Journal of Business Economics for Applied Research

This research aims to identify the impact of financial transfers to workers on the Iraqi balance of payments for the period (2004-2019). As for the standard applied aspect only, it dealt with the economic measurement of the effect of remittances of workers on the balance of payments for the period in question, and to achieve this, the Autoregressive Distributed Deceleration (ARDL) model was used. Workers have increasingly appeared during the years that witnessed economic events or calamities resulting from military operations and the resulting migration of labor abroad and thus support their families inside the country. As for the results of the standard analytical side, according to the results of the boundary tests (Bounds, test) and according to the (ARDL) model, there is a positive long-term equilibrium relationship between the independent variable “money transfers to workers” (MTFE) and the dependent variable “balance of payments” (BP) according to the (ARDL) model. It was also found during the standard results that the value of the error correction vector coefficient (ECM) between the financial transfers of workers and the balance of payments reached (-0.17) at a level of significance less than (5%), and this indicates that errors in the short term are automatically corrected over time The tests also proved the suitability of the model and its freedom from all standard problems.

The research aims to shed light on the reality of administrative empowerment and its impact on strategic ingenuity by diagnosing, analyzing and its importance in the surveyed organization and testing the correlation and influence relationships between administrative empowerment and strategic ingenuity, as well as reaching results that would guide the surveyed organization on how to invest and empower human resources as well as Enhance its strategic prowess.
For the purpose of achieving the objectives of the research and answering the questions raised, the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach, and in light of this, the questionnaire was designed as a main tool for data and information collection. The number of (210) and (148) questionnaires were retrieved from them, and it was found that all of them are valid for analysis. After data collection and statistical analysis, the research reached a number of results, the most important of which are: There is a significant correlation between administrative empowerment and strategic ingenuity, as well as the presence of an impact of administrative empowerment in strategic ingenuity, and in light of These results have formulated a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the company’s management, taking into account the motivational plans for all employees for satisfaction and satisfaction according to their efforts to meet the work required of them effectively, in addition to the company’s management’s tendency to expand the range of its products to include current and prospective customers to reach a competitive advantage characterized by growth and success.
Key words: Administrative Empowerment, Strategic Ingenuity.

This research was presented to address a realistic problem affecting the Iraqi economy and its overall variables due to its rentier nature related to the oil sector. The research aims to analyze and measure the impact of trade shocks on some macroeconomic variables represented by (General Revenues, unemployment, inflation rate) in the short and long term (2004-2020) using the structural vector auto regression model (SVAR) and impulse response functions and variance decompositions.
The results of the standard side showed that the analysis of the results of the impulse response (IRF) of the trade shock model that the occurrence of a favorable trade shock in exports has a positive and moral impact on public revenue for a period of (10) years, and its impact is morally negative on the inflation rate in the first three years and then the effect is positive, and the impact is morally negative on the unemployment rate. The results of the variance Decompositions (VDS) showed that the export shock has more impact on the macroeconomic variables represented by (General revenues, inflation rate, unemployment rate) than the import shock. The research recommends working to implement the open market policy in its narrowest form, because the Iraqi economy is unable to keep pace with this policy, which needs freedom of decision.

The research aims to clarify the nature of the relationship between some
macroeconomic variables represented (public spending, interest rate, exchange
rate) and the agricultural sector in Iraq for the period (2004-2020) and using
standard analysis tools to know the impact of some macro variables (public
spending, interest rate, exchange rate) ) on the agricultural sector in Iraq for the
duration of the study, and the researcher reached several conclusions, the most
important of which is that the Iraqi economy suffers from several problems, which
are reflected on the economic sectors and as a result of the problems that the
agricultural sector has suffered and is still suffering from due to inappropriate
conditions, lack of rain and water, and a low area yield rate Cultivated and the
migration of the farmer land and others. According to the short-and long-term
flexibility, in the short term, interest rates were negative in their impact on the
output of the agricultural sector, raising the cost of agricultural production, and in
the long term positive in effect, and this contradiction means that the interest rate
that was taken on agricultural loans had no effect on the output Agricultural loans
in Iraq, due to the deviation of agricultural loans from their course and a trend
towards consumer spending, Accordingly, the researcher recommends for the
purpose of developing agriculture the necessity of exploiting the oil surpluses
achieved each year and directing the development of agricultural economic growth,
providing them with raw materials and equipment, modernizing manufacturing
methods and using technology capable of increasing production and reducing costs
and working to increase local production directed to the local market, by expanding
the production base in a way It enhances the country's capabilities to reduce the
volume of imports on the one hand and the growth of export opportunities on the
other hand, and therefore by raising the percentage of the non-oil sectors'
contribution to the real GDP.

The study aimed to shed light on the role that smart supply chains play for reaching accurate decisions in the field of process design. The Oil Products Distribution Company / Kirkuk branch was chosen as a field for study, in order to achieve the study’s goal and solve its problem, which was manifested in the question that (Is there a correlation and impact between smart supply chains and process design decisions?) A hypothetical model was built that shows the relationships of correlation and influence between the study variables, and in order to test the study hypotheses and reach the results, a random sample of (266) respondents was selected from the employees of the Oil Products Distribution Company / Kirkuk branch, The researchers relied on the questionnaire as a main tool for collecting the data needed by the study and covering all its paragraphs, and working on analyzing it using statistical programs (SPSS V26, AMOS V24) In order to reach the results of the study, the researchers relied on a set of descriptive and analytical statistics. As for the theoretical aspects, they were covered by relying on the contributions of researchers collected from Arab and foreign sources. The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was the existence of a significant correlation and effect of smart supply chains on process design decisions. Accordingly, a set of proposals was presented, the most prominent of which emphasized the need for the company’s management to develop the bonds of interdependence and the strength of the relationship between smart supply chains and process design decisions, taking the first into consideration as an indispensable basis for making any change in the operations structures or improving them. It is difficult to make accurate decisions in the field of process design in isolation from smart supply chains.

The research discusses a fundamental topic, which is the evaluation of the efficiency of the economic performance of one of the important economic units for the pharmaceutical industry, which is the General Company for the Pharmaceutical Industry and Medical Appliances / Samarra. The cost, as well as personal interviews with company officials, whether administrative or laboratory staff the research covered two years (2016 and 2020) and the research aims to evaluate the performance efficiency of the company and to extract flaws in its performance using the total productivity criterion. The required level in the optimal use of the available material and human resources, due to the low demand for the company's products and the entry of types of medicines from abroad that competed with local medicines.

The current research seeks to determine the correlation and influence between Agile manufacturing and marketing performance in the State Company for the Pharmaceutical Industry and Medical Appliances in Samarra. To achieve this, a hypothetical scheme was prepared that includes the research variables as well as the formulation of hypotheses. The researchers used the questionnaire as a tool for data collection with the use of a number of statistical methods to test the hypotheses.
The research adopted two hypotheses, the first is related to the relationship between Agile manufacturing and marketing performance, and the second hypothesis is related to the effect between Agile manufacturing and marketing performance. Deputy General Manager, department managers, divisional managers and their assistants and company employees). The data was analyzed through a number of appropriate statistical tools for the purpose of arriving at the most important results, perhaps the most prominent of which are:
1. Through the employees’ answers, it was found that the management of the company in question was interested in Agile manufacturing because of its positive repercussions on marketing performance, as there was a positive and moral correlation and impact between Agile manufacturing in terms of its dimensions (total) and marketing performance in terms of its dimensions (total), and this indicates that taking Critical decisions in the field of the company's marketing performance are linked to the directives of the company's management and the extent of its interest in Agile manufacturing.
2. The availability of medicines from many companies and the lack of restrictions and opening the borders to them negatively affects the product of the company in question.
Also, a set of recommendations were reached, the most prominent of which are:
1. Increasing investment in information and communication technology, which is one of the main requirements for Agile industrialization.
2. Increased attention and focus on marketing performance, as it enhances the company's ability to achieve a competitive advantage for its core activities.

The current research aim to identify the contribution of interaction with the service with its dimensions (accessibility of the service, credibility, perceived quality) in enhancing marketing success, and the research problem was formulated by a number of research questions, including:
- Is there a significant correlation between service interaction and marketing success?
The questionnaire form was distributed to a sample of workers (the dean and his assistants, teachers, accounts staff, registration, library) at (Al-Hadba University College) in the city of Mosul, and a total of (40) forms were distributed to a number of workers, and a number of hypotheses were tested with correlation and influence Among the research variables using several statistical methods based on the Spss program, a number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which is the existence of a significant correlation between the research variables and in the light of which a number of proposals were presented, the most important of which is that the researched organization should be aware enough that the interaction with the service of the organization has become A basic requirement that the organization must seek to meet the changes and developments that organizations are witnessing and meet the needs of customers

The study aimed to diagnose the reality of information technology in the Qayyarah power station, which is one of the gas power stations in the northern region. A major role in activating the work of organizations and making them one of the leading and distinguished organizations in their field of work to face changes and provide clear information and communication in real time, and to identify the actual reality of information technology in the station under study, the focus has been on information technology capabilities, given that the availability of information technology in any An organization is not enough, but the lesson is in exploiting and investing the capabilities of this technology. On this basis, the study problem focused on raising a major question: What is the availability of information technology capabilities in the study sample station? The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach for the purpose of achieving the study objective, as well as answering the questions raised in the study problem. A sample for the study, and a sample of (45) managers in the station in question was selected, and with the intention of collecting data for the study, the researchers adopted a checklist as a main tool. As for the most important conclusions reached by the study, the management of the station in question has a perception of the importance of information technology, in addition to its keenness to make the station better than it is. The study also presented a set of proposals, the most important of which are: the need for increased attention to information technology capabilities by the station management because of its clear impact on the stations' ability to provide their services.

The current research came to present the role of the service experience in enhancing the market share, as the market share is one of the important things that organizations try to achieve and maintain in light of intense competition and the diversity of services provided by other organizations. On its market share through the banking services provided by the surveyed bank?, as well as the extent of the correlation and impact between the service experience and the enhancement of the market share?, The aim of the research lies in identifying the concepts of customer experience and market share and clarifying the relationship between them, and two basic hypotheses were formulated: There is a significant correlation relationship Between the service experience and the market share, as well as there is a significant impact of the service experience on the market share, and Rafidain Bank was chosen as one of the leading banks in the field of providing banking services and facilities to the beneficiaries. And the analysis of the main research variables, the extraction of correlation and regression relationships, and reaching the desired results, and a number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which were: diversity, etc. The banking services would enhance the bank’s position in the market, and thus enhance its market share and expand it by working to diversify the services it provides to the beneficiaries, Small and residential building.

This research aims to test the impact of macroeconomic variables on banking stability by analyzing some macroeconomics in the Iraqi economy and to know the ability of the banking system to respond to shocks that occur in the macroeconomic environment by highlighting the role of applying macro stress tests as an early warning tool to achieve banking stability towards shocks The real sector in the Iraqi economy.
The results of the study showed that there is an inverse and moral relationship between the exchange rate, inflation and the banking stability index, and the existence of a direct and moral relationship between economic growth and the banking stability index according to the logic of economic theory. The results of the study also showed that there is a weak relationship between the two variables, public spending, the interest rate and the banking stability index, according to the logic of economic theory. And the failure of the unemployment variable to affect the banking stability index according to the logic of economic theory, as the scenarios of banking stress tests showed the capital strength of the banking system to respond to the shocks that occur in the real sector and this indicates the strength of the financial position of the banking system in Iraq in addressing the risks that arise in the economic environment total.
The study also recommended the development and unification of the technique of total and partial stress tests as well by the Central Bank of Iraq to identify and diagnose the expected risks in the real sector by relying on academic cadres of statisticians and programmers for the purpose of accessing a special program for stress tests.

The customer in this era no longer stands at a specific need that can be satisfied at the first service he sees. The competitors are many and the technical development is enormous, and customers demand more improvement and expect better, improved and good services from time to time. Therefore, companies strive to possess the best technological capabilities and develop information technology competencies to keep pace with these needs. The aim of the current research is to show the impact of technological capabilities and information technology competencies in improving communication services. This research started from a field problem that is the need to improve the services provided by Zain Iraq Telecom (Northern Region) to keep pace with the services provided by other competing companies. The research method was descriptive and analytical. A research scheme has been developed to show the relationships between the research variables, and the research has identified a set of hypotheses as temporary guess answers about the research problem, which were tested with appropriate statistical tools for this purpose through the use of (SPSS) programs for the purpose of statistical treatment. A sample consisting of (98) individuals from the senior, middle, and supervisory managements of the company, while the sample population reached (146) individuals, The sample community was represented by employees of Zain Iraq Telecom, and the research concluded that technological capabilities and information technology competencies affect the improvement of the current services provided, and that information technology competencies are more influential in improving communication services than technological capabilities. The research recommended the necessity of optimizing the capabilities owned by the company and improving its competencies by making it clear to employees in a simplified form in the form of easy-to-understand bulletins and reports in order to improve the services provided by the company.

The research is to main the dimensions of leadership in the College of Administration and Economics / University of Mosul and its effectiveness, as the effectiveness of leadership and the successful achievement of the goals of the organization depends to a large extent on the ability of managers to involve the members of the organization with common denominators for their mission, It is not possible to rely on financial resources and high-tech equipment for the success of the organization unless it is combined with effective leaders who are able to make the most of their latent potentials, in addition to the fact that effective leadership is able to achieve goals and reach success even if the financial, human and material resources are few.
The current study adopted the descriptive analytical approach through the use of the questionnaire as a main tool in data collection, as (59) forms were distributed in the College of Administration and Economics, University of Mosul as a sample for research, and adopted a number of statistical indicators, the most important of which are the method of description and diagnosis using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation to reach To accurate indications in describing the relationships through which the objectives of the study can be achieved.
The study raised some questions, the most important of which is does the organization adopt the research sample as an effective leadership style? The study reached the most important conclusion that effective leadership in all its aspects has a significant effect on levels of achievement and in a way that enhances its sustainable competitive capabilities.

The research aims to identify the role of interactive marketing in building competitive advantage, and to achieve the objectives of the research hypotheses were imposed that explain the relationship between the research variables, which is interactive marketing being an independent variable and competitive advantage being a dependent variable. (48) A questionnaire and (40) valid forms were retrieved for analysis and testing of a number of hypotheses regarding the correlation and influence relationships between the research variables using many statistical methods based on the SPSS program. Banks use interactive marketing to practice their activities through the use of modern technology and train employees to keep pace with modern and rapid developments in order to interact with customers and meet their needs and desires.

The current research aims to demonstrate the impact of strategic alignment with its dimensions (communication, governance, participation, infrastructure, skills) as an independent variable in improving administrative Innovation with its dimensions (originality, flexibility, fluency, sensitivity to problems, risks) as an approved variable in the Nineveh Education Directorate. For the purpose of achieving the objectives of the research, the researcher provided a methodological framework and a comprehensive theoretical framework, and prepared and developed a questionnaire as a tool for data collection based on ready-made standards. It included (40) questions that included the research variables. The researcher relied on the descriptive approach in presenting the data, as well as the analytical approach in analyzing the results of the research. A hypothetical model was developed through which the researcher explained the variables and dimensions of the research and the nature of the relationships between the two variables, as well as developing a set of hypotheses for the purpose of testing through the appropriate statistical methods in the program The statistical package (SPSS), and the research community included the ninawaa Education Directorate, and the sample size was represented by the directors working in the directorate (administration, directors of departments, divisions and units), who numbered (83) responders. Administrative in the ninawaa Education Directorate. The research recommended the necessity of applying the appropriate steps to the issue of strategic alignment to achieve the stability of the work environment and thus achieve Innovation in administrative work.

The current research aims to identify the role of total environmental quality management in promoting sustainable consumption in the Northern Cement Auxiliary and its affiliated laboratories, and to test the correlation between total quality management for the environment and sustainable consumption, and to determine the dimensions of total quality management for the environment and to indicate the extent of its impact on sustainable consumption. The problem of the study lies in a set of questions, the most important of which is does TQM contribute to promoting sustainable consumption? Is there a correlation between total quality management for the environment and sustainable consumption? As the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach in writing the theoretical and field sides as it helps the researcher in collecting data and information with finding different means to interpret it, in addition to using the questionnaire form as a main tool for the research and by 65 forms distributed over the surveyed field and then analyzed using the statistical program (spss- v24), as the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of two correlations and an impact between total quality management and its dimensions with sustainable consumption. ISO 14000), this requires the company's senior management to ensure in its future plans the implementation and control of the environmental management system.

The aim of the current research is to know the relationship and the impact of democratic leadership on positive behaviour modelling, and to achieve the goal of the research, the researchers used a questionnaire to collect data from managers and employees from the colleges of the University of Anbar and at all administrative levels (higher, middle and religious), and with an intentional sample of (80) respondents, and it was approved To access and analyse the research results on the statistical methods (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, correlation coefficient and simple linear regression) through the statistical program (SPSS).
The research reached from a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that there is a positive (direct) correlation and effect with statistical significance between the dimensions of democratic leadership and positive behaviour, and that the dimension (employee participation) came with the highest percentage of relationship and impact by modelling positive behaviour, and that the dimension (human relations) came with the lowest percentage of relationship and impact by modelling positive behaviour, The researchers made a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the need for university leaders to pay attention to the concept of democratic leadership because of its importance in modelling positive behaviour, which in turn leads to achieving effectiveness and improving efficiency at the administrative and educational level, and paying attention to the participation of employees and all Levels in the decision-making process, and increased attention to letters of thanks and appreciation for employees who have self-censorship in accomplishing the duties assigned to them because of its importance in promoting positive behaviours.

This research aims at identifying the extent of possessing the psychological capital by the employees of the Directorate of Education in Nineveh expressing its dimensions with (the self-efficiency, hope, optimism and flexibility) as an independent variable and its effect on directing the career path of the employees as a dependent variable represented by (the planning of career course, managing the career course and developing the career course) that encounter the subject of the research while they practice their work activities.
The SPSS V26 software and AMOS software were used to test the hypotheses that were prepared to answer the questions and manifesting the correlation relations between the variables by means of distributing (215) questionnaire forms to the employees at the management levels at the Directorate of Education in Nineveh and (202) forms were restored. In the light of the statistical results, a set of conclusions were drawn, which asserted that there were correlations and impact between the psychological capital and the career course on the total and the partial levels. The researcher also put forward some recommendations in terms of the two variables of the research, which are (the psychological capital and the career course).

The research aims to highlight the role of comprehensive productive maintenance with its basic dimensions in promoting the strategic innovation of the nature of the Altunsa company for food products, as well as knowing the nature of the relationship between comprehensive productive maintenance and strategic innovation, as some organizations suffer from the problem of stopping production machines continuously, which makes the organization produce a non-conforming product. For quality specifications, this prompted the organization to search for quick and accurate treatments for such a problem and prevent its occurrence in the future, as the study problem crystallized with a set of questions based on knowledge of the relationship and influence of comprehensive productive maintenance in strategic innovation, and the researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach, as It was based on a set of hypotheses that were tested using ready-made statistical programming (SPSS-V25), after collecting data through a questionnaire form as a main tool, and it was distributed to the research sample represented by the 60 individuals working in the company to obtain the results and then analyze them and reach the The most prominent conclusions were the existence of a correlation between the comprehensive productive maintenance collectively and individually and the father The strategic strategy has varying rates, and in light of the conclusions, the researcher reached a set of proposals, the most important of which is that the company should increase attention to the pillars of comprehensive productive maintenance, as it is the mainstay of the company and because of its impact on improving product quality and enhancing the value of strategic innovation within the company.

The aim of this research is to diagnose the reality of the Six Sigma methodology in providing distinguished products of high quality in productive companies, a study of the loyalty of a sample of administrative leaders (section managers, and people’s leaders) in Ishtar Light Industries Company, and a community was chosen for the study in a sample of (100) individual.
The main importance of the six sigma methodology, which the research tries to focus on, is to focus on the influential role of the applications of that methodology in diagnosing the reality of production and the application of some forms and models provided by this methodology, such as the analyze, and control), DMAIC (define, measure) model for continuous improvement and the defective diagnosis model for each Colorful DPMO (Defects per million opportunities) and training packages for employees, which are five training programs, all in order to reduce deviation and defect and improve the quality of production in the company.
In order to answer this question, the research used the questionnaire as a basic tool in collecting and processing the data collected from the research sample. The analysis of (Amos) and (spss) were used and testing the statistical methods that fit with the hypotheses of the current research.
The researcher reached a number of conclusions based on the results of statistical analysis, observation and personal interviews. The research reached the most important conclusion that the company is able to treat the defective according to sequential steps within the framework of training, an indication of the need to train employees on a variety of methods to treat the defect and under different circumstances in the crises associated with it. production processes, which constitute various reasons for this defective.

The research aims, through its general framework, to answer the research problem, which included several questions related to the nature of the relationship and the effect between the independent variable represented by accounting information systems and the approved variable represented by the competitive advantage. Statistics and numerous tests using the statistical analysis program (SPSS V.22). The research followed the descriptive analytical method for the purpose of describing the main variables, and using the analytical method to analyze the relationships and correlation between the study variables and their dimensions, and the research community was limited to a sample of private banks in Iraq, where the number of respondents to answer the questionnaire was (306) individuals. The research reached several results, the most important of which are: that there are two correlations and impacts between accounting information systems and competitive advantage