Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

A study was conducted at Biotechnology lab. belong to private sector in Basra province. The objective was to induce callus from two sugarcane cultivars which were ; Co 331 and Cp-72-2086. Apical buds from plants that were free of diseases and insects were used as a source of explants. Two methods were used for surface sterilization , the first was by commercial bleach ( 20 % v/v ) and the second method was by ethanol ( 70 % ) plus commercial bleach ( 20 % ). 2,4 –D were used at ( 0 , 1.5 , 3 , 4.5 ) mg/L to study their effect on callus initiation and induction. The suitable 2,4 –D concentration then used to grow callus under different concentration of Nacl ( 0 , 30 , 60 , 90 , 120 , 150 ) mM. Results showed that the best sterilization method was by ethanol for ten minutes then commercial bleach ( 20 % ) which gave lowest percent of contamination ( 13 % and 7 % ) for both cultivars respectively. Results also showed all 2,4 – D concentration gave rise to callus but best concentration was 3 mg/L which gave higher quantity of callus whereas ; control treatment caused growth of apical bud with no callus formation. All sodium chloride treatments effected on callus fresh weight. The highest callus fresh weight was on control treatment and then it decreased as sodium chloride concentration increased for both cultivars on culture on salt culture medium.

An experiment was conducted during winter season of 2009/2010 in Agriculture Field at Coll. of
Agric., Basrah Univ. to evaluate the effect of method of transplant production and sowing dates on growth
and seed yield of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) var. Local. The experiment was focussed on the effect of
two factors two methods of transplant production ( at styropor trays of 209 cell at 3 x 3 x 8 cm of 72 cm3
volume and plastic pots 8.5 cm diameter and 6.5 cm height of 861 cm3 volume) and three sowing dates ( 3 ,
17/10 and 3/11 ) . Randomized Complete Block Design was used with three replicates, R. L. s. D. Test was
used at probability of 0,05. Results showed that plants of plastic pots gave significant increases in plant
height, leaf number per plant, number of branches per plant, the number of umbels per plant, total florets per
plant, the number of fruits per umbel and plant yield of fruits. Early sowing date gave significant increases
in plant height, leaf number per plant, number of branches per plant, the number of umbels per plant, total
florets per plant, the number of fruits per umbel and plant yield of fruits. The interaction of the two factors of
study had significant effect on all studied parameters.

This experiment was conducted during the Agricultural season of 2009-2010 in
Agricultural Orchard at Abu–Al-Khassib District, Basrah Governerate .the objective was studying the
effect of plant distance and spraying with two amino acids Proline and Arginine on growth and flower
yield of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) and its content of volatile oils. Experiment included 15
factorial treatments as sum of all combinations of two factors represented by three plant distances 20 , 30
and 40 cm and spraying with three concentrations 0, 50 and 100 mg/L .of two amino acid Proline and
Arginine. Factorial Experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. The means
were compared according to Least Significant Difference Test at probability of 0.05. Results could be
summarized as follows:-Increases plant distance gave a significant increases plant height ,number of
lateral branches/ plant ,number of total leaves / plant, leaf contents of carbohydrates, reduced the day's
number for anthesis and increased the total flowers number/ plant, flowers fresh and dry yield/plant,
volatile oil percentage and oil yield /plant,. respectively. while planting at 20 cm significantly increased
the productivity /ha., oil density and specific gravity. While planting at 20 cm was significantly increased
the flower and oil product /ha. Spraying with 100 mg /L Proline gave significant increase in plant height,
number of lateral branches /plant, number of total leaves/plant, leaf contents of carbohydrates, total
number of flower/plant fresh and dry flowers yield / plant, an thesis was earlier, volatile oil percentage,
plant yield and productivity /ha., volatile oil specific weight and density compared with 100 mg /L
Arginine only, while spraying with 100 mg /L Arginine was significantly increased the volatile oil
specific gravity and density compared with other concentrations. The interaction between all studied
factors had significantly affecting all parameters except refractive index of volatile oil.

Experiment was conducted during winter season of 2012-2013 at desert farm in Zubair-Basrah tostudy the effect potassium humate on growth and yield of two cultivars of cauliflower. The experiment includedeight factorial treatments resulted from interaction of four potassium humate solution treatments(0,1,2,3 gm/L) and two cultivars of cauliflower (Ponderet and Neblina).The experiment design was split plotdesign according to randomized complete block design in three replicates. Means were compared by Duncanmultiple range test at 0.05 level. Results showed that Ponderet cultivar was superior in flower head diameterwhile Neblina in stem weight. Potassium humate caused a significant effect on all studied characteristics andthe most effective concentration was 3 gm/L. which caused a significant increase total leave number, leafarea, leaf width, dry matter, head weight and diameter, total yield, marketable yield and dry matter percentageof head compared to control treatment. The interaction was significant in most studied characteristics.Treatment with potassium humate at 3gm/L. gave a highest yield of Neblina cultivar which was 42.072ton/donum and the highest marketable yield of Ponderet cultivar which was 28.652 ton/donum.

The experiment was carried out in Basrah for the winter season of 2010 – 2011 under the condition ofunheated plastic house. The experiment included 10 factorial treatments in which two varieties of chili pepper,these are the Syrian variety Albaraa and the Dutch variety De Cayenne and 5 chosen fertilizer treatments whichwas 1- control treatment 2- poultry (7) ton/ha 3- (0.12) ton N/ha 4- poultry (7) ton/ha + (0.12) ton N/ha 5- poultry(14) ton/ha + (0.24) ton N/ha. Randomized complete block design was used in a factorial experiment and themeans were compared using Revised L.S.D. at 5%. The result showed that Albaraa was superior in the stemdiameter, leaves content of chlorophll and nitrogen, average fruit weight, and in length, diameter, thickness of thefruit , early plant yield (79.76) gm, plant yield (491) gm, early production (0.351) ton/ha and total productivity(2.16) ton/ha while De Cayenne was superior in the plant height, the number of main branches, total leavesnumber, leaf area, the percentage of the dry matter in leaves and fruits, percentage of potassium, floweringearliness, total number of flowers, percentage of fruits set, number of fruits and its content of chlorophyll,vitamin C , and in the percentage of protein. The treatments poultry (7) ton/a and poultry (14) ton/ha + (0.24) tonN/ha showed to be superior in most of the studied characteristics in comparison with other treatments. Theinteraction between varieties and fertilizer treatments was significant in all growth and yield traitss under study.

The experiment was carried out during growth season 2011-2012 at a farm located of the college ofagriculture, Basrah University to study the effect of spraying of the extract of seaweed and activated dry yeastsuspension in differences concentration on vegetative growth and flowering characteristic of Lathyrusodoratus L.. The result can be summarized as follows: spraying of sea alga extraction at 4 m/L andsuspension of activated dry yeast at 6 g/L caused significant increased in all vegetative and flowering growthcharacteristics.

Effects of four stocking densities (60, 75, 100 and 125) fish/ m3 of common carp Cyprinus carpio cultivated in floating cages in Shatt Al-Arab River-Hartha on infection results of Spring Viraemia of carp (SVC) disease were studied during spring, 2013. Results showed negative relationship between stocking densities and mortality ratios, where mortality ratios decreased as stocking densities increased. Mortality ratios were (20.02, 27.75, 36.4 and 39.07)% for densities (60, 75, 100, 125) fish/m3 respectively. Statistical analysis for results appeared that there were significant differences between mortality ratios and stocking densities except between stocking densities of 60 and 75 fish/ m3. Field observation showed that more than 99% of fish died without any external symptoms and all fish appeared an active on the surface swimming slowly and never run away during disturbance.

This study was carried out to investigate the yield ratio, chemical composition, property functional(solubility) and absorption of water at different values of pH. This study also investigated the sensory properties ofthe concentrated protein for the internal viscera of the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) using enzymatichydrolysis by adding commercial pippin enzyme. The control treatment was prepared by using the sameconditions of temperature, time and pH and without adding the enzyme). The chemical analysis results for theconcentrated protein and the control were 7.5 and 14.8 % for yield ratio, 70.2 and 45.1% for protein, 12.21 and33.3% for fat, 6.4 and 7.6% for ash and 10.07 and 13.8% for moisture respectively. The present study also foundthat the concentrated protein was characterized with a good ability of solubility of 71.5% within natural level (pH6.4) and 65.7% within alkaline level (pH10) respectively, while the solubility decreased to weak level of 48.4%.At acidic condition (pH 3). The control was characterized with a very weak solubility of 11.2%, 19.2% and 15.1%at pH values of 3, 6.4 and 10 respectively. The analyzed concentrated protein was characterized by weak waterabsorption under all the test conditions with values of 2.2, 1.8 and 1.6 ml/g at pH levels of 10, 6.4 and 3respectively. The study also found concentrated protein has a high ability of water absorption under the experimentcondition. This absorption was in the region of 2.8, 2.6 and 2.5 ml/g at the pH levels of 3, 6.4 and 10 respectively.The results also suggested that the concentrated protein has good properties sensory with a pale yellow color andless fish smell, on other hand, the control was characterized as a dark brown and with strong fish smell. However,the properties of concentrated protein never changed during the storage period of 30 days.

Experiment was carried at the water fowl farm , College of Agriculture , University of Basrahduring the period from 27/12/2010 to 21/2/2011. The aim was to determine evaluation of replacing fourlevels of dried broiler manure with the larvae of flies (Musca domestic) in some physiological characteristicsand some measurements of the small intestine in local ducks. At two week of age a total of 48 male and 36female duckling were randomly treated to four groups in three replicated, with four male and three femaleduckling . Chicks fed during the incubation period in a free commercial diet containing 22% crude proteinand 2900 Kcal/Kg metabolic energy. At fourteen days of age, chicks fed four experimental diets , the firstdiets was control ( basal diets) and replacing dried broiler manure containing housefly larvae instead of basaldiet in the level of 7.5 , 15 , 22.5 % in treatment T2 , T3 and T 4 respectively. The results showed Significantdecreased (P<0.05) in cholesterol plasma levels compared with control treatment, while there were nosignificant differences observed in plasma glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin and uric acid amongdifferent treatment. Also , there was no significant difference in weight and relative weight of duodenum andjejunum among the treatments. A significant increase (P< 0∙05) recorded in size and percent of size ofduodenum and jejunum among in replacing treatment as compared with control. In ileum size and relativesizes there was significantly highest (P<0.05) in T3 and T4 in chicks received dried broiler manure with thelarvae of flies than T1 and T2 . A significantly improvement (P<0.05) in intestine length and size inreplacing treatment than control. The speed of the passage of food in small intestine did not show anysignificant differences between the treatment. While the percentage of passage speed of food decrease(P<0.05) for the replacing treatment as compared to control. There was significant decline (P< 0∙05) inapparent digestibility in T4 compared to the rest treatments . On other hands first treatment achieved highestprotein digestibility, either in protein efficiency ratio T2 and T3 was the best among others in this trails

Thirty male rabbits of 4-5 weeks of age and average 335±o.9 g in weight were divided intothree treatments of , ten rabbits per treatment and used in a eight weeks feeding trial for productionefficiency. The rabbits were fed one rations contain crude protein 16.6% and metabolizable energy (2791Kcal/ Kg. feed), but Zingiber officinale powder was added to control ration as 10 or 15 g/kg.feed (T1;control ration without Zingiber officinale powder, T2; control ration added 10 g. feed Zingiber officinalepowder/ kg. feed and T3; control ration added15 g Zingiber officinale powder/ kg.feed). Total gain, feedconsumption rate and feed conversion ratio were calculated. The blood samples were obtained fromMarginal ear vein from all rabbits at the end of trail some blood biochemical parameters as total protein, ,triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose were studied. At the end of experiment, all rabbits were slaughteredand some carcass traits as hot and cold carcass, dressing percentages, edible giblets, not-edible giblets,external giblets, were studied. The results indicated that adding Zingiber officinale powder to fatteningration has significantly (p≤0.05) effect almost all production and Biochemical. The total gain, finalweights, hot and cold carcass weights, dressing percentages cholesterol glucose triglyceride and ALTAST were decreased significantly (p≤0.05), for rabbits fed control ration added 1and 2g Zingiberofficinale powder g/ kg. feed

This study was conducted on five Arabi ewes equipped with rumen fistula and kept indigestion crates. Animals were fed on 350g of wheat bran, 150g barley and 250g green alfalfa. Mineral blocks and water were available at all times. The first field experiment lasted for 100 days to study the effect of four widely used antibiotics (Amoxicllin, Erythromycin, Ampicilline and Oxytetracycline) ontotal count of rumen bacteria, count of cellulolytic bacteria and cellulose digestion. Supporting measurements such pH. Results showed The use of either Erythromycin or Oxytetracycline caused asignificant drop (p<0.01) in the number of cellulolytic digestion bacteria, compared with that rescoredfor the control. use of antibiotics lead to a significant drop in lactic acid production bacteria. Therewere no significant differences in total number of bacteria by using the various antibiotics. Significant effect of Amoxicllin or Ampicilline usage was found on cellulose digestion compared to Oxytetracycline or Erythromycin. The effect on cellulose digestion was noticed at last often 12h of administrating antibiotic. Additive of various antibiotic did not affect rumen pH

The fish assemblage of Garmat Ali River, north of Basrah, Iraq was described from November2007 to October 2008. A total 4913 fishes belonging to 26 species and 13 families, all belonging toOsteichthyes, were caught using gill net, cast net, electro-fisher, hook and lines. Cyprinidae, the dominantfamily, was represented by eight species. The number of species increased in summer and spring and sharplydecreased in winter. The species composition and abundance seem to be affected by the water temperaturemore than the salinity, pH and light penetration. The fish assemblage in the river had a ten resident species,seven seasonal species and nine occasional species. The fish fauna consisted of eleven native, nine marineand six alien species. Liza abu was the most abundant species numerically and in weight comprising 39.3%and 28.1% respectively, followed by Carassius auratus (21.2%, 23.7%). The third position in number wasoccupied with Poecillius sphenops (7.0%), but Silurus triostegus .in weight (22.1%). The dominance value(D3) for the more three abundant species in number ( L. abu, C. auratus, P. sphenops) was 67.5%, while inweight was 73.9% for L. abu, C. auratus and S. triostegus. L. abu also occupied the first position in index ofrelative importance IRI% (37.8%), followed by C. auratus (25.2%) and S. triostegus (10.9%). The numericaldiversity index ranged form 1.26 in September to 2.2 in June, but the weight diversity index ranged between1.18 in December and 1.72 in October. Richness index ranged from 1.05 in December to 2.44 in July. The numerical evenness index between 0.52 in August and 0.84 in June, but the weight evenness lay between0.47 in August and 0.77 in October. The highest similarity level of fish species was found between November and January depending on Jaccard similarity index.

This study was conducted at the Molecular Genetics laboratory, college of agriculture, university of Basrah (UOB) which is aimed to detect the genetic biodiversity by using random amplified polymorphism DNA markers (PCR-RAPD) between the isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cucumerinum isolated from infected plants stems cucumber which has been obtained from the different regions of Basrah province. Stages of the work included the extraction DNA from isolates F. o. f.sp cucumerinum depending on the CTAB Buffer method and using 8 primers imported from Operon company, U.S.A. to measure their efficiency. The results of DNA extraction, which extracted by using CTAB Buffer method from all isolates of F. o. f.sp cucumerinum it was good quality, since it has proved its efficiency in the following tests. RAPD primers gave good results through the successful amplification of DNA for all F. o.f.sp cucumerinum isolated from the infected plants stems cucumber and each primer succeeded in distinguishing between isolates, as appeared polymorphic and monomorphic bands. The primer OPB-08 Showed highly efficient in total number of bands (35) and less primers efficiency is OPB-14 gave the lowest number of bands (17). The number of polymorphic fragments per primer was 18.5. The size of amplification DNA fragments generated with the RAPD primers ranged from 0.1 to 1.6 kb. The results of this study indicated that PCR-based technique could be used to differentiate the F. o.f.sp cucumerinum isolates from cucumber plants.

This study was conducted during the period 20/9/2012 to 26/11/2012 . At unit of Japanese quail birds of College of Agriculture/ University of Basrah. To evaluate the effect of egg weight on some productive and reproductive as age and weight at puberty Japanese quail birds . A total of 400 eggs were collected and were categorised into 4 weight groups as (10 ,11 ,12,13 g) . The result showed that the chick weight significant (p < 0.05) increase for birds of fourth group as well as weight increase for its birds at fourth week of age compared with weight of first group birds. The results shows early age of sexual puberty for males and females of (second , third and fourth ) groups compared with the males and females of first group. There were a significant (p < 0.05) increase of females weight in fourth group at the age of sexual puberty compared with other groups. The results shows a significant (p < 0.05) increase in weight of first egg product from females of second , third and fourth groups compared with the weight of first egg product from females of first group. In conclusion, heavy sized eggs (13g) lead to better quality of day-old chicks with better post hatching performance

This study was carried out at genetic engineering lab, college of agriculture, Basrah university.Twenty four samples were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to investigate geneticsimilarity and diversity among and within three Fusarium solani represented in Basrah. three Fusariumsolani isolates isolated from infected cucumber plants roots. Ten random primers were used to amplify DNAfragments in isolates. 11 primers (OPA-01 to OPA-11) generated bands and polymorphic DNA fragments inall tested isolates and reproducible bands. RAPD primers gave good results through the successfulamplification of DNA for all Fusarium solani isolates, each primer succeeded in distinguishing betweenisolates, as appeared polymorphic and monomorphic bands. A total of 192 bands were obtained, 124 of themwere polymorphic. The number of polymorphic bands in each isolate was found to be different and washigher in the third isolate than in first and second (48, 43 and 33) bands, respectively. The primer OPA-07showed highly efficient in total number of bands (29), while less primers efficiency were OPA-01 and OPA-04 gave the lowest number of bands (12). The number of polymorphic fragments per primer was 11.3. The size of amplification DNA fragments generated with the RAPD primers ranged from 0.1 to 2.0 kb. The probability of obtaining identical fingerprints was observed to be the lowest in primer OPA-03.

Organic Pollution Index (OPI) was applied in this study to determine the levels of organic pollution in the northern and middle parts of Shatt AL-Arab River during the period from August (2011) to July (2012). Physical and Chemical variables were measured. The monthly variations in Organic Pollution Index for four stations were showed difference in values, The highest values 71 (Very Bad) was recorded in AL-Baradieah station and the lowest values 25 (Good) in Maaqal station. The seasonal variations in OPI ranged between (33-60) categorized between (Medium) and (Bad). Generally the mean value of OPI was 48 accordingly described as (Poor). Results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Showed that (temperature, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, chloride ion, electrical conductivity and pH) were the most effective variables on the levels of OPI, followed by (turbidity, nitrite and total organic carbon). there was no effect of chemical oxygen demand on OPI value.

Polymerase chain reaction has been used to diagnose the tomato yellow leaf curl virus for the first time in different varieties of tomato in some tomato-growing areas in Iraq including Basrah, Maysan, Karbala, Baghdad Provinces to confirm the presence of the virus. It has been shown that there are dissimilarities among varieties of tomato for infection by TYLCV. Besides, infected varieties Result also shown that this virus has recorded in some varieties of tomato for the first time in Maysan Province.

To study the effect of row space and pre-harvest technique treatments on qualitative characters of white mustard, Sinapis alba L, Experiment was conducted in the field of experiments at the College of Agriculture , University of Baghdad /Abu - Graib during 2003 - 2004, using split plots design with three replications arranged in RCBD , the main treatments included three row space 20 , 40 and 60 cm. while the sub – plot treatments included pre-harvest treatment of plants which included plants harvested at physiological maturity stage, harvest of plants at full maturity stage , harvest of plants at full maturity stage after GA3 application, and harvest of plants at full maturity after Auxin application. The results obtained showed: Row space of 20 cm lead to significant increase in oil percentage of seeds , oil yield and volatile oil yield which were 39.02% , 879.7 kg / ha , and 1.67 L / ha respectively as compare with row space of 60cm which gave 36.34 %, 518.23 kg/ha, and 1.16 L/ha respectively. Row space of 60 cm lead to significant increase in percentage of seeds field germination 84.17% followed by row space of 40 cm while row space of 20 cm gave least percentage to this character 76.58%. Treatment of plant harvested at full maturity stage after Auxin application affected significantly percentage of oil in seed ,oil yield and volatile oil yield which were 38.83%, 773.86 kg/ha and 1.46 L/ha respectively comparative with treatment of plants harvest at physilogical maturity stage which gave least percentage of oil in seed, oil yield and volatile oil yield which were 35.63%, 642.7 kg/ha and 1.30 L/ha, respectively. However treatment of plants harvested at philological maturity stage affected significantly in increase the percentage of protein which gave %19.45 as compare to treatment of plants harvested at full maturity after Auxin application which gave 15.76% . Also the same treatment lead to significant increase in percentage of unsaturated fatty acid Eicosenoic acid, seeds laboratory and field germination which were %15.47, 93.22% and 83.89%, respectively. while treatment of plants harvested at full maturity gave 14.22 %, 91.00% and 75.67%, respectively.

Pectin was extracted from quince and its pomace by acidified solution water with nitric acid. PH (1.5) time 1 hr and temperatures degrees were 85, 90, 95 and 100 °C. The effects of variable temperatures on the pectin extraction and degree of esterification were investigated .Quince fruit contained 9.14, 11.2, 9.00 and 6.96% respectively, while in pomace the corresponding values were 10.38, 11.92, 9.75 and 8.28% respectively. The maximum values were 11.2 and 11.92% at 90 °C for quince fruit and its pomace respectively, while slight inconstant changes were shown in degree (High) of esterification.

The enzymatic activity of nine Alternaria species (Alternaria alternata, A. chlamydospora, A. citri, A. dennisi, A. longipes, A. petroselini, A.plurispetata, A. raphani, and A. triticina) was tested and most of the isolates showed positive status for detection of the tested enzymes( cellulase, lipase, protease amylase, pectinase, and phenol oxidase).The influence of some environmental factors on the radial growth of the isolated species have been studied. Considering temperature effect, the tested isolates grew within temperature range of 15-35°C with optimum rage of 25-30°C. The growth was inhibited at 10 and 40°C. For the NaCl influence, Alternaria isolates tolerated different concentrations of the salt even at 10% and the growth stopped at a concentration of 12.5% for all the tested isolates. The fungus species grew in different tested pH ranges(3-9) with the optimum of 6-7.

This study was aimed to understand the structure of the venomous apparatus of the stone fish Pseudosynanciea melanostigma from the north western part of the Arabian Gulf. The study includes determination of the biochemical and histological composition of the venomous spines of this fish. The study revealed that stone fish P. melanostigma possess a true venomous apparatus consist of venomous glands, canals for transporting venomous materials and stinging spines. The venomous material is found in all fins. The biochemical study showed that the composition of the spines is consisting of high concentration of soluble protein, insoluble protein and free amino acids. The histological study showed that the venomous glands contain different concentrations of venomous materials as protein particles.

Concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, cupper, iron, manganese and nickel were determined in four organs (skin, ovaries and muscles) of Liza abu, which belong to family of Mugilidae collected from Al-Razazah Lake. Heavy metals have been determined by means of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The fish average weight was 69.7g and the average length was 200 mm. In muscles, iron showed the highest value (91.98μg/g dry weight), while cadmium has been not detected in Atomic Absorption spectroscopy. This study showed that the concentration of heavy metals distributed in the organs was as follows: liver > gills > muscles > ovaries, while the total heavy metals concentration had been distributed as follow: iron > cupper > nickel > manganese > cobalt> cadmium.

total of 250 samples of freshwater fishes (130 Carassius auratus and 120 Liza abu) were collected seasonally from October, 2011 to August, 2012 from two regions {Garmat Ali (Kharatrad river) and Harrier (west of Hor Al-Hammar marsh)}. The isolated and characterized bacteria in the study fishes included Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp., Flavobacterium sp., Aeromonas sp., A. hydrophila, Pseudomonas sp., Yersinia sp., Corynebacterium sp. The aim of present study is test of the pathogenic isolates susceptibility against [Cephalothin (KF), Tetracyclin (TE), Gentamycin (CN), Neomycin (N), Chloramphenicol (C), Streptomycin (S), Nalidixic acid (NA), Erythromycin (E), Oxytetracyclin (OT), Ampicillin (AM)] to know the most antibiotic activity. The oxytetracyclin (OT) (70.45%) had the highest effect on all pathogenic bacteria with a significant difference from that of other antibiotics on pathogenic bacteria. The exception was in the effect of chloramphenicol (C) (66.56%) and streptomycin (S) (65.52%) with no significant difference. Whereas, the neomycin (N) had the lowest effect on all pathogenic bacteria.The Flavobacterium sp. (50%) was the most sensitive pathogenic bacteria to all antibiotics with a significant difference from that of other pathogenic bacteria. The exception was in the sensitivity of Streptococcus sp. (47.88%), and S. aureus (47.17%) with no significant difference. While, the Aeromonas sp. (28.89%) was the most resistant pathogenic bacteria to all antibiotics.

The stock of of Greenback mullet, Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) in East Hammar marsh, south Iraq was studied during the period from January 2009 to May 2010 using FiSAT program. A total of 4470 specimens were collected by several fishing gears and formed 2.9% of the total number of fish. Total lengths of fish ranged from 8.7 to 29.2cm. The length-weight relationship was W= 0.0145 x L2.9337. Growth and mortality parameters estimated were: L∞= 33.66 cm, K= 1.27, Z= 1.20, M= 0.69 and F= 0.51. Current exploitation rate (1.43) of L. subviridis was lower than the optimum level. Two peaks of unequal strength were obtained for the recruitment pattern of the species, the first was constituted 28.63% of the recruitment its peak occurred in April, while the second formed 71.37% with a peak in June. The maximum yield per recruitment could achieved at Emax= 0.59.

A series of experiments were conducted in the laboratory in Agriculture College– University of Kufa to reveal the effect of chemical, physical and biological control methods on the growth of plant Ceratophyllum dermersum L. Results showed that was found that the chemical treatments had a large effect on growth of the plant Ceratophyllum dermersum. The fresh and dried weights, branches and lengths of plant were starting to decrease gradually when the herbicide (Diquat) concentrations increase. The effect of herbicide starts in the treatment 4 mg/L. Meanwhile, the using different concentrations of turbidity lead to decrease of plant growth. The effect of this material starts from 1 g/L concentration. Also, Results showed that the increase of grass carp fish was lead to decrease of fresh and dried weights, branches and length of plant. Using 3 grass carp fish cause the effect on plant growth. Results, also, showed significant effect of previous control methods when it used to control of C. demersum in integrated control program.

this study, low prices local plants such as Fenugreek plant . were used in the improvement of tenderness of meat of culled ducks. Different concentrations of Fenugreek plant extraction were prepared .Meat samples were immersed in the extractions for 24 hours .Control group was not treated with Fenugreek extraction .Samples were washed with distilled and divided into 3 groups for physical and organoleptic tests .the third groups was stored under -18C for 30 and 60 days. Results showed significant different (p≤0.05) for moisture content by the effect of Fenugreek use .the highest value was for fresh meat treated with (treatment 1) extraction (71.00) .the lowest cooking loses and per wide values were registered in the group of(treatment 1)Fenugreek .Frozen storage and the use of Fenugreek extraction had no significant effects on the content of free fatty acid .moisture content and cooking loss percentages were significantly (p≤0.05)lower in the frozen meat . peroxide values were increased in significantly by the effect of freezing .Generally, as Fenugreek treated samples had higher(p≤0.05) values for color and juiciness, while no significant differences were found for flavor, tenderness and overall acceptance traits.

Induced resistance has been studied ni the two spotted spider mites Tetranychus urticae(KOCH) . It is on the treatment of the plant of eggplant with salycilic acid (henceforth SA) of thefollowing types of concentration:100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 300 mg/L and 400 mg/L. taking Larva , nymphs,and adults of eggplant mites separately. It has been found out that these treatments have got their effect onthe life of the pest under investigation. The lowest percentage on hatching at the concentration of 400mg/L reads 21.67%, 32%, and 33.67% within 24, 48, and 72 hours respectively. On the other hand, thehighest percentages at the concentration of 100 mg/L are 45%, 59% , and 71.67% respectively. Thedifferences between the treatments and durations have been found to be statistically significant at the0.01 degree of freedom. The comparison process has shown a great percentage of hatching that differencereads 98.33% after 72 hours. The highest percentage of the death of larva has been 58.33% at theconcentration of 400mg/L whereas the death percentage of larva at the concentration of 100mg/L hasbeen reported to be 25% after 72 hours. There has been statistically significant differences between thetreatments in question. In relation to the effect of SA on nymphals is so evident that the death percentagereads 27.67% during the first nymphal phase at the concentration of 100mg/L after 72 hours. Anyhow,this percentage increases at the concentration of 400mg/L and after 72 hours to be 52.33% and 57.67%during the first and second phases respectively. And at 0.01 degree of freedom there are statisticallysignificant differences. Moreover the accumulation of SA inside the body of the nympth plays a great rolein the physiological changes. As far as the adults are concerned, the percentage of death was 33.33% atthe concentration of 100mg/L after 72 hours. Finally the percentage of death of the adults is 54.33% atthe concentration of 400mg/L after 72 hours and statistically significant differences have been noticed aswell.

The results should that 100% concentration of Trichoderma harzianum exudates had a highermortality effect on nymphs and adults of aphid it reached 57.26% , 44.79% respectively . the mortality ratewas higher in third day 48.37% compared with first day 32.06% . in pots the mortality rate 53.38% , 51.62%respectively . the exudates of Trichoderma viride in vitro had mortality rate 55.95% ,45.64% on nymphs and adults of aphid respectively in 100% concentration . the mortality rate after three days was 46.76% compared with first day 31.89% . at pots the mortality rate reach 44.86 ,43.59% respectively .

The study included 20 samples of bottled water local and imported most consumed during the second half of 2012 in Basrah City, And assess its suitability for drinking by measuring some physicochemical properties which are pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, total hardness, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfates, nitrates, chlorine, iron, lead, copper, cadmium and manganeseAs well as the biological properties, the total account of aerobic bacteria, the total account of coliformbacteria, and the number of yeasts and molds. And then make arrangement for drinking samples understudy in terms of Quality, and finding the differences and similarities ratios between measured criteriaand what has been found on the packaging. The results of study indicated that from among the varieties of bottled drinking water there were 12 local and 2 imported variety not in conformity with specifications, whereas 6 varieties came only safe to drink 4 local and 2 imported, and that have been arranged according to their quality. Statistical analysis showed when compared criteria of local varietieswith imported when Mann – Whitney test, they weren't significant difference except for criterionchlorine. It have been registered a 3 local varieties and one importing rate of 100% in the difference inmeasuring the criteria for what is listed on packages. While recorded a one local sample rate of 20% in the difference of the total comparative criteria.

The study has been conducted to Know the range of water pollution of Tigar river and somebranch in Misan Governorate in heavy metal to period from 1/4 to 1/11/2011. Nine location were chosenthat Ali Al-kharbi, Kumet, Ali Al-Sharqi, Amara center, Amara near Oil factor, Majer Al-Kabeer ,Kahlaa, Khalat Saleh and Azeer , one sample for each location was taken monthly. In order to evaluatethe water type the employed to measurement of EC , SAR , pH , Turbidity , Total hardness and solubleand total heavy metal ( B , Fe ,Mn , Pb and Cu). The result showed that significant different betweenlocation in EC , SAR and pH , the high value was found in Azeer (1.6 ds m-1) and Majer Al-Kabeer (1.01)and Azeer and Khalat Saleh (8.4)for above properties respectively. The higher value of turbidity wasfound in Azeer (24.000 NTU).Also in all location the value of total hardness was higher than limitedproperties of irrigation and drinking water. The soluble B- concentration was higher than the limitedproperties in Amara near oil factor , Khalat Saleh and Azeer ( 0.696 , 0.360 . 0.433 mg l-1) . Whereas theother soluble and total heavy metal concentration (Fe ,Mn , Pb and Cu) were less than the pollutionlimited in all location.

A field experiment was conducted in silty clay loam soil to study the effect of plow type (moldboard,chisel), tractor forward speeds (1.8, 3.6 and 5.4 km/hr), and seeding rates (140, 180, and 220 kg/ha) on the yieldcomponents and seed yield of barley Hordeum vulgare L. and wheat Triticum aestivum L. crops. The moldboardplow gave the highest spike number and seed yield for barley and wheat crops . Tractor forward speeds affectedsignificantly as 5.4 km/hr tractor forward speed gave higher spikes number , seed number/spike and seed yieldfor barley and wheat crops. Seeding rates also affected significantly on spikes number and seed yield for barleyand wheat crops as it increased with increasing seeding rates, while seed number/spike and weight 1000 graindecreased as the seeding rates increased. The results showed significant interaction effects as the moldboardplow and 5.4 km/hr tractor forward speed and 220 kg/ha seeding rate as it gave the highest spike number forbarley 486.7 spike/m2, whereas the interaction treatment for moldboard plow and 220 kg/ha seeding rate gavethe highest spike number for barley 458.2 spike/m2. The 5.4 km/hr tractor forward speed and 220kg/ha seedingrate as it gave the highest spike number for barley and wheat crops and it was 477.3 and 483.3 respectively, andthe highest seed yield for barley4383.3 kg/ha.

A total of 188 fish samples of Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791) were collected from north west of the Arabian Gulf (latitudes 48° 44′ to 48° 46′; longitude 29° 46′ to 29° 47′) during the period from January 2011 till January 2012. The copepod Caligus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1936 was recorded from the gills during most months of the year. Descriptions of adult parasites and chalimi (larval stages of the parasites) were included. Females body length range was 1.38-2.55 (2.16) mm. Egg sac length 0.99-1.80 (1.31) mm, the number of eggs ranged from 13-22 (17) in each egg sac. The range of the males body length was 1.45-1.73 (1.59) mm. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the infestations of both sexes of the host (except in fish group with body length 18-21cm.).The highest incidence of infestation was recorded during March and June (57.1%), while the lower level of infestation was recorded during December (7.6%). The high intensity of infestation was recorded during April (10), while the lowest intensity of infestation was recorded in December (1).

A comparative study was performed on the Shatt Al-Arab River as a running water environment and a fishpond as a stagnant locality to investigate the distribution and abundance of attached algae. Samples were collected on monthly basis from November 2011 to October 2012. Two stations were selected in the Shatt Al-Arab River and just one in the lentic environment as it represents a thoroughly mixed water. Several ecological factors were analyzed and monthly variations were detected in all conditions, but a notable rise in water temperature and salinity was detected during the warmer period of year. Percentage composition of algae was calculated in the three investigated stations. Diatoms were dominant, followed by blue-green algae in the Shatt Al-Arab, but green algae in the pond. Three main algal taxa were encountered namely, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. The latter was represented by more species.

This study was conducted on 72 local slaughtered female goats, 144 ovary were collected from the different places of the city of Basrah, a local slaughterhouse, Basrah markets and agriculture station for scientific research at the university of Basrah. Oocytes was obtaining from the ovaries by using aspiration technique and the number of it was 1044 after the division of ovarian follicular depending on the size of its diameter into two group, one < 2 mm and the second > 2.5 mm and the rate of oocytes obtained from follicles with a diameter < 2 mm (22.7%), while the rate of oocytes obtained of follicles with a diameter > 2.5 mm (77.2%) .these oocytes is divided depending on the number of layers of granulosa cells that surround it to: -1-Typical oocytes that contain all layers of the granulosa cells, and its rate was (10.44%). 2 – Oocytes that invested with more than 3 layers of granulosa cells, and its rate was (48.84%). 3 – Oocytes are partially surrounded by granulosa cells and its rate was (25.67%). 4 – denuded oocytes from granulosa cells was (15.80%). The highest rate of oocytes that reached to the stage of maturation were from oocytes that surrounded by more than 3 layers of granulosa cells (82.44%). These oocytes incubated for maturation in TCM-199 medium in 39 ᵒC, 5% CO2 and 96% humidity for different periods (24,25,26 and 27) hours in order to determine the optimal time for maturation was obtained at the highest rate of maturity (18.29%) within 27 hours of incubation, mostly from the follicles with diameter> 2.5 mm where the rate (19.10%).Fertilized with sperm capacitated in vitro and the rate of fertilized oocytes (53.43%). Fertilized oocytes were cultured for 168 hours after fertilization at a temperature 39 ᵒC, 5% CO2 and 96% humidity to cleavage up blastocyst stage, which was represented (40%) and stage of morula which was represented (31.42%).

Spatial and temporal variability of fish assemblage in the Shatt Al-Arab River was studied from December 2011 to November 2012. Water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and transparency were measured from three sites in the river. Several fishing methods were adopted to collect fish including gill nets, cast net, electro-fishing and hook and lines. The results showed that the fish assemblage consisted of 58 species representing 46 genera and 27 families belong to Osteichthyes except one (Carcharhinus leucas) relate to Chondrichthyes. Number of species increased in summer and autumn months and sharply decreased in winter. Tenualosa ilisha was the most abundant species comprising 27.4% of the catch, followed by Carassius auratus (23.7%) and Liza klunzingeri (10.6%). The dominance (D3) value for the main three abundant species was 61.7%. Nine species were caught for the first times from the river include eight marine. The overall values of diversity index ranged from ranged from 0.67 in March to 2.57 in October, richness index from 2.64 in January to 3.71 in September and evenness index from 0.22 in March to 0.73 in August. Associations between the distribution of fish species and the environmental variables were quantified by using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA).