Journal of University of Babylon

When it comes to how the human mind processes linguistic information, frequency effects have been considered as supporting evidence for the dual mechanism approach. This approach proposes that only irregulars are stored in the associative memory, while regulars rely on rule-based processing. Accordingly, followers of this approach predict that irregular forms may exhibit responsiveness to frequency due to their storage nature, whereas regular forms may show a lack of sensitivity to frequency. The study aims to explore the influence of frequency on regulars and irregulars in the English language, with a specific focus on the noun domain. We investigate whether irregular nouns are more frequent than regular nouns and whether frequency effects differ between the two frequency-based groups. The study depends on data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. The top regular and irregular nouns, as well as their low-frequency counterparts, were selected for analysis. The study then compares the word frequency distributions of these nouns, both in singular and plural forms, and employs descriptive and statistical analyses to assess the significance of variation in frequency effects between regulars and irregulars. Contrary to the predictions of the dual mechanism approach, the findings indicate that regular nouns generally occur more frequently than irregular nouns in Contemporary English, both in singular and plural forms, challenging the dual mechanism\'s expectations. These findings have significant implications and consequences for our understanding of language processing mechanisms and indicate the requirement for more elaborate models.

The purpose of this paper is to pave the way towards a unique psychological interpretation of Alice Walker’s The Color Purple. To this end, the researcher delves into the positive effects that post-traumatic stress disorder has had on the characters depicted in the aforementioned novel. It highlights that recovery and rehabilitation have been achieved with the aid of PTSD. PTSD, as a type of traumatic illness, studies the way people feel during and after traumatic events. Needless to say, Alice Walker is known for her unprecedentedly insightful portrayal of the lives and cultures of African-American women. Her unprecedented presentation of the epistolary form in the aforementioned novel is designed to achieve numerous purposes. In this novel, letter writing is Celie's only means to challenge the patriarchy, to assert her identity, and finally to gain self-acceptance. The researcher touches upon the role of post-traumatic stress disorder in writing letters until the end, which leads to rehabilitation objectives. By defining the concept of PTSD as the cornerstone of this paper, the following inquiries are posited: (a) how PTSD makes Celie a warrior woman, and (b) what role PTSD plays as a stimulant in Celie's letter writing. To shed light on the role of PTSD during the healing process, this paper meticulously investigates the various types of traumatic events, including rape, abuse, and traumatic domestic violence, experienced by some of the characters in the novel.

There were many poetic purposes dealt with by the poet Da’bal Al-Khuza’i, so lamentation had a great share of it, and lamentation appeared in the clearest form when Da’bal Al-Khuza’i in his famous Ta’i, so the Ta’ poem came as a review of the facts that passed on the people of the House (peace be upon them), as the poet presented it to the hearing of Imam Reza (peace be upon him).), so the poem came with words and vocabulary that express the purpose of the poem, and I decided to talk about the most important words and explain their lexical meaning and their role in drawing an image of lamentation, and I allocated the words of the place to mention, if the place has different and multiple images, and the place occupies a prominent space in the poem
And we find the poet has linked the places to their owners; This is due to the imams’ lamentation and the spread of their shrines (peace be upon them) in various countries. Some names have passed through time and were called by different names. This research came to clarify these places and their relationship to the poet’s poem.

This research presents the actual sentence of the verb whose doer is not named in the last quarter of the Holy Qur’an, through which the originality of its sentence is clarified and the types of the representative of the actor are memorized in it, and the forms in which it is mentioned, with the presentation of grammatical opinions and the statement of the most correct of them, and the type of representative is the most and least occurrence, and showed The research showed that the Qur’anic text employed the passive build-up in a morphological and grammatical manner that is no less important than the passive build-up, and the accusative had the greatest chance, followed by the accusative, the adverb and the less frequent in the infinitive. Whoever put it with what the scholars specified from what was on behalf of the actor, and it is necessary to take what was stated in the text, as it is the most eloquent; And to link the two studies with application and practice.

The research focuses on analyzing lexical relations in the Fourth Preparatory School English Textbook. The aim of the study is to find out the most frequent type of the most common lexical relations that are found in the Fourth Preparatory School English Textbook. The researchers adopt Finch(2000) model to serve as the analytical tool to get appropriate conclusions from the analytical data, and a qualitative method of analysis is used. The results of the study show the highest and lowest percentages of these relations.

In this research I exposed the Baghdad Logical Schools which play an important role in the history of Philosophy and Logic, this study is an attempt to concentrate on the Reality of Baghdad Logical Schools and its internal activities and what is their Reality Now, Many Philosophical and Logical schools Have been founded in Persia, Syria and Egypt in Abbasids, Seljuk and Ottomans Era, These Schools were an Highest educational centers which submit Scholarships and funded All the students who need to join and learn highest educations, this study shown the important role of Logic Also as Consider the Tool of Sciences and Chef of All Sciences as Ibn Sina said.

The body constitutes one of the important aspects of the continuity of life, as peoples and societies did not have a language more eloquent than the language of (gesture, sign, and movement) in expressing what the human soul harbors. Man expresses pain, sadness, and joy through the body to convey a specific meaning. Movement gains great importance, therefore it has become Under the lights of many sciences, including semiotics, specifically within the framework of body semiotics, as it is a science upon which many disciplines and fields, such as psychology, are based in diagnosing some behaviors of individuals and societies, and that the semiotic system of movement has become in the light of development, which calls on the recipient to interpret signs and symbols and find answers to them, the body It is a basis in the development of life and thus becomes a large and important part of the theatrical performance as it is a visual means of communication that broadcasts signs. For this reason, many directors resorted to semiotic references through movement, including director Moneim Saeed. In light of this, the research was divided into four chapters.
The first chapter (methodological framework) included the research problem and the need for it, and centered on the following question: What is the semiotics of the body in contemporary Iraqi theater performances (Moneim Saeed as a model)? The importance of the research was: shedding light on the semiotics of the body in the contemporary Iraqi theatrical performance (Moneim Saeed as a model) ?
The need for it lies in the fact that it adds to those working in theater affairs and institutes and colleges of fine arts. The aim of the research is that it aims to: Learn about the semiotics of the body in contemporary Iraqi theatrical performance (Moneim Saeed as a model,)? In addition, this chapter contains the temporal limit, which is limited to the period between (1978-2018), while the spatial limit: Iraq, Diwaniyah, while the objective limit is represented in the study of body semiotics in Moneim Saeed’s theatrical performances, as well as the definition of terms as language and terminology for body semiotics. As for the second chapter (the theoretical framework), it included two sections. The first section: the study of semiotics, a conceptual definition. The second section: the semiotics of the body in the world stage. This chapter contained previous studies, and the outcome of the theoretical framework was a number of indicators, then the procedural chapter and analysis. The fourth included (research results) and a number of. The chapter also included recommendations and proposals, as well as the research included a list of research sources and appendices.

The theory of conceptual blending is considered an important field of human knowledge that is widely attended in global scientific circles, by describing conceptual blending as the direction of a principle of human processes through which humanity works to create new relationships and associative links to reach new meanings, and the goal of this final is completed by the idea. Its final goal is: to identify the method that people arrive at, which is nothing but the conceptual, so this research came to study an attempt to clarify the path of the contemporary Thai-Iraqi text, which continued us to identify the way through which the thought of the contemporary Iraqi writer flowed as he created his dramatic text, and others. The matter is with the recipient who receives the text by reading or watching and listening, and it has four chapters. The first chapter included research that revolved around the following question: What does the artistically defined text of the play A Time of Glass reveal about the technique of operating conceptual coherence - in the event that the text is produced or received - in order to arrive at the problem? The importance of the research, which was based on the theory of planning and the conceptual linking of its cognitive stations, in revealing what is going on in the mind of the playwright and receives it when they first create the text or follow it in relation to the second, and the benefit that is evident in this research will work to benefit scientific scholars and teachers in the basics of cognitive knowledge and those involved in the theatrical work of writing and creating it. The chapter identifies this goal behind conducting the current research, which focuses on analyzing the text of the play A Time of Glass in light of the theory of current conceptual combination on the path that the thought of the creator of this text takes or receives, along with the many mental conceptual tools in it through which he draws conclusions. The chapter also specifies the scope of the research: temporal, spatial, and thematic, in addition to mentioning the operational definition of the term contained in the title of the research.
The second chapter included two sections, in addition to mentioning the indicators covered by the theoretical framework. In the first research, the researcher investigated: The theory of conceptual association: the concept and mechanisms. In the second research, he investigated reading the theatrical text with the taste of the viewer of the text, based on the theory of conceptual association. The third chapter was devoted to the research executions, as the research play was identified, and it was represented by the text of the play (An Era of Glass) by (Mohamed Sabry Saleh), which was chosen in an intentional way and the (descriptive) user interface was adopted in analyzing that sample. As for the fourth chapter, it concluded The researcher contains the results of the sample analysis, provided that the researcher has committed himself at the end of his current research to provide a list of sources and references from which he has proven it.

This research aims to explain the rhythmic style that characterizes the Madhariah Maqama of Badi al-Zaman al-Hamdani, through a set of procedural mechanisms preceded by a theoretical foundation about the artistic features that spread and dominated the writings of the hamadhani era, the most important of which are the decorative and stylized features of writing until that became the prominent feature and artistic standard of the font in the 4th century of Hijra.

The procedures adopted by researcher are:

1- Research into the meanings of the repetition method in terms of the repetition of a letter or the exits of sounds. Specific or repeated word or syntactic structure
2- Research into the art of assonance and al-hamdhani's methods for using it
3- Research into the rhythm of the audio clip through balance and division of the sentence.

The precedent of demarcating the borders between Iraq and Kuwait by the UN Security Council within the framework of sanctions against Iraq against the backdrop of the latter’s invasion and occupation of the State of Kuwait was a controversial step and an international division over the extent of its legitimacy and feasibility to address the problem between the two parties to the conflict, especially since these international measures did not go through any Stages of negotiation or consensus between the two conflicting parties. Therefore, the question always arises: Were international resolutions able to address the crisis between Iraq and Kuwait in a radical way? This hypothesis opens sub-questions that we tried to answer, such as the role of historical accumulations as a determinant of the development of relations between the two parties. We also studied the Security Council decisions related to demarcation in terms of mechanisms, justifications and the extent of legitimacy, and then the role of these decisions on the future of relations between Iraq and Kuwait. The study has benefited from answering these questions, based on the legal approach to international relations. Let us reach the conclusion that these decisions increased the determinants of developing relations between the two parties and did not contribute to reducing the intensity of hate speech at the political and social levels.

The study aimed to identify the level of inclusion of the dimensions of sustainable development in the sociology book for the intermediate stage in Kuwait and Iraq, which includes each dimension (social-environmental-economic). The study used the analytical descriptive approach, using the content analysis method, for the dimensions of sustainable development, and the total number of paragraphs for the three dimensions was (23) paragraphs. The results of the study for content analysis showed that the level of inclusion of the dimensions of sustainable development (the social, environmental, and economic dimensions) in the social studies textbook for the ninth grade of the intermediate stage in Kuwait, the social dimension came at a rate of (41.3%), and the environmental dimension was at a rate of (35.8%). , while the economic dimension was (22.9%). While the results of the study showed that the level of inclusion of the dimensions of sustainable development (the social-environmental-economic dimension), In the social studies book for the third grade of the intermediate stage in Iraq, where the social dimension came at a rate of (51.6%) and the environmental dimension at a rate of (32.2%), while the economic dimension was at a rate of (16.2%). The two researchers presented a set of recommendations, including: Reconsidering the social studies curriculum and working to include the dimensions of sustainable development in a balanced and consistent manner in its content.

The research addresses handicrafts and their importance in Arab industries in general and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in particular. It is dealing with palm cultivation, as it is of special importance not only as a source of food, but also because it is linked to customs, traditions, and social values that have been passed down through generations. Therefore, the researcher wanted to benefit from palm fronds in presenting a proposal for an innovative product that combines art and function from a small project, and to address the definition of small projects that help develop the Kingdom economically and socially, and clarify them in accordance with Vision 2030. Also clarifying the concept of design for a work of art from both the functional and aesthetic aspects. The research problem was summarized in how to benefit from palm fronds in presenting a proposal for an innovative work of art, especially in the field of work of art, with a design that combines the artistic side and the functional side. It is a proposal for a small project product that increases Saudi family income in accordance with the Kingdom’s Vision 2030. The research also aims to propose a proposal for an innovative heritage handicraft that makes use of palm fronds, and combines the artistic and functional aspects of the innovative palm frond handicraft, and also a proposal for a heritage palm frond handicraft for a small project for a Saudi family in light of Vision 2030. The research follows the descriptive approach to the theoretical and analytical side of studying the artifacts of the proposed ideas. One of the results of the research is that the palm frond material is a flexible material for shaping, through which multiple plastic formulations can be created. There is a local market in which the innovative handicraft can be competitively listed, and the artistic side and the functional side of the frond handicraft can be combined. One of the research recommendations is to conduct multiple experiments on synthesis with the frond material and to study the market to expand the link between the fields of artistic works and small projects.