Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

Xylan produced various agricultural residues including wheat (Furat, Abugraib and Abaa), Papyrus and Sunflower stalks in different ways, including the use of diluted acid, dilute base and self-degradation. The results showed that the acidic method in the production of xylan from various agricultural residues compared with other methods was superior, the highest quantity of xylan 187.6 μg.ml-1 was obtained from the agricultural waste of Papyrus, while it was 157.6, 157.6, 161.6 and 161.3 μg.ml-1 of wheat category of furat, wheat Abu Ghraib, wheat Abaa and sunflower stalks respectively, based on the results obtained, the xylan produced by the acidic method of the different agricultural residues was selected to determine the optimal carboon source for production of xylanase using bacteria Bacillus subtilis strain RS1 locally isolated. After the production of xylitol, the descriptive diagnosis was performed using an HPLC device, depending on the time of the 38.4 minute time lapse reaction of the standard Xylitol and compared with the time of the production of Candida tropicalis, the amount of the processed xylitol was 8.3 μg.ml-1, the calculated xylitol was compared standard xylitol.

A field experiment was carried out with the use of complete randomized block design (CRBD) to study the effect of five bacterial inoculations (non- inoculation, inoculation with phosphate soluble bacteria, inoculation with Azotobacter bacteria, inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacterial mixture). Two levels of salinity of irrigation water 3 and 6 dS.m-1 and four levels of phosphate fertilizer (0, 40, 80 and 120 kgP.ha-1). The results showed that the mixed inoculation of phosphate soluble bacteria, Azotobacter and P. fluorescens bacteria were superior to the rest of the single bacterial inoculation in plant height, dry weight of the shoot part, total grain yield, weight of 100 grains, grain weight in cop, leaf surface area, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in the vegetative growth and grain with 33.08%, 31.90%, 61.07%, 44.99%, 62.06%, 36.94%, 12.8%, 31.5%, 156.5%, 272.3%, 39.5% and 75.1%, respectively, in comparison with the non- inoculation and irrigated water treatment of 6 dS.m-1 (T0S2P0), while the inoculation of phosphorus soluble bacteria did not differ significantly from the P.fluorescence inoculation in most of these traits. T3S2P3 was not significantly differ from T4S2P3 combined in the increase of plant height and total grain yield compared to the non- inoculation and non-phosphorous treated at the salt level 3and6 dS.m-1. The single-dose T2S2P3 did not differ significantly from the combined T4S2P3 3 and 6 dS.m-1.
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A field experiment was conducted in agricultural research station which is located at Al-Qurna district, 75 km north of Basrah governorate during the autumn season 2018. The aim was to study the effect of agricultural sulfur (0, 3, 6 and 9 t S.ha-1) on growth and yield of three sorghum genotypes (Inkath, Rabeh and Kafier2). The experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement with three replications. The results showed that there were significant differences among the genotypes. The genotype kafier2 gave the highest average of plant height of 171.5 cm while the genotype inkath gave the highest weight of 1000 seed (25.59 gm), grain yield (3.97 t.ha-1). Genotype rabeh produced highest average of leaf area index and number of grain head of 3.10 and 1994.41 grain.head-1 respectively. The agricultural sulfur showed significant effect on most studied traits of sorghum (plant height, leaf area index, grain head, weight of 1000 grains and grain yield). The addition of agricultural suffer up to 9 t. ha-1 increased grain yield and produced 5.80 t.ha-1. The interaction of genotypes and agricultural sulfur showed a significant effect on some traits of growth and grain yield. The genotype inkath supplied with 9 t.ha-1 of agricultural sulfur resulted in highest grain yield of 5.80 t.ha-1, while the genotype rabeh supplied with 6 t.ha-1 of agricultural sulfur gave the highest average of leaf area index (3.54) and number of grains head (2106.33 grain.head-1).

A field experiment was conducted during autumn season 2018 at Al Salam district, Maysan governorate. The aim was to evaluate some growth properties and grain yield of three varieties of cowpea, Vigna sinensis L. (Local, Patton Boa and Atta E) grown under different levels of potassium sulphate (0, 43, 86 and 129 kg h-1). The experimental design was applied according to the random complete block design in a split arrangement (Split Plots in RCBD). In on hand, the results showed a significant differences between the varieties. The local variety significantly gave highest plant length , leaf area, pods number, seeds number pod-1 and grain yield and which were 60.75cm, 2936.81cm2, 39.60 pod. plant-1, 7.69 seed pod-1, 99.93 g and 4.16 t. h-1 respectively. While the varieties Baton Boa gave highest weight of 100 seeds and gave 37.58 g. In other hand, as compare to the control, the addition of potassium up to 129 kg. h-1 lead to significant increase in plant length, leaf area, pods plant-1, seeds number pod-1 and grain yield plant-1 and total grain yield which were 53.33 cm, 3455.91 cm2, 51.61 pod. plant-1, 8.76 seed. pod-1, 125.93 g. and 5.25 T.h-1 respectively. Whereas, the control treatment (K0) gave the highest weight of 100 seeds (45.11 g). The Interaction between varieties and potassium had a significant effect on almost growth and yield characteristics.

A pot experiment was carried out to study the effect of the urea fertilizer treated with corn or conocarpus residues on growth and N uptake of wheat plant. Three kilograms of dry soil (Silt clay loam) were placed in a plastic pots and four levels of nitrogen (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha -1) were added as urea. Urea was treated with one of the following methods : mix with the conocarpus leaves powder at rate of 4% of dry soil weight, mix with the conocarpus roots powder at rate of 4% of dry soil weight dissolved in, aqueous extract of the corn root at rate of 1/4 of the field capacity ,or coated with dried aqueos extract of corn root at ratio of 10% of urea weight. Treatment included urea treated with the standard chemical inhibitor (PMA) was used. shoot dry weight, N conc., N-uptake and N recovery were obtained. The results showed that treatment of urea fertilizer with water extract or coated with corn root extract resulted in improved growth parameters as compared with a PMA and control treatments .However ,treating urea with leaves or root powders decreased plant growth parameters .Urea coated with 10 % dried extract of corn roots gave the highest dry matter of 3.06 g pot-1 and nitrogen uptake of 69.90 mg pot-1 resulting in saving of 60 kg N ha-1 to give the same results for control and PMA treatments.

Surveying 59 references concerning the occurrence of the monogeneans of the families Ancylodiscoididae and Ancyrocephalidae parasitizing fishes of Iraq showed the occurrence of 11 taxa of the family Ancylodiscoididae (genera Ancylodiscoides, Bychowskyella, Chauhanellus, Hamatopeduncularia and Thaparocleidus) and 19 taxa of the family Ancyrocephalidae (genera Ancyrocephalus, Cichlidogyrus, Cleidodiscus, Haliotrema, Ligophorus and Mastacembelocleidus). These monogeneans were reported from 19 valid fish host species in Iraq. Apart from five parasite species which were recorded from marine habitats (Ancyrocephalus sp., Chauhanellus australis, Haliotrema mugilis, Hamatopeduncularia sp. and Ligophorus mugilinus), the remaining parasite species were recorded from freshwater habitats. Among the infected fishes with these parasites, the Tigris catfish Silurus triostegus was infected with the highest number of parasite species (11 species), the mugilid fishes (Planiliza abu and P. subviridis) were infected with eight and seven parasite species, respectively, while 11 fish species were infected with only one parasite species each. Among the parasite species, Thaparocleidus vistulensis was reported from nine fish host species, while 22 parasite species were reported from one host species each. So far, eight synonymous names were applied for seven valid names of parasites of these two families in Iraq.

This study includes making comparison of Physic-chemical properties between three types of local okra seeds (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Oil which is (Petra, Batera and Husayniyah). The seeds were obtained from the local markets and diagnosed. Then they cleaned, dried and selected for homogeneous seeds in form and colour. The seeds were milled and the chemical composition measured including (moisture, ash, protein, oil and carbohydrate).The extraction of oil was carried out. The antioxidant properties of the extracted of oil were studied. The petra seed oil had the highest efficacy of 68%. While Husayniyah seed oil was higher than the other two types with the highest percentage of chelating ferrous ion, scavenging of hydrogen peroxide and reducing power 70.42%, 58.43% and 75.56% respectively. The extracted oil is than stored at 50˚C for 60 days follow changes in its antioxidant properties during storage. All antioxidant traits had a significant decrease in the storage period, reaching the lowest values at the end of storage.

The object of this study was to detect the bacterial species that founded in infected common carps Cyprinus carpio in semi-closed systems in two districts of Basrah province. Bacterial gill disease, skin ulcer disease and intestine inflammatory disease were recorded. In the present study, Aeromonas sobria (38.46) was the predominant species, followed by Citrobacter freundii (29.23), Vibrio cholerae (21.53) and Serratia fonticola (10.76%). Identification of the isolates was carried out depending on the morphology of colony, specific media and identification using VITEK 2 system (Biomerieux- USA). Five antibiotic discs were used for antibiotic sensitivity test by the disk diffusion method. A. sobria was sensitive to Nitrofurantion, V. cholerae was sensitive to Ampicillin, C. freundii was resistance for all antibiotics while S. fonticola was sensitive to Gentamicin. This study represented the first investigation in Iraq on bacterial isolates from semi- closed system.

An environmental study of zooplankton on the Shatt al-Arab River was carried out in two stations from July until November 2018. A total of 34 taxa of zooplankton were recorded in this study, belong to Cladocera, Copepoda and Rotifera. Some species have disappeared and others have emerged during the study period but varying numbers of dominant species found during the search such as Acarocalanus gibber, and recorded in the station 1 in July and station 2 for all months such as cyclopoid nauplii of Copepoda. Water temperature ranged between (19-35) °C station 1 and between (18- 32) °C at station 2, Salinity values fluctuated between (4.05 and 15.42 ‰), (6.47- 12.2 ‰) at stations 1, 2 respectively. pH values ranged was between (7.3 to 7.9) and (7.1 to 8.5) at stations 1 and 2 respectively. Copepoda density ranged between (0.12 to 88.23) ind. l-1 at station 1 and between (0.94 to 69.73) ind. l-1 at station 2. Density of Cladocera fluctuated between (0.06 and 1.45) ind. l-1. Maximum and minimum densities were at station 1. The population density of Rotifera ranged between (0.06 ind. l-1 to 20.44) ind. l-1 at second station.

Myostatin, or growth and differentiation factor-8(GDF-8) is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß superfamily. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphism of the myostatin gene with the body-weight of Iraqi local ducks by DNA sequence analysis. The results of DNA sequence showed nitrogen base change (G˃A) at 129 base pair sites of the exon1 of MSTN gene. Therefore, two alleles, G and A and two patterns of genotypes, GG, AG were observed. The observed numbers of GG and AG genotypes were 25 and 6, respectively. The G allele was of the highest frequency (0.9) while A allele showed the lowest frequency (0.1). The GG genotype showed the highest frequency (80.65%) and AG genotype showed the lowest frequency (19.35%). Additionally, the percentages of observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.19 and 0.17 respectively. Moreover, the percentages of observed and expected homozygosity were 0.80 and 0.82, respectively. The average heterozygosity was 0.17. The results revealed no significant (P˃0.05) effect of the MSTN gene on body weight.

This study was carried out to determine some morphological, physical and chemical properties of sedimentary salt affected soils in Basrah region east of Shatt al-Arab, and from the madina north to Abi Al-Khaseeb in the south of an area of 2819.06km2. Soil mapping units were separated using ERDAS software calculated from B4, B3, B2 and GIS spectral belts. The results of the morphological description of all the pedons showed that they represent the state of the newly formed undeveloped soils mainly composed of river sediments with the absence of diagnostic subsurface horizons. According to the prevalence of the prevailing wavelength 7.5R at drought was more than 60% of total horizons with almost equal proportions of Wavelengths 7.5YR, 5YR and 10R. Where the dominance between the wavelengths 2.5Y, 10R, 5YR and the colours ranged from Light yellow to reddish-brown heavy. Since the salinity of the soil is very important for the purposes of classification of soil and the preparation of maps and reclamation of these soils, this study aimed to study the characteristics of soils affected by salinity has separated into maps units using remote sensing technologies and geographic information systems .

The current study was conducted during the agricultural season (2019-2020) in the lath house that (covered with Saran and cloth) belonging to the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station at the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, We sprayed Geranium Pelargonium hortorum L. with three a concentrations (0, 50, 100) mg. L-1 of the organic fertilizer humic acid as well as three concentrations (0, 40, 80) mg. L-1 of vitamin B3 nicotine amide. Then, we investigated the response of Geranium plant for two treatments in n the vegetative ,flowering and root growth after three sprays of each treatment fertilizer humic acid and nicotine amide at (100 and 80) mg. L-1 respectively caused led to the improvement of flowering and root growth indicators, which included (flowering date, the length stalk of inflorescence, percentage of dry matter in inflorescences, length of main roots, number of main roots, percentage of dry matter in the root system). The present study indicated the important role of humic acid and nicotine amide in the amelioration of flowering and root growth of geranium plant.

An experiment was carried out in the Cloth Canopy, Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, during the agricultural season 2018-2019, to study the effect of the seaweed extract spray (0, 2 and 4 m.L-1) on vegetative and flowering growth of two Narcissus species. Local white flowers (Narcissus tazetta) and the imported yellow flowers (N. eastertide). A factorial experiment with Randomized Completely Block Design (R.C.B.D) were used, with three replicates, the averages were compared using Least Significant Difference (L.S.D). When the plants reached treated at the emergence completion, leaves were sprayed to wetness full, with three times, the process was repeated every 15 days. The results showed that the white variety was significantly higher as well as plants treated with 4 m.L-1 extract showed significant superiority in all studied traits, the interaction between the white variety and spraying with seaweed extract concentration of 4 m.L-1 had a significant on the number of leaves5.00 leaf plant-1, leaf area 818 cm2, fresh and dry weights (30.16 and 15.70 g) of the vegetative total, flower stem length 45.55 cm, vase life 17.29 day. while the interaction between the yellow species and spraying with seaweed extract concentration of 4 m.L-1 had a significant on fresh and dry weight of the flowers (16.80 and 1.73 g).

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at Al-Qaim area 90 km north of Basrah Province, Iraq during the growing season of 2018-2019. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three different herbicides includes Pallas 4.5%OD (125ml.Donum-2), Spotlight75%DWG(5g.Donum-2) and Clodex100EC (150ml.Donum-2) to control the weeds growing with two cultivars of wheat (Ebaa-99 and Buhooth-22). The results showed that Ebaa-99 cultivar was superior in the average of plant height (77.99 cm), flag leaf area (29.15cm2), number of tillers (701.50 tillers.m-2), number of spikes (615.61 spikes.m-2), weight of 1000 grain (43.41g), grain yield (5203.34 Kg.ton-2), biological yield (15216.58 Kg/ha), harvest indicator (35.25%), dry weight of narrow-leaved (14.14 g.m-2) and broad-leaved weeds (43.64g.m-2). While Buhooth-22 cultivar revealed superiority in the number of grains per spike (28.66 grain.spike-2), length of the spike (7.76 cm) and protein content (10.47%). Spraying treatments by the formulation of the herbicides Spotlight and Clodex were significantly exceeded other treatments in all crop plant growing components.

Abstract: The dust storms and their recurrence are common phenomena in Iraq because it suffers from the exploitation of mankind to the natural environment and to the deterioration of vegetation and soil which responsible to the exposure of the soil to wind erosion leading to dust phenomena. Rain is one of the most influential climatic elements in reducing and minimizing the impact of dust storms. The amount of rainfall in Iraq is relatively small, where most of the year is not rainy. This in turn increases the dryness of the soil and increases the formation of dust storms. In this research data of (visibility, wind speed and direction and total rain amount) from the Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology were analyzed for nine stations spread across the country (Mosul, Kirkuk, Haditha, Baghdad, Rutba, Nukhayb, Najaf, Amara and Nasiriya) for the period from 2001 - 2017 to compare annually severe dust storms with rainy seasons. Drought seasons were also determined using the percent of normal rainfall (PN) method. It was found that there was an inverse relationship between rainfall and severe dust storms, (according to Pearson’s correlation coefficient) where it was noticed that the highest amount of rainfall was in Mosul station with a total of 5231.6mm during the study period with only 6 severe dust storms during the same period. In other hand the lowest amount of rainfall was in Nukhayb station 1304.6mm during the study period with 62 severe dust storms.

Maymunah Horticulture Station, Agriculture Directorate of Maysan. The experiment included 24 treatments of possible combinations between three sowing dates (T1=15/12, T2=31/12 and T3=15/1), two soil mulching treatments (M2=mulching the soil by black polyethylene, M1=Without mulching) and four concentrations of calcium fertilizer (Ca) (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 ml.l-1), to study its effect on the quantitative yield characteristics of Okra plant cultivar \"btayrh\". The results showed that cultivated plants at date (15/1) showed significant increase in number of pods per plant, weight of pod, length and diameter of pod, the yield per plant and early yield compared to plants of dates (15/12 and 31/12). The cultivated plants in mulching soil were significantly higher in all studied quantitative yield characteristics. The sprayed plants with calcium (1ml.l-1) were superior in all studied quantitative yield characteristics. The interactions between the studied factors were significant in all the quantitative yield characteristics. The cultivated plants at date (15/1) with mulching and the sprayed by calcium fertilizer (1 ml.l-1) gave the highest values of length & weight of pod, the yield per plant and early yield per plastic house (6.31cm, 4.08g, 81.32g and 0.180 Kg.m-2) respectively. While the cultivated plants at (15/12) and un mulching soil and unfertilized gave the lowest values (2.49cm, 3.58g, 38.50g and 0.085 Kg.m-2) respectively. In conclusion the present study indicated that growth and yield of okra cultivar increased by the addition of 1ml.l-1 calcium which planting on 15 January and mulching soil.

:The aim of this study is to extract carnosine from camel meat by using alcohol and the dialysis extraction method in Laboratory distilled water and added the extract to the minced beef pills at two concentrations (50 and 100) gm.100-1 g meat to test the possibility of extending the preservation period at 4 °C. The carnosine extract was diagnosed in a Highly Efficient Liquid Chromatography method (HPLC). Chemical tests were conducted for minced beef, which included the number of peroxides, the values of thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acids percentage, and microbial tests, which included the total bacteria count and psychrophilic bacteria as well as to the sensory test that including colour, flavour, tenderness, juiciness and general acceptability. The results showed a significant decrease in the values of chemical tests (peroxide, thiobarbituric acid and fatty acids ratio), and microbial tests (the total bacteria count and psychrophilic bacteria) of minced beef treated with carnosine extracted compared with the control sample. The samples treated with different concentrations of camel carnosine recorded the highest sensory evaluation levels compared to the control sample for the same preservation period.

Incubation studies were conducted to reveal effected heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) add at critical concentrations to soils with different texture on urease activity and thermodynamic parameters (Ea and Q10) incubated under different temperatures (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70) °C for 14 days under field capacity and waterlogged moisture levels. Urease activity was measured and thermodynamic parameters were calculated. Results showed that the urease activity increased with increasing temperature of incubation from 10 to 50°C then the activity decreased as temperature increased above 50°C at both moisture levels and at all heavy metals treatments. Increasing moisture level from field capacity to water-logged significantly (P=0.05) decreased urease activity, while increased Ea value, at all heavy metals treatments. The soil texture significantly affected urease activity and thermodynamic parameters (Ea and Q10). Results also indicated that effect of heavy metals on urease and thermodynamic parameters differed according to the soil temperature and the moisture level.

Thirty-nine isolates of Actinomycetes were isolated from different sources such as rhizosphere and plant roots of Alfalfa, Clovers, cowpea, Mung bean, sorghum and date palms. Biochemical tests showed that all isolates were gram positive and capable of producing amylase, catalase and gelatinase enzymes. The isolates showed a positive test for gram staining. The isolates were capable of producing the enzymes of amylase, catalase and gelatinase. Dual culture technique showed that Streptomyces griseorubens, S. tendae 6, S. tendae2, S. tendae 5, S. parvulus and S. tendae 6 had high antagonistic activity against Macrophomina phaseolina as a zone of inhibition reached 15, 14, 13, 15, 14 and 12mm, respectively. Molecular identification revealed that actinomycetes isolate No 15, 23, 24 and 30 isolated from rhizosphere of Clovers, Sorghum, Alfalfa, Mung bean had 99% similarity with S. tendae while Actinomycetes No 38 isolated from rhizosphere of Cowpea had 99% similarity with S. grseorubens .and isolate No 27 isolated from date palms had 99% similarity with S.parvulus. all isolate were deposited at NCBI with GenBank accession number LC499602.1, LC499603.1, LC499606.1, LC499607.1, LC499604.1, LC499605.1. The isolate of S. griseorubens showed high efficacy in reducing disease. Which was 10.1% compared with 49.5% in control treatment on cowpea. 22.0% in mung bean compared to 43.4% in control treatment. In the field experiment, the results showed that soil treated with Actinomycetes isolates led to an increase in the percentage of seed germination and reduced the percentage of fungus infection. S. griseorubens reduced the percentage of infection to 11.54% compared to 32.33% in control treatment.

Abstract : An experiment was conducted during the winter season 2018-2019 at Abu Al-Khaseeb district, Basrah province, Iraq to study the effect of soaking seed with molybdenum (Ammonium molybdate) at a four concentration (0,5, 10 and15) mg.L-1 and plant spraying with selenium (Sodium selenite) at a three concentration (0, 10 and 20 mg.L-1) on growth and yield of green peas. Split plot design according to complete Block randomized design was used with three replicates. The results were showed that the soaking and spraying of plants with molybdenum and selenium respectively were significantly superior in the number of branches, root nodules, pods, the yield of plant pods and fresh seeds compared to the control. While the spraying with selenium had a significant effect on the number of leaves. The interaction between molybdenum and selenium had a significant effect on leaves area, the number of leaves, root nodules and pods, the yield of pod and fresh seeds plants treated with molybdenum and selenium at 10 mg.L-1 for each other had to get the highest yield of green pods and fresh seeds 118.6 and 287.0 gm, respectively.

Composted cow manure sample was collected from filed of college of Agriculture, University of Basrah. Its properties were identified. Humic acid was extracted from cow manure and diagnosed according to elemental analysis (CHN), spectral study (E4/E6), infra-red spectrum (IR), in addition to chemical composition of functional groups. Two types of humic acid were prepared, one of them humic acid with fermented plant residue (HA1-N) and other humic acid with zeolite (HA2-N). A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the amount of ammonia volatile from two prepared chelate fertilizers (HA1-N and HA2-N) and urea fertilizer by incubation two types of soils (sandy soil and clay loam soil) at 35°C with four rates of nitrogen (0, 125, 250 and 500 mg N kg-1 soil) and with five incubation time (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 days). The study found that increasing rate of nitrogen and incubation time increased ammonia volatilization, and the highest value was at the rate 500 mg N kg-1 soil and at 48 days of incubation to reach a 21.427 and 9.736 mg N-NH3 Kg-1 soil for sandy soil and clay loam soil, respectively. Application of two prepared chelate fertilizers (HA1-N and HA2-N) at rate 500 mg N Kg -1 reduced ammonia volatilization to 99.30 % and 98.62 % for sandy soil and 98.96 % and 97.77 % for clay loam soil comparing with urea fertilizer . Fertilizers were took the following order in reducing ammonia volatilization : HA1-N > HA2-N > Urea.

Abstract: The experiment was carried out during the winter season 2019-2018 in Al-Hartha district, Basrah Governorate to study the effects of fish by-product prepared by Alcalase and Flavourzyme enzyme as a foliar application on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) yield and quality grown under salinity conditions. Fish by-product protein hydrolysate was spray-applied (3 and 6ml. L-1) additional to control treatment (spraying with water) referred to (T0-T4) at four (S4), six(S6) times after 20 days transplanting at10-day intervals. Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.) was used as factorial experiment. Treatment means were compared by using Least Significant Differences (L.S.D.) at a probability of 0.05. The results showed that spraying with protein hydrolysates had a significant effect on most studied characters compared to control treatment. Results showed that foliar application with (T2) significantly increased the total leaves number, leaves area, carbohydrate ,proline, shoot fresh weight of plant, dry matter, total soluble solids (TSS %) and total yield additional to significantly decreased in nitrate contents, while foliar application with (T4) significantly increased in the plant height and stem height. The results showed that spraying six times (S6) were significant increases in these growth characters comparing with four sprays (S4). The interaction between treatments and spraying number show significantly increased in some characters, the (T2 S6) had the highest value shoot fresh weight 762.5g and total yield 17.899 tone.donum-1.

The experiment was conducted at the agricultural research station of the College of Agriculture- University of Basrah in 2018-2019 season in sandy loam soils in order to study the effect of three concentrations of humic acid (0, 2 and 4 g.L-1) on the growth and yields of two hybrids of Broad bean ("Rico and Rama F1"). Split Plot Design by Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications, and the least significant difference test (L.S.D) was used to compare averages at a probability level of 0.05. The most important results obtained are: The hybrid "Rico" is gave a significant increase in the number of branches.Plant-1, the percentage of flowering in addition to the average weight of the pod, while the hybrid "Rama F1" gave a significant increase in the number of flowers and pods.Plant-1, weigh of pod.Plant-1 (259.3 gm) in addition to the total yield (24.34 tons.ha-1). Humic acid concentrations 2 and 4 g.L-1 gave a significant increase in number of leaves.plant-1, leaf area, soft weight of vegetative, number of flowers.plant-1, number of pods.plant-1, average weight of pod, yield. Plant-1 (259.9 g) in addition the total yield (24.40 tons.ha-1), while control treatment gave a significant increase in the percentage of ripening flowers. The interaction between humic acid and hybrids had significant increase in all characters in the study except the percentage of ripening flowers.

The experiment conducted during 2018-2019 to study effect of added 15 and 30 t.h-1 level of three kinds of decomposing organic fertilizers on some chemical properties for two varieties of tomato (Red flower F1 and Waad RZ) in field of agricultural experiments station college of Agriculture, University of Basrah. Results showed a significantly effect of hybrid (Red flower F1) compared with hybrid (Waad RZ) on leaves content of : Total chlorophyll, total N and total soluble carbohydrate, increased 10.6, 14.39 and 8.84% respectively. Results showed a significant effect of organic fertilizer especially 15 t.ha-1 poultry fertilizer on total chlorophyll and total N in leaves content with increase of 67.75 and 110.31% respectively, 30 t.ha-1 poultry fertilizer significantly increased of total P in leaves content increased 143.48%. Decomposing cattle fertilizer with 30 t.ha-1 significantly increased of total K in leaves content with increased 181.30% also corn residues fertilizer with 30 t.ha-1 significantly increased of total soluble carbohydrate with 109.89%. Interaction between experiment factors were significantly effect on total chlorophyll, K and soluble carbohydrate in leaves content. Study also revealed different influences of organic fertilizer as follow: The poultry fertilizer (15 t.ha-1) increased the total leaves content of chlorophyll and N with 67.75 and 110.31% respectively. While the poultry fertilizer (30 t.ha-1) significantly increased the total leaves content of P with 143.48%. The decomposed cattle fertilizer (30 t.ha-1) significantly increased the total leaves content of K with 181.30%. Whereas corn residues (30 t.ha-1) significantly raised the total leaves content of soluble carbohydrate with 109.89%.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal and their aqueous and ethanolic extracts on immunological parameters, economic results and liver enzymes of broiler chickens. Two hundred and ten unsexed day-old Ross308 broiler chicks were divided into seven experimental diets . Each treatment had three replicates with 10 birds per replicate. Each replicate was fed with an assigned experimental diet for five weeks. The treatments were as follows:T1 was the control without addition, T2 adding 2 g M. oleifera Leaf Meal (MOLM)/kg of feed, T3 adding 4 g M. oleifera Leaf Meal (MOLM).kg-1 feed, T4 adding 2 ml Moringa Aqueous Leaf Extract (MALE) each 1 litre water, T5 adding 4 ml Moringa Aqueous Leaf Extract (MALE) each 1 litre water, T6 adding 2 ml Moringa Ethanolic Leaf Extract (MELE)each 1 litre water, T7 adding 4 ml (MELE) each 1 litre water. The results showed there was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the weights of the bursa gland of moringa treatments in a comparison with control group. While the addition of moringa did not have any significant effect on relative weights of spleen and on the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (H/L) in the blood of broilers. There was no significant difference in the values of liver enzymes (AST and ALT) among M. oleifera treatments and control.

Serious of incubation studies were conducted at Department of soil Science and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, university of Basrah to study the effect of temperature incubation and soil salinity levels (3, 6, 12 and 24) dS.m-1 on N mineralization of cow manure and alfalfa residue under aerobic and flooded conditions. Fifteen gram of air dry soil with salinity levels of 3, 6, 12 and 24 dS.m-1 treated with 5% of cow manure or alfalfa residue were incubated at 10, 20 or 30 ◦C for 28 days. Moisture level of incubated soil was kept at either field capacity or flooded condition. NH4+ -N and NO3--N concentration of incubated samples were determined at the end of incubation period. Results showed that organic residues added to soils of all salinity levels increased NH4+ -N and NO3- - N. Concentrations of both ions were higher in alfalfa residue treatment than those of cow manure at all treatments. Highest concentrations of NH3+ -N and NO3-- N ions in all treatments obtained at samples incubated at 30 ◦C and E.C. of 3 dS.m-1. Organic N mineralization under F.C. was higher than under logged water for all treatments.

The present study was conducted on the gills structure and the gill surface area of 40 individuals of the Blue swimming crabs, Portunus pelagicus, and 40 Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis, specimens of the species were collected from the different regions of Shatt Al- Arab and North-west Arabian gulf. Both species were having eight phyllobranchiatesas of the same structure but different in length and surface area. The second gill in P. pelagicus shows major difference in shape from the other gills with missing platelets from one side of the filament. The results showed there were positive relationships between dry body weight with gill surface area, total number of platelets and number of platelets surface area in each gill. The gill surface area had no significant difference (p>0.05) with dry weight in the two species.

The current study aimed to estimate the pigments of some muscles parts taken from cows, sheep and chicken (thigh, chest and back). The chemical content including moisture, protein, lipids and ash, as well as the pH and the water holding capacity have been evaluated. Results showed that the moisture differed among three animals with high percentage of moisture, ash and lipid in back in compared with other parts of cows. while significant difference in the percentage of ash of back with other parts and in protein in chest with other parts of sheep. The significant differences were recorded in percentage of ash of three parts of chicken, also significant differences between chest and back. The water holding capacity of fresh meat samples taken from thigh, chest and back of cows, sheep and chicken significantly differ among samples. pH values which reflect a confect in water holding capacity of meat samples taken from different parts of the body and from different animal. In addition, there was a significant differences in the percentage of the presences of myoglobin, metmyoglobin and oxymyoglobin in different samples taken from different parts of the slaughtered animals.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of interaction between Trichoderma harzianum and the fungicide Topsin-M on root rot disease that infected okra in the field. Three fungi were isolated from the root of okra that infected with root rot disease: Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. The pathogenicity of these fungi was tested and found to be they cause root rot disease on okra, the disease severity was 41.7, 6.7 and 31.7% respectively. The laboratorial experiments showed that T. harzianum had a high antagonism ability with degrees of 1 and 2 against the pathogenic fungi M. phaseolina, F. solani and R. solani respectively. Also, it was found that the fungicide Topsin –M inhibited the growth of all pathogenic fungi with a percent of 100%, while it inhibited the bioagent fungus growth with a percent of 50.4 %, therefore it be recommended for the interaction experiments. The field results showed that using of bioagent T. harzianum and fungicide topsin-M significantly reduced the infection percentage and severity disease of the pathogenic fungi F. solani, R. solani and M. phaseolina to 65.3, 21.20, 13.20, 46.20, 25.70 and 18.20% respectively, compared to each pathogenic fungus alone which were 71.00, 60.20, 60.20, 66.80, 80.20 and 60.20% respectively. The interaction between the bioagent T. harzianum and topsin-M led to increase the plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root systems and the fruit productivity of the examined okra plants .

Field experiment was conducted in Mohajaran region, Abu-Al-Khaseeb district, Basrah province during the growing season 2018. The study was aimed to evaluate the effect of integration of chemical fertilizer (triple superphosphate) with manure (cattle residue) and/ or biofertilizer (Aspergillus niger) on some soil properties and phosphorus availability to sunflower during growing season. Samples were collected at seedling, vegetative growth, flowering and post-harvest stage. pH, EC, moisture content and available P were determined. Results showed that application of chemical fertilizer significantly affected soil pH, EC, and available P, but showed no effect on soil moisture content. Soil pH decreased and EC increased at seedling stage, while EC was decreased at harvest. Available P values were increased at all growing stages. Incorporation of manure at rate of 30 Mg ha-1 considerably decreased the soil pH and increased EC at seedling stage, soil moisture, and available P at all growing stages.. Inoculation the seeds with A. niger showed no significant effect on soil pH, EC, and soil moisture but significantly increased available P, at vegetative growth and flowing stages . Results showed that the effect of biofertilizer on available P was in bar with the application of manure at rate of 15 Mg ha-1 .Highest value of available P was associated with combination of 120 Kg P ha-1 + 30 Mg ha-1 + inoculation with fungus.

The current research was carried out to study the parasitism efficiency of the parasitoids Bracon hebetor and Bracon brevicornis in the control of Cadra cautella. Under the lab condition. The results showed that the treatment of four pairs of Bracon hebetor. 10 larvae-1 of the date moth gave the highest number of deposited eggs. The results showed that the treatment of four pairs of Bracon brevicornis. 10 larvae-1 of the date moths gave the highest number of parasitized larvae, the number of deposited eggs, the number of emerged adults and the percentage of parasitism. The treatment of a pair of parasitoid. 10 larvae decreased the number of parasitized larvae, deposited eggs, emerged adults and the parasitism rate, while these treatments cause the highest number of paralyzed larvae, reaching 9 larvae. In the warehouse experiment, the results of treatments of 20, 30 and 40 pairs of released B. hebetor in the date`s warehouse showed a significant difference after five days of treatment. The treatment of 40 pairs reported the highest number of parasitized larvae, the number of deposited eggs and the number of emerged adults and the percentage of parasitism, compared to the treatment of 20 pairs which caused the lowest numbers and rates.

A field experiment was conducted in Dhi-Qar Governorate, Al-Gharaf district, Al-Salem area adjacent to the Al-Gharaf river at longitude 31 ° 17′55 ″ N and width 46 ° 14′30 ″ E. This study was conducted in the autumn season of 2018 in clay-texture soil, to evaluate some of the drip irrigation system design parameters in the hydraulic properties of system, soil characteristics, growth, and yield of corn (Zea mays L.), and the economic feasibility of each system, emitters discharge treatments (2, 4, 6 and 8 L.hr-1), the distance between the emitter treatments were 20, 30 and 40 cm, and the lengths of field pipes were 10, 15 and 20 m. The main results showed emitters discharge exceeded 8 L.hr-1 by 0.747 m.day-1, whereas it was 0.612, 0.512 and 0.348 m.day-1 for the treatments 6, 4 and 2 L.hr-1 respectively at the beginning of the growing season, while at the end of the season, the values were 0.907, 0.701, 0.589 and 0.461 m.day-1 for 8, 6, 4 and 2 L.hr-1. The distance 20 cm between emitters was significantly increasing in the hydraulic conductivity values by 11.92%, 32.98% compared with the 30 and 40 cm treatments, respectively, which amounted to 0.629 m.day-1. at the end of the season the values were 0.769, 0.669 and 0.539 m.day-1 for 20, 30 and 40 cm treatments respectively, while the treatment of field length of 10 m recorded the highest values at the beginning of the season by 0.661 the lowest values were 0.571 and 0.433 m.day-1 respectively, with a decline of 13.61%, 34.49% compared to the treatment of 10 m. At the end of the growing season, the values were 0.769, 0.678 and 0.547 m.day-1 for transactions 10, 15 and 20 m, respectively.

A field experiment was conducted in the experiment field of Agricultural College, Basrah University, to study the effect of three types of moldboards i.e. helical, general purpose and digger moldboard, three tillage depths (15, 20 and 25 cm) and three forward speeds (4.37, 6.11 and 7.03 km h-1) on the draft force (DF), soil pulverization index (SPI), the specific energy (SE), the energy equivalent (EQE), and soil pulverization efficiency (SPE). Split-split plot with complete randomized block design with three replications were used in this study, and Least significant differences (LSD) was used to compare the means of treatments at 0.05 levels. The results showed there was a significant effect for moldboard types, plowing depths, plowing speeds and the interaction on all studied parameters. Whereas the digger moldboard type achieved the lower values of DF and SPI compared with the general purpose and helical moldboard types by percentage of 12.13 and 19.49% respectively and 16.37 and 50.61% respectively. However, the digger moldboard gave the highest value of SPE of 80%. The results Also, indicated to that the plowing depth and plowing speed had a significant effect on studied parameters when increasing the plowing depth by percentage 67% the DF and SPI increased by 137.27% and 30.46%, while the SE, the EQE and SPE reduced by 18.19, 17.80 and 2.70 % respectively. However, increasing the plowing speed by a percentage of 61%, the DF, SE, EQE, and SPE increased by 25.98, 45.11, 8.18 and 35.59% respectively, while the SPI decreased by 29.15%.