Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

The current study was carried out on three Arabi rams in a laboratory of the Department of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basra for the period from 14/1/2008 to 26/5/2008. The rams have drawn up in digestion cages (1,2x 0,8x 1 m). Rumen fistula were fixed on these rams, Ration, water, minerals and vitamins blocks were given ad libitum. Random samples of 12 feeds were collected from different areas of Al-Hartha and Qarmit-Ali, These feeds were phragmites australis, Typha domingensis, suaeda fruticosa, Imperata cylinrica, paniccm repens, juncos rigidus, salicorina europaea, alhagi maurorum, barley straw, corn cups, alfalfa hay and date palm seeds. All samples were dried, milled (3mm) and chemically analyzed before incubation into the rumen (0 h) and after 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation. Dry matter and all its chemical component degradability were estimated. The results revealed that All feeds showed high level of dry matter content, exceeding 85%, except suaeda fruticosa(41%). Differences in dry matter content among feeds were significant. Feeds showed different values for direct dissolved (a). Reed got lowest value equal to 3,835, which was not differing significantly than that of salicorina and Imperat cylinrica

This study was conducted by using 650 records of sheep and goats bred at Animal Farm/ College of Agriculture/ University of Basra. The aim was to calculate some of phenotypic indices for sheep and goats. The indices included height slope, body length, body width, body depth, balance and accumulative. Body measurements used to calculate these indices were body height at whether, body length, body height at tail, distance between bin bone, length of front legs, chest width and chest circumference. Body measurements of sheep exceeded that of goats significantly. These measurements showed high and positive correlations. By calculating the indices, sheep was nearly a beef animal than goats, as shown by accumulative index, body length and the balance of front legs (1.80, 1.01 and 1.08 for sheep and 1.18, 0.98 and 0.85 for goats respectively). The coefficient of variance between two species clearly introduce that there are a great chance to improve those animals through selection depending on these indices. As well as there were highly significant correlations between height slope index and body length index or height slope index and cumulative index. Heart girth considered as best body weight predictor for both species.

Potassium genotype of cross cattle slaughter at Basra slaughter house. The study used a data of 240 cattle (180 cows and 60 bulls. The animals aged more than three years. Two genotypes were in regard to potassium level in their blood. Potassium level was more than 45-60 melq/l (HK) in first group (High potassium). Its value was less than that in the other group (Low Potassium, LK). Potassium level in red blood cell of LK and HK were 29.32±6.22 melq/l and 54.35±8.92 melq/l respectively. Gene frequency of HK and Lk was 0.28 and 0.72 respectively. Cows with low potassium level exceeded the blood HK group by glucose level (3.94 ml/l) and total protein (71.6 gm/l). However, it showed less urea (1.67 mmol/l) and cholesterol (3.94 mmol/l) level. On the other hand, the group of low potassium level showed higher PCV (29.74%) and Hb (10.87 gm/100ml) in comparison to the other group (HK).

This study was conducted at technical institute Al-Shatrah at ThiGar City, from 7/3/2004 to 2/5/2004. the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different levels of energy diets on some production,traits Three hundreds and thirty three birds (Fabro) chicks were distributed randomly on three treatments with three replicates to each treatment the groups were fed six experimental diets differs in energy levels. Three levels of energy (2855, 3064 and 3131) k cal/kg, were used at started diets, and three levels of energy (2942, 3128 and 3214) k cal/kg me were used at finished diets The results showed a significant increase of the body weight for the birds feed the dietary energy level (3131 and 3214 k cal /kg) at 4 week and3214 kcalLkg at 8 week. As well as body gain was not significant affected the level of energy at all ages (4, 8) weeks. and a significant (P<0.05) increase in feed intake for the birds feed the dietary energy level (3214 k cal /kg) compared with other energy levels (3128, 2942 kcal /kg). However,the differents were not significant between them at age 8 weeks. Addition to feed efficiency were not significantly effected by the level of energy for all the ages (4,8) weeks and dressing percentage and carcass cuts (neck, wings and drumstick) were not significantly effected by the dietary energy levels. However, there was a significant increase in carcass weight and components (breast, thigh and back) for the bird feed the dietary energy level (3214) k cal/kg. This study showed the best of dietary energy was (3214) Kcal|kg in diets for broiler chicken

A total of 4753 records were analyzed in this study. Data belonged to Holstein cows bred at Al-Naser Dairy Cow Station (60 km south of Baghdad), The aim was to study the effect of birth year, birth season, calving year, calving season, parity, lactation period and age at first calving in total milk yield (305 days) (TMY 305 days), lactation period (LP), dry period (DP), calving interval (CI) and age at first calving (age1st).
The result indicated that birth year affected all studied traits, there was an increase in (TMY 305days) and decrease in the other traits in preceding to birth year. Calving season had a significant effect on (age1st),as autumn calving caused earlier age while spring calving gave late ages, All traits increased with preceding of calving year except (LP).Cow calving in Autumn producing more (TMY 305days), (LP), less (CI) and older at (age1st) in comparison with others. Parity had significant effect on a gradual decrease in (LP) till 10th parity, a highest (TMY 305days) was given by fourth and third parity, and the lowest yield was in the 10th parity. An increase in (LP) caused increase in (TMY 305days) and (CI) and decrease in (DP).

This study was conducted the College of Agriculture / University of Basrah from 10/1/2008 up to 25/4/2008 in order to find out the influence of of Oxytetracycline and Vitamin's (A, D3, E) supplementations on growth, blood paramrters of Arabi lambs.
Sixteen Arabi male lambs were used in this experiment, were divided randomly into four groups. All these groups fed a concentrate ration contain barely (59.5%), wheat bran (38%), urea (1.5%) and NaCl (1%). First group was a control (no treated). The 2nd, 3rd, 4th groups were treated with Vitamins (A,D3,E) Oxytetracycline orally, Vitamins (A,D3,E) and Oxytetracycline orally given together respectively.
The results of the currents study may be summarized as following:

1. Average daily gain and body weight of treated groups show higher values significantly (P<0.05) compared with control group.
2. Feed conversion ratio of treated groups decreased and feed intake increased.
3. There were no significant differences in the total red and white blood cells except a significant difference in red blood cells showed at 3 months period in groups 3 and 4 compared with groups 1 and 2.
4. There were significant differences in haemoglobin and packed cell volume during 2nd and 3rd month of the study between treated and control group.

An experiment was conducted at the desert conditions in Al-Bourgesia Experimental Research Station at the desert area of Basrah Province during the winter season of 2008/2009. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate field appracial of eight tomato hybrids (Douna, Sadeke, Warda, Yosra 448, Reemez, Sadeem, N23-48 and Hatouf( control))grown under plastic tunnels . Randomized Complete Block Design was used with three replicates. Duncan's Multiple Rang Test was used at probability of 5% to compare mean variations. Results showed that "Yosra 448" hybrid was significantly different in plant height, leaf number/plant and number of lateral branch. Meanwhile "Sadeke" hybrid produced significant increases in fruit weight(118.3 g.), while " Hatouf"( control ) and "Sadeke" were significantly superior in yield per plant (3.771 and 3.543 kg ,respectively) and total yield (7.856 and 7.380 ton.donum-1 ,respectively ). " Hatouf"( control ) , "Douna and "Sadeke" were significantly superior in early yield. Highest total soluble solids were produced by "Reemez and , N23-48", whereas highest vit.c and the total acidity were produced by " Hatouf"( control ) and "Douna" hybrids

The present work was carried out to study the effect of cutting type ,IBA conce.on rooting ability of Lawsonia inermis L. Results obtained from this study showed that the Medial and basal cuttings gave the highest rooting percentage dry weight of the cutting gave(93.7,89.7%) respectively roots, a length of roots(14.60,11.57) and number of roots(9.47,12.16), shoots(5.89,5) and leaves(83.3,71.8). Compared with sub-apical cutting. All IBA treatment caused a significant increase. For all rooting and vegetative growth compared with control. The study of interaction between the cutting and treated with IBA showed the basal and Medial cutting which treated with IBA gave a significant increase in rooting percentage and All rooting and vegetative
growth

This study was conducted in a private orchard during growing season (2000-2001) .The aim was to study the changes in level of (N,P,K,Ca,Mg) during growth and development of dormant buds in some cultivars of European grape vitis vinifera L.(Bungi,Abbasi,Deis Alanz and Agemi).
The results showed that minerals content of dormant buds increased during it's development and transfer from one stage to the other ;there were a significant differences in mineral nutrients (N,K,Mg),but there were no significant differences in)P , Ca) of the grape cultivars. There were no significant differences in mineral nutrients of the interaction between stages and cultivars except Mg .

This study was conducted in Az-Zubiar city –Basrah governorate between 232006 to 152007 to study the effect of injection by IBA (Indole Butryric Acid (and adding NPK fertilizer which equal (20:20:20) , high N (52:20:20),high P(20:52:20) or high K in rooting and some of root and vegetative system characteristics of aerial date palm offshoots cv.Hillawi and the results showed:
1. The root system:
1.1: Number of roots: the results showed the significant superior of injection treatment alone and with adding NPK fertilizer with different concentrations on control treatment which the higher average of formatted roots appeared in injection and adding NPK fertilizer as high P which (11.75) while in control treatment (3.5).
1.2: Roots length (cm): the results showed treated with injection and adding NPK as equal or high N superior significantly on other treatments while lowest average of root length recorded in control treatment with significantly difference of other treatments also do not notice a significant difference between injection treatment alone and with adding NPK fertilizer as high P or K.
1.3. Root diameter: the results showed a higher root diameter was appeared in injection and adding equal NPK fertilizer which (8.4) while a lowest root diameter recorded in control treatment which (5.29).
1.4: Dry matter (%): the highest value of dry matter was recorded in injection and adding equal or high N or P NPK fertilizer treatments with significant difference of other treatments while a lowest value recorded in control treatment with significant difference also do not notice a significant difference between injection alone and adding NPK fertilizer as high K.



2. Vegetative system.
2.1: Number of leaves: the results showed the lowest average of leaves number was in control treatment which (0.67) while do not record any significant difference between the injection alone and adding NPK fertilizer equal, high N or high P and these treatments superior of injection and adding NPK as high K.
2.2:leaf length: the highest length of leaf recorded in injection and adding equal NPK fertilizer with significant difference of other treatments but without significant difference of injection and adding NPK as high K which (50.91 and 48.25) cm. respectively, while lowest length of leaf recorded in control treatment with significant difference of other treatments which (29.39)cm.
2.3: Dry matter(%):the results showed the significant superior of injection and adding NPK fertilizer as equal or high N of other treatments and the injection and adding NPK as high P or K treatment was superior significantly of injection alone and control treatment and injection alone superior of control treatment.
2.4: Carbohydrate (%): the highest average of carbohydrate recorded in injection and adding NPK fertilizer as high P which (27.66%) with significant difference of other treatments but without significant difference of adding equal NPK difference while the lowest value in control treatment which (19.14%) with significant difference of other treatments.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum , fungicides and there combination against the pathogenic fungus Chalaropsis radicicola causing date palm offshoots death .The study of antagonism between the fungus T.harzianum and C.radicicola showed that the biofungus completely inhibited the growth of C.radicicola .
Bayfidan and Benomyl fungicides were found to be the most effective against C.radicicola as percentage of growth inhibition reached to 95.21 and 93.29% respectively, compared to 8% for Monceren fungicide , while Vacomyl-MZ and Benomyl were more effective against T.harzianum in percent inhibition of 83.94 and 82.38% respectively, compared to 4.71% for Eukoshen –bro and Monceren fungicides .
The results of field experiment revealed that the best treatments in reducing the date palm offshoots death were the treatments T.harzianum + Bayfidan and T.harzianum + Benomyl as infection rate was 11.11% compared to 55.55% for control treatment .
The positive effect of biofungus (T.harzianum) and Bayfidan fungicide reflected on leaves total chlorophyll content which reached to 3.63 mg/100g compared to 0.88 mg/ 100g of control treatment (soil with pathogen only) .

This study was conducted during 2009 season to find evaluate efficiency of five insecticides they are Albarq(Triazophos 40% EC Deltamethrin 2.5% EC), Baythroid (Cyfluthrin 5% EC), Falcon(Triazophos 40% EC), Lord(Chlofenapyr 24% SC)and Final (Alphacypermethrin 10%EC); and sticker color traps they are White, Yellow, Green, Blue, and Red To protected Date Palm fruits infested by spider dust mite Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) and lesser date moth Batrachedra amydraula (Merck).The laboratory results showed that the Albarq insecticide gave the highest mortality percentage of adults dust mite was 95.83% and Falcon insecticide gave the highest mortality percentage of eggs dust mite was 82.87%, while the Final insecticide gave the lowest mortality percentage of eggs and adults dust mite was (59.41, 42.60)% respectively. Either field results showed that exceed Albarq insecticide recorded lowest percent and severity of infestation by spider dust mite on date palm fruits was 3.33% and 0.56 mite/date respectively, and excellence Albarq insecticide effected lowest infestation and absence to dates percentage by lesser date moth was (00, 00)% respectively The White trap sticker recorded lowest infestation percentage for spider dust mite was 56.11%, While the Yellow trap sticker recorded lowest infestation severity for spider dust mite was 9.17 mite/date, and the White trap sticker showed lowest infestation and absence to dates percentage by lesser date moth was 20.67% and 6.12% respectively, comporting with control treatment it recorded highest percent and severity of infestation by spider dust mite on date palm fruits was 82.33% and 16.83 mite/date respectively and highest infestation and absence to dates percentage by lesser date moth was 76.67% and 23.87% respectively.

Present Study was conducted to evaluate the probable effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Nicotiana tabacum L.and Peganum harmala L.on the mortality of the egg stage aswell as the larval one of the chrysomya albiceps the significant successful of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of N.tabacum comparison by the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. harmala and its effect,which caused 100%, at100% conc.for all stages but reached 0% at 5% conc. by the influence of aqeous extract of P . harmala ,at 5% conc. At exposure for 24 hours. The Results of ethanolic extract and their effect on the egg and larval stage for N.tabacum and P. harmala showed that the effect of ethyl alchole extract N.tabacum was the most successful on the mortality of larval stage 5% conc.of N.tabacum caused an average mortality of 100%while it reached 0% at 5% conc. For the ethanolic extract of P. harmala and the average of mortality rate increased by the increased of conc.it reached 100% for the 1st &2nd instar respectively at the conc.100% At exposure for 24 hours.by the influence of ethanolic extract of N.tabacum .As well as immature stages mortalities were found to be directly correlated with the time of treatment to both plants .Statical results showed that the ethanolic extract of N.tabacum had asuccessful effect on mortality percentage which reached 86.61% while the lower mortality percentage reached 21.48% for the aqeous extract of P. harmala .

The effect of salinity on food intake rate for young Bunni fishes (Barbus sharpeyi). Four concentration different of salinity had been used (1.5,3, 5,7) g/L. The average initial fish weight was (2.24±0.42)g. The fish reared in eight plastic containers of 15 L capacity, with 5 fishes in each. Four treatments (two replicates). The fishes were feed with artificial food (29.31% protein). The results showed that the best food intake rate per body weight was in concentration 5g/L (2.07%) and the lower in concentration 7g/L (1.64%).The best (GR), (RGR) and (SGR) for fishes in the concentration (5g/L) was the highest.

Growth water samples has been collected from wells in different tomato plantation which situated inclusively the western desert to south world of Basrah city.The above water wells situated in the Areas wichis: Al-Barjesia, Al-Luhais and the southern Najmei Area. These samples has been submitted to analysis in order to specify chemical specification such as ECiw (pH) TDs, SAR, adj-SAR. The evaluation and classification of the samples were classified according to the (Richards, 1954) USSL. (Ayers and Westcot, 1985) FAO. (TGPC, 1995) and (Follett and Soltanpour, 2001). The results revealed that (pH) values were inclusive the neutral limits of the yields growth but there is altitude in the values of the electrical conductivity (EC) and the concentration of soluble cations and anions for wells water throngh the steps of water collection. This altitude due to the scarcity of the rains during the study period. As well as the wide use of unsuitable pumping the ground water caused big changes to the quality of the water and scarcity. Oneouther reason the draft of the bad quality water gathering caused scarcity of tomatoes yield comparatively with past seasons. Results also indicated that the water of wells inclusive the class C4S1 which means high salinity water with afew of sodium element according to the classification of (Richrds, 1954) USSL. If we depend on classification of the values of TDs, so we can consider that the water of the wells has moderately saline according to the classification of TGPC (1995) ; within increase in permeability hazard in FAO system ; and increasing toxicity hazard for toxicity based on (Cl¯) concentration that cause too much hard problem directly on the yields. We can not from the results that the concentration of the heavy metals in water samples do not couse any problem when we use in irrigation. Also we can find from the results that the everage of total yield of tomato decrease comparatively with the farmer studies to the same area.

Two protein hydrolysates were prepared from animals by-product (chicken legs and raw shrimp waste) by using commercial fungal enzyme(Renzyme 36.7unitmg). The chemical composition of Protein hydrolysates that include percentage of total solid matter, total nitrogen, Protein,lipid,ash ,yield and degree of analysis were studied, Also the physical properties of Protein hydrolysates were studied (pH and color), The best concentration of hydrolysates for preparing media was 12% for C, 8% for D, The Protein hydrolysates were added to two types of media (peptone broth and agar) and (nutrient broth and agar) instead of their peptone .Their ability to support the growth of microorganisms by cultivating natural samples (water, soil,milk and meat). The samples were incubated in 37C◦ for (24-48) h. A comparison was made with some commercially available media, also some selected types of bacteria (Streptococus spp., Staph.aureus, L.casei and E. coil) have been cultivated in these media.

Corn was dried in an indirect locally manufactured solar dryer with natural flow . It consists of solar collector of 0.5 m2 area and 25 kg capacity drying chamber, those of which was made of wood. The results compared with those of natural sun drying in January 2007, and showed that corn could be dried by using solar energy in Basrah city. Moisture content, water activity and specific heat were reduced with increasing day hours, The average and this reduction of drying time was higher in solar dryer than using natural sun drying method and the decreasing were 45%,19.5%,45%,19.49%,26.71,13.5 respectively . The average temperature in the drying chamber was 41.85 oC and the weather temperature was 18 oC. Experimental equations were proposed to calculate corn specific heat and moisture content as well as temperature of solar drying chamber at given solar radiation intensity and weather temperature.The differences between solar dryer and natural sun drying were not significant in the heat conduction.

Five samples of spics were collected from Basrah city markets ,known as :-1) Black pepper 2)cinnamon 3)ginger 4)carnation 5) nutmeg. Highest values recorded of moisture and ash percent were(8.51and6.34) in black pepper, while lowest values were (5.26and2.22)% in nutmeg. Few trace elements:- Cd, Cu, Fe and Ni , black pepper recorded highest values for Fe and Cu (186.6and8.35) mg/kg respectively.While highest values for Cd and Ni recorded in ginger (8.1and59.05)mg/kg for Cd and Ni respectively . Lowest values for Fe and Cd recorded in cinnamon (79.15and5.6)mg/kg respectively. While lowest values for Ni and Cu were recorded in carnation (4.8and4.15) mg/kg for Ni and Cu respectively.Microbiological tests consist of :-total count bacteria(TCB), total coliform(TC), staphylococcus and mold & yeast , black pepper recorded the highest values for all tests which were uncountable,while carnation recorded lowest values for all tests.

The green alga Ulothrix cylindricum was cultured under different concentrations of Cd (0.5, 1,2 and 4 mg/l) and Pb (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/l). Growth rate of alga was slightly decreased at low concentration and inhibited by high suited metals concentration, Cd was acutely toxic to alga at all concentrations and it was more toxic than Pb in low concentration.
Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the accumulated metals in the alga. The accumulation of Cd and Pb has increased with increased of the exposure period. The inhibition averages were increased with the increase of the metal concentration as well as elongating the exposure period.

Phenols were extracted from both leaves of Henna Lawsonia inermis and fruit husk of pomegranate Punica granatum and it was used in laboratory bioassays to assess their effectiveness to control the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari : Tetranychidae). Pomegranate phenol was more effective ( mortality rates 60.55, 71.10 and 56.66%) compared with Henna Phenol (mortality rates , 58.33, 59.44 and 46.66%) at concentration 1.0% test with two spotted mite adult , nymph and egg respectively. The most promising phenol (Pomegranate) was prepared as Phenol-Ureaformaldehyde Copolymer. The copolymer appeared high toxic effect ,caused mortality of T.urticae adult, reached 61.66 % at the more effective concentration of 1.0% after 24h of spraying application, the mortality enhance with increase time of treatment , to give rate 75% after 72h of application. The mortality of nymph had increased, it ranged from 50 to 88.33% at concentration mentioned before. Egg mortality rates were reached 66.66% in copolymer treatment at concentration 1.0% after 72h of application. The toxic effect found in this study could be attributed to phenol. Polymerization method offers the possibility of use phenol in controlled drug release systems.