The Arab Gulf

American political interests in Pakistan were part of the bilateral relations between the two countries. Initially, these interests included loans and military aid. During this period, the relations saw clear and tangible development. Consequently, the United States had significant interests in Pakistan, at the expense of the Soviet Union and China. These relations further strengthened during President Johnson's tenure, serving the mutual interests of both countries. A significant turning point in these relations was marked by the arrival of President Muhammad Yahya Khan, who adopted different approaches to enhance his country's relations with the United States and sought its assistance in providing military support for the defense of his country.

Between 1980 and 1990, Poland experienced significant political transformations, especially with the establishment of the Solidarity government in 1989. The United States supported the democratic movement in Poland and condemned human rights violations, while the Soviet Union monitored the situation and worked to threaten the Polish government, fearing a deviation from socialism. These developments led the United States to impose economic sanctions on Poland after the Polish government declared martial law and restricted freedoms with direct support from Warsaw Pact countries, primarily the Soviet Union

Imam Hussein (Peace Be Upon Him) is a figure who gave everything for the principles brought by Islam, and his positions (Peace Be Upon Him) attest to this. One such position was his relationship with Yazid. Initially, the relationship between Imam Hussein (Peace Be Upon Him) and Yazid bin Muawiya was not prominent, as Yazid had not yet taken on a significant role in Muslim affairs. Therefore, Imam Hussein (Peace Be Upon Him) had neither opinion nor event connecting him to Yazid until the year 56 AH when Muawiya began taking allegiance for Yazid. Upon Muawiya's death in 60 AH and the people's allegiance to Yazid, Imam Hussein (Peace Be Upon Him) was among those who did not pledge allegiance to Yazid. This refusal marked the beginning of the confrontation between Imam Hussein (Peace Be Upon Him) and the Umayyad authority represented by Yazid bin Muawiya. The research focuses on his (Peace Be Upon Him) positions against Yazid, starting from his refusal of allegiance in Medina, his move towards Mecca, and his declaration of rejecting Yazid's domination over Muslims. It examines how the Umayyad authority sought allegiance from Imam Hussein (Peace Be Upon Him) and how he (Peace Be Upon Him) dealt with this demand. The study concludes with a summary of the main findings.

The June 5, 1967 war between the Zionist entity and the Arab states represents a pivotal turning point in the Arab-Zionist conflict. It led to a shift in the balance of power and geopolitical equations in the Arab region, revealing the true positions of countries towards this conflict. Iran, an Islamic state with regional and international influence, and Algeria, an Arab Islamic state that was ruled by colonialism for long decades yet remained an example of Arab nationalism, are both considered in this study. Given the similarity in their political relations with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and his government before the 1967 war, the study compares the positions of Iran and Algeria towards the war. It highlights the historical events that shaped the orientations of each country based on political, personal, and national motivations, as well as public and private interests

The issue of disarming Iraqi tribes during the British occupation of Iraq was of great importance to the British forces, who aimed to control tribal areas where revolts and rebellions occurred, causing disturbances to the occupying forces. Therefore, the British administration sought to implement a policy of disarming the tribes following the confrontations faced by British forces during the occupation of Iraq and the 1920 Revolution, which was sparked by Iraqi tribes against the continued presence of British forces in Iraq.

The research aims to shed light on the stages of development of the Saudi Chambers of Commerce during the reign of King Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1975-1982). King Khalid recognized the vital role that the Saudi Chambers of Commerce played in achieving economic development in the Kingdom across various commercial and industrial sectors, especially after the increase in Saudi oil revenues, which led to a rise in government spending. This encouraged the utilization of human and natural resources, leading to the advancement of Saudi society during his reign.

Iraq holds significant importance in the Iranian perception, being the geographically and socially closest Arab country to Iran, in addition to the attributes Iraq possesses in terms of location, economic resources, and human resources, which have enabled it to become one of the competing powers in the region. This importance has made Iraq a focal point for Iranian political circles and research centers, which continue to dedicate research material to Iraq in various political, strategic, economic, social, and other fields. What distinguishes these studies is their academic and political nature, providing insights to political decision-making institutions in Iran and those interested in political and intellectual affairs. These studies are available and published in scientific and academic journals of these Iranian research centers.

The tribe played a significant role among the Arabs before Islam, as it was the fundamental pillar on which ancient Arab society relied, especially in the harsh desert environment. This research focuses on defining the tribe and its importance among Arabs before Islam, the subdivisions and main divisions of the tribe, and the names given to them through the lexicon "Taj al-Arus min Jawahir al-Qamus" by Al-Zabidi (d. 1205 AH / 1791 AD). The study also discusses the importance of the tribal chief, the titles given to him, his status among the tribe members, and his rights and duties. Additionally, the research highlights the tribal council or majlis, its effectiveness within the tribe, its importance in decision-making, the etiquette of this council, and the social customs followed by the tribe

The meaning of "diya" among linguists is the right of the murdered, meaning the money that is compensation for the soul. In the terminology of jurists, it is the money imposed as compensation for an offense against a soul, a body part, or a wound, or similar matters, making the two meanings closely related.

The legitimacy of diya is established in the fundamental sources of legislation: the Quran, the Sunnah, consensus (ijma), and reason. The imposition of diya for a soul is due to an offense resulting in death, categorized into three types: intentional killing (qatl al-amd), accidental killing (qatl al-khata), and quasi-intentional killing (qatl shibh al-amd).

The money in which diya is obligatory includes: camels, cows, sheep, dinars, silver, and garments. Among scholars, it is commonly accepted that there is a choice in the type of payment among these six categories.

The sanctity of the murdered person is a condition for the obligation of diya; there is no diya for someone whose blood is considered legally forfeit, except for expiation (kaffara), if the killing was without the permission of the Imam.

For intentional crimes punishable by law or Sharia, the perpetrator must be intentionally acting and must be accountable, i.e., sane and adult. In cases of intentional killing, the diya, if obligatory due to the demand of the victim’s guardian or due to an impediment to retribution (qisas), is imposed on the perpetrator and not on the kin group (aqila). This is contrary to accidental killing, where the diya is imposed on the aqila, i.e., on others besides the perpetrator, or on the perpetrator and others.

Grammatical level is conciderasone of the most important levels in grammatical researches and discours anolysis for poetical texts. Whether these researches are in poetry or prose .
Itś all about the study of the form and the contex in which wards and sentences are phrase. Itś also a bout the grammatical structures includes in these sentences . And how they phrased, formed and their types and the changes and ways in which they formed by, or without these tools. And because grammer is all about the forms of words and how to put them in a consistent way within asentence . And that what makes atext understanable and one unit
For that we have established grammer from linguistic and idiomatic point of view.

This research aims to explore the meanings of words in some parts of Du'a Kumayl and understand the impact of these meanings and words. Imam Ali's (peace be upon him) style in Du'a Kumayl is unique and fresh, characterized by clarity in meaning and expression, and a refined taste. The supplication is rich in repetition and synonyms.

The study aims to elucidate the implications of hyperbolic forms in the poetry collection of Malik Al-Ashtar by examining the instances used by the poet in the collection. The descriptive method was used to follow the poetic verses and explain the hyperbolic forms and their implications, including both the standard and some of the exceptional usages.

The study aims to analyze the relationship between drought and river drainage behavior in the far south of Iraq and how climate drought affects the quantities of water flow in the course of the Shatt al-Arab, as the concept of hydrological drought of rivers is of great importance in the planning and management of water resources.
The study relied on the indication of the lack of adequate discharge to meet basic needs within the province of Basra as well as the analysis of the effects of drought on water quality in the main stations in the Shatt al-Arab, the main climatic elements measured in the sources of the Tigris (the only source of water currently Shatt al-Arab) within the climatic stations outside Iraq (Turkey and Iran) during the past seventy years were analyzed, and the relationship between thermal and rainfall changes and the discharge of the Tigris in the stations of Qal'at Saleh and Qurna in Maysan and Basra, were analyzed to link the Hydroclimatic data and analysis of their impacts In surface water.
The study showed that the Shatt al-Arab was exposed to hydrological drought due to an acceleration in the high rates of heat, evaporation and wind intensity in conjunction with the lack of rain and relative humidity and the increase in water requirements in the river basin of the Tigris caused by water shortage and deterioration of its quality, which are indicators of hydrological drought, and these conditions deepen in the study stations along the Shatt al-Arab gradually and continuously, and there are much worse scenarios during the next
years, and this will increase the decrease in the water share of Basra Governorate with continental climate, Therefore, its necessary to preserve water wealth, rationalize its consumption, criminalize its pollution and move towards non-conventional water sources.

The research aims to clarify the relative change in methane gas emissions at the air quality monitoring station in Babil Governorate, as it is one of the primary factors affecting the activities of living organisms. The researchers relied on data and information from the NASA website for surface weather predictions for the period (2010-2021), using statistical methods and selecting the most important methods to calculate methane gas in the study area. Consequently, the relative change in the study area was analyzed and applied to the Babil station. This research will depend on using the general trend method and relative change to clarify the changes in methane gas in the study area, to detect the general trend and rate of change in the study area, and to express the trend coefficient as a percentage. The study concluded that:
1. There is temporal variation in methane gas values during the study period, with the highest general trend recorded in March (0.0066 ppm) and the lowest general trend in April (-0.03 ppm).
2. There was a variation in general trend values, with the highest relative change rate recorded in July and August (0.526%) and the lowest rate in April (1.587%).
3. All months recorded a positive trend except for April, which recorded a negative trend

This study was conducted to understand the variations in the physical and chemical properties of the soil on Sindbad and Umm al-Rasas Islands. Forty soil samples were collected and analyzed from the study area, with twenty samples each from Sindbad Island and Umm al-Rasas Island during both the summer and winter seasons. Maps were drawn to show the distribution of soil samples in the study area.
The study concluded that the soil texture of Sindbad Island varies from sandy clay at sites (1) and (5) to sandy clay loam at sites (2), (3), and (4). The variation in soil texture is attributed to the differences in density and weight of the soil deposits, leading to differences in the quantity of deposits. Additionally, urban sprawl, which relies heavily on sand fractions for construction, has influenced the variation in the size of these fractions at these sites. In contrast, the soil of Umm al-Rasas Island is classified as clayey at sites (1), (3), and (5), while site (4) is classified as sandy clay loam.
The bulk density values were slightly varied, with the average for Sindbad Island soil being 1.45 Mg/m³, while the average for Umm al-Rasas Island soil was 1.35 Mg/m³. The average particle density for Sindbad Island soil was 2.03 Mg/m³, whereas for Umm al-Rasas Island soil, it was 2.53 Mg/m³. Porosity values also varied between the two islands, with the average for Sindbad Island soil being 26.6%, while for Umm al-Rasas Island soil, it was relatively higher at 47.2%. This difference is due to the type of texture and the amount of organic matter that increases porosity.
The average organic matter content in Sindbad Island soil was 2.13 g/kg, whereas for Umm al-Rasas Island soil, it was 2.14 g/kg, which are low values according to the Iraqi standard for organic matter content. The soil of Sindbad Island ranged from neutral to moderately alkaline in terms of pH values, while the soil of Umm al-Rasas Island was from moderately alkaline to highly alkaline. Regarding soil salinity, Sindbad Island soil was classified between highly saline and very highly saline, while Umm al-Rasas Island soil ranged from slightly saline to very highly saline.

Estuarine systems, including the study area, are characterized by a unique environmental adaptation of living organisms to the transitional environment between the salty marine waters of the Arabian Gulf and the fresh river waters of the Shatt al-Arab. This creates one of the most important primary production systems and a foundation for the food web, leading to exceptional biodiversity ranging from the smallest microscopic organisms to the top of the food pyramid.

The study revealed that the Iraqi market is a single-sided consumer market in terms of exports, relying primarily on oil exports to fund the country's budget. Additionally, it has a high consumption system with a scarcity of industrial exports and agricultural exports, which are limited to meeting part of local consumption, especially after 2003.
The instability in import quantities due to the security and political circumstances that the country experienced, from periods of economic recovery and the intermittent periods of increased crude oil exports and higher imports, has influenced the proportions and quantities of unstable exports and imports in foreign trade. Therefore, the interactive aspect of Iraqi ports with the geographical hinterland and maritime counterpart responds to the interactive element with the ports at the same level of increase or decrease

The educational institution has faced significant financial, technical, administrative, and cultural challenges. These challenges have always been a result of the country's economic, political, and cultural environment, and have intensified recently, weakening the role of the institution in fortifying students against the substantial cultural challenges they face. This prompted the researcher to identify the problems and challenges that led to these unfavorable outcomes in Iraq's education system. The researcher conducted a review and investigation of the educational reality through official educational decisions and documents, the state of school buildings, laboratories, supplies, and curricula, as well as the daily challenges faced by administrations and teaching staff in public schools.
The aim was to identify the strengths and reinforce them within the institution, while understanding and addressing the weaknesses by proposing suitable solutions. This necessitates the review, evaluation, and improvement of government policies, plans, and programs, and the requalification of the educational institution to overcome the challenges facing this sector.

The research focused on public schools in Basra Governorate, with a random sample of 90 public schools in the center of Basra City and its districts, out of which 80 samples were suitable for analysis. An additional random sample of 50 samples focused on the reality of educational counseling in public schools. The research concluded with several findings, including the urgent need to build new, spacious schools, the low number of teaching staff, and the need for many supplies, equipment, services, and scientific laboratories in schools. The scarcity of financial resources and capabilities was also highlighted. These findings call for the swift construction of high-quality public schools to eliminate multiple shifts and accommodate the increasing number of students. There is also a need to provide adequate financial resources, supplies, and equipment, and to employ more teaching staff to address the current shortage, ensuring all factors necessary for the advancement and development of the educational process are in place

ABSTRACT:
This paper employs the conceptual metaphor theory framework introduced by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their pivotal 1980 text, "Metaphors We Live By," to explore the metaphorical constructs in Layla Al-Othman's 2000 autobiography, "The Trial." The study proposes that a dominant conceptual metaphor, "EVERYTHING IS A PRISON" critically shapes Al-Othman’s narrative, reflecting and potentially influencing the collective mindset of Gulf society, especially concerning the experiences of Kuwaiti women. This metaphor is not only central to the author's cognitive processing but is also vividly reflected through various linguistic metaphors in her text.