species (eight species). The marine fishes are divided into three categories , including very rare " and rare and common as adopted three historical studies to compare with the present study to give an idea of the composition of the of fishes in Shatt Al- Basrah canal.

Reproduction strategy of Arabian whipray Himantura randalli Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Moore, 2012 was studied in Iraqi marine water from January, 2014 to December, 2015. A total of 321 specimens (176 females and 145 males) were collected by trawling net of Al-Bahith ship (related to Marine Science Centre). Results are pointed that there were five groups of disk width, with smallest fish of 70 mm disk width and 16 g in weight, while largest fish of 750 mm disk width and 3834 g. Smallest fish appeared firstly at July concluding that birthing occurred during this month. Relationship for both sex between disk width and weight was represented by following equation: W=0.0006 x (DW) 2.449 . Results also appeared that the disk width of smallest matured female was 385 mm and weight 1936 g, while the disk width of smallest matured male was 355 mm and weight 11249 g. Sex ratio was differ during different months especially at reproduction period where ratio of females 64.5% and males 35.5%, so overall sex ratio was 1:1.2 towards females. The cycle of gonad maturation was divided into three stages: immature, maturing and mature for males and females. The GSI values were different during study period, and birthing was considered during June to July. The ovary contain many eggs of different sizes, while the uterus contain 2-5 embryos that surrounding by strong covers and there wasn’t any placenta intelligence between embryos and female, so this fish considered as Ovoviviparous. Depending on histological inspections of gonads, spermatocytes were divided into seven maturing stages, while oocytes into four maturing stages.

The study dealt with the use of sumac plant in a concentration of 5, 10, 15 and 20% to prolonged the period of cooling storage cattle meat by submerge method. While control group submerged with distilled water only for 24 hrs. Samples were washed by distilled water, put into polyethylene sacs and left into refrigerator under 4◦c. Microbial, chemical and organoleptic tests were done during cooling period. The control samples were withdrawn after seven days of cooling because bacteria total count and thermophiles (psychrotrophs) bacteria number exceeded the standard limit. Those treated with sumac exceeded the standard limit after ten days of storage. Results also showed a significant decrease in free fatty acids percent and peroxide number of all treated samples in comparison with control during storage period. Results of organoleptic evaluation revealed a significant improvement in treated meat samples in comparison with control. Treatments caused improvement in meat colour, taste, tenderness, juiciness and total acceptance. Total acceptance of treated samples was 15%