Journal of Business Economics for Applied Research

The Study aim to find the relationship and influence between Strategic Clarity (Clarity of objectives, Clarity of activities and procedures, Structure clarity, Resource visibility, Clarity of the employee\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s role). In enhancing Strategic Ambidexterity (ambidexterity Exploratory, ambidexterity Exploitative(. For the academic leaders at the University of Kirkuk, as the study problem was identified by several questions represented in the nature of the relationship and influence between the study variables In order to verify the validity of the hypotheses, all of them were subjected to multiple tests , and the researchers used a questionnaire in order to obtain data, and the research method used in the descriptive analytical approach, The study community is represented by the academic leaders at the University of Kirkuk, And (132) questionnaires were distributed to the research sample represented by academic leaders at the University of Kirkuk. (126) questionnaire forms were retrieved The valid ones for analysis are (119), i.e. (90.1%) of the studied sample, The researchers used a set of statistical methods through which the data were processed and the results were extracted, and the most prominent results were the existence of a significant correlation between the dimensions of strategic clarity and strategic ingenuity at the University of Kirkuk, and the most prominent recommendations were the keenness of the university administration to give an opportunity for employees to see the extent to which their performance is linked to achieving the goals of the university and determining their path Career in the work environment to achieve scientific and academic orientation.

The research aims to identify the human engineering risk factors in the Northern Cement Association / Badush Cement Factory from the point of view of the working individuals, as well as to identify the moral differences between the opinions of the research sample about these factors. The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach in dealing with theoretical and field research data. The selection was a sample (201) of working individuals, and the questionnaire was the tool used in collecting data. Statistical methods were used to process data from the practical side through the SPSS statistical program. The research reached a set of results, the most important of which was the least risk to which working individuals are exposed to is the critical work sites and this explains to us the interest The laboratories are at work sites where there is a danger to the lives of working individuals, and they have resorted to providing safety and security equipment in those sites.

The study aimed to analyze the correlation and influence between customer knowledge management through its dimensions (knowledge from the customer, knowledge about the customer, knowledge of the customer, the joint construction of knowledge) and the product life cycle: a questionnaire was distributed to a sample of workers in private dairy companies in the city of Mosul and by (104) a valid form for analysis and tested the research hypotheses by resorting to the program spss 2010 To extract the results, the research reached the results, including there is a correlation and impact between customer knowledge management and the product life cycle, and it was suggested that companies take care of all dimensions of customer knowledge management and focus on them, because focusing on some without the other leads to not enhancing the product life cycle.

The research aims to describe and analyze the harmonic relationship of the dimension of entrepreneurial orientation. The research attempted to provide a clear conception in its theoretical aspect and clear answers in the field regarding the dimension of the pioneering orientation and the significance of its variables, as the research adopted in its theoretical and field framework after the pioneering orientation represented by (creativity, proactivity, independence, risk tolerance). Therefore, the two researchers chose some production organizations in the city of Mosul, The Respondents were the managers of the researched organizations in the city of Mosul.
The two researchers adopted the questionnaire as a main tool for collecting data and information on the field side, and the researchers distributed (112) forms to the managers of the researched productive organizations, and (102) valid forms were retrieved for analysis, and the variables of the research were described and the harmonic relationship analyzed for its variables, in light of that the research tried to answer a main question, which is the nature of the relationship between the variables of entrepreneurial orientation in the researched organizations.
The primary data was analyzed using the statistical package for applications of social sciences (SPSS) and some statistical methods were used.
The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which was that, through the results of the description and analysis, the management of the surveyed organizations focuses on the creativity variable, by providing distinguished products in the market, as well as showing the availability of the variables of pioneering orientation in the surveyed organizations.
Consistent with the content of the conclusions, the research reached a number of proposals, the most important of which is that the surveyed organizations should give greater importance to the independence variable by allowing employees to access all the information required by the nature of their work

The main objective of the research is to determine the correlation and impact of environmental dynamism in the process of job desertification in the two companies, Zain Iraq and Korek Telecom.
The research problem was represented by the main question, which states what is the role of environmental dynamism in the process of functional desertification?
The researchers relied on the descriptive-analytical and inductive approach in order to interpret and analyze the data used, in addition to taking the questionnaire as a main tool for collecting data on the sample surveyed, and in order to reach the research objectives.
The researchers chose a sample of the administrative leaders working in Zain Iraq and Korek Telecom, whose number is (144) The sample size was chosen according to Thombson's equation from a population size of (225) The research reached a set of conclusions, perhaps the most prominent of them: that there is a correlation between environmental dynamism and job desertification from the point of view of the sample members in the field investigated. Respond to it quickly because its increase may increase the problems of occupational desertification.

The current study aims to test the contribution of critical success factors to the six sagma green agile deviations (leadership focus, training and education, improvement action structure, focus matrix) contribute to managerial innovation (political support, knowledge management, creativity skills, customer perspective). The conceptual issue of the six green graceful deviations as an independent variable, while the other framework dealt with the issue of innovation, administrative as a dependent variable, while the other framework represented the practical statistical aspect of the study variables, and after the visits made by the researcher and conducting personal interviews in the researched field Appendix (4) It was found that “there is a weakness in the environmental performance of the field in question, and the lack of support from the senior management” and the hypotheses were tested, related to the study problem for the purpose of strengthening the aspect of managerial innovation in the Northern Cement Auxiliary by adopting the critical success factors of the six green graceful deviations.
After reviewing the study problem, the descriptive-analytical approach was chosen to implement the current study. Therefore, a hypothesis was designed that shows the correlation and influence relationships between the study variables, and a set of main and sub-hypotheses emerged from it, corresponding to the study’s problem and objectives. In Mosul to represent the Northern Cement Associate in the practical aspect of the study, as a questionnaire was adopted as the main tool for collecting data and information and distributing it to many, administrative leaders represented by directors of departments and divisions, and their assistants as a random sample for the study consisting of (130) respondents, in addition to using some Other methods such as personal interviews, and the study reached a set of results in the researched field, the most important of which are: The general average of the respondents' awareness of each factor of the study was positive, and a significant correlation and effect was achieved between the six green graceful deviations factors and managerial innovation.

The research aims to identify the concept of the knowledge economy, which is a new economic approach in human history, as it is one of the most important stages of economic development in which knowledge is an economic commodity and an important factor of unconventional and distinct production factors. To the knowledge economy and its success in promoting the national economy and access through the knowledge economy to international competition, and the research found a scientific gap between Iraq and Malaysia in terms of spending on scientific research and development, as Malaysia spent in 2018 (1.04) of GDP, while From 2015 to 2018, Iraq spent only 0.04 of its gross domestic product. Malaysia focused on the human element to build, configure and organize its organization and develop its projects and institutions in creativity and innovation. Therefore, countries should follow the steps of countries that have adopted and succeeded in transforming their economy into a knowledge economy. As in Malaysia, which has prepared a model for comprehensive development on its economy and benefit from it.

Economic growth plays a prominent role in increasing environmental pollution rates through the emissions left by large industries, so the research aimed to measure the impact of economic growth on greenhouse gas emissions in developed countries for the period (2000-2020), especially with the existence of agreements to reduce environmental pollution.
The research found that in the long term there is an inverse relationship between the average per capita income and the average per capita carbon dioxide emissions, meaning that an increase in the average per capita income by one unit will lead to a decrease in per capita carbon dioxide emissions by (-0.34%). ) While in the short-term relationship: the results showed that the relationship is direct between economic growth and environmental pollution and that the increase in economic growth by one unit, leads to an increase in environmental pollution by (0.520%), and the results also showed a two-way causal relationship as economic growth causes Increasing the average per capita carbon dioxide emissions (tons.m/capita)-Y, and vice versa, industries that contribute to increasing the average per capita emissions of carbon dioxide (tons.m/capita)-Y) cause economic growth The research also recommended: that developed countries avoid falling into the trap of development patterns, excessive growth and harmful investments that can become useless, especially in a world now in which carbon emissions are subject to severe restrictions, to work according to the principle of carbon pricing, through the application of taxes Carbon or emissions cap regimes that incorporate the cost of environmental damage from greenhouse gas emissions, represent an efficient way to increase revenues while encouraging emissions reductions.

Accountants and auditors working in Islamic banks must abide by professional codes of ethics in order to maintain and advance the profession’s reputation, In order to reach the level of quality required in the accounting and auditing process, In order to know this, it is necessary to translate these ethics into practice, represented by the codes of ethics for the Islamic profession.
The research sought to achieve a main goal, which is to determine the extent to which accountants and auditors in Islamic banks adhere to the Islamic Code of Ethics issued by (AAOIFI), In the practical aspect, the researchers relied on the analytical approach through observation, observation, and personal interviews for accountants and auditors (AAOIFI) in the bank in question, by collecting data related to the subject of research and related information, Distributing and analyzing the examination form to them during personal interviews, The research concluded with conclusions, most notably that the research sample bank applies the Islamic charters issued by (AAOIFI) for the year (2015), However, it does not apply the Islamic charters recently issued by (AAOIFI) for the year (2019), This is due to the lack of instructions and recommendations for those charters that obligate Islamic banks to implement those charters and standards by the Central Bank of Iraq, The research recommended the most important recommendations, There is an urgent need to rehabilitate the accountant and auditor, practically and scientifically, in Islamic banks and by reviewing everything related to this profession from the basics of financial banks and the related legal sciences and embodying the special accounting and auditing thought.

The global economy has witnessed great transformations, the most important of which was the rapid development in the ICT sector, which led to the emergence of the so-called digital economy or the knowledge economy. The United Arab Emirates mechanism seeks by increasing spending on research and development projects, developing human resources and increasing their knowledge capabilities by providing the necessary infrastructure to make the digital economy a bridge to achieve sustainable development. The research aims to prove the impact of digital economy indicators on sustainable development in the United Arab Emirates. The research started from the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between the development of the digital economy through its indicators and the size of sustainable development in the United Arab Emirates. The research concluded that the estimated parameters revealed to us that the relationship between the independent variables (information and communication technology, innovation) and the dependent variables (GDP, number of students, carbon dioxide) are related to a direct relationship and this is consistent with the logic of economic theory. The study recommended the need to continue developing the information sector by investing in the infrastructure of information and communication technology in order to preserve resources and wealth for future generations

This research dealt with media marketing as an independent variable, as it included four dimensions represented in the elements of the media marketing mix, and the societal security variable as an approved variable and included four dimensions as well. An effective balance between cultural, religious, ethnic and linguistic identities and the need to build national integration for citizens by creating a just society. As for media marketing, it works to bring about positive change in addressing social problems, as media marketers need to recognize that the world is changing in the search for new ideas and inspiration in areas from The researchers also sought to include in this research the two variables (media marketing, Societal security) in the form of a holistic framework, an attempt to study the nature of the relationship between these variables, through the opinions of a sample of citizens in Nineveh Governorate, and in general the study attempts to answer the following questions:
1. Do the respondents care about societal security and media marketing?
2. Is there a correlation and impact between Societal security and media marketing?
In order to answer these questions, a hypothetical chart was developed that reflects the nature of the relationship between the variables and dimensions of the study, and a set of main and sub-hypotheses were adopted that were tested using statistical means for the data collected through the questionnaire form about the individuals surveyed, where (2248) forms were distributed, all of which were retrieved by (100%), as well as personal interviews. The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of correlation and impact relations between the societal security variable and the media marketing variable, as well as the correlation between the main variables with the sub-dimensions, and this indicates the extent of the importance of each of the variables and dimensions of the current study for the researched organization. Based on the conclusions reached by the research, proposals were presented that were consistent with these conclusions, the most important of which were:
1. The public and private institutions should strengthen the decentralization system in their administrative, financial and service work in order to speed up the delivery of services to the citizen and reduce the daily routine work in a way that eliminates bureaucracy.
2. The necessity of providing job opportunities for citizens through the provision of small pioneering projects supported by the state and the private sector in order to reduce unemployment rates among citizens.

The current research aims to achieve a statement of the inspirational leadership trends to address job cynicism, and accordingly a hypothetical diagram was designed that explains the nature of the relationship between the current research variables, and the research relied on the descriptive analytical approach. The main question for the current study is, is there an effect of the inspiring leaders in the directorate under consideration to address job cynicism? For the purpose of testing the research hypotheses, the research was applied to a sample of individuals working in (Nineveh Health Department) to obtain the required information through the (questionnaire) prepared for this purpose, as the research community consisted of (410) individuals, from whom a sample of (384) was withdrawn). An individual representing the segment of employees in the Nineveh Health Department, among the officials and employees of this department. Among the most prominent conclusions (there is a direct impact relationship with positive statistical significance between the inspiring leadership variable in the treatment of job cynicism) and the most important proposals (the organization under consideration should increase interest in demonstrating the traits of inspiring leadership).

The research aims to clarify the role of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on the Iraqi trade balance during the period (2004-2020). The dollar against the Iraqi dinar, as well as the analysis of the status of the trade balance in Iraq during the period from (2004-2020), The research problem focuses on knowing the extent of fluctuations in the exchange rate of the dollar against the Iraqi dinar during the study period and the reflection of these fluctuations on the trade balance in terms of both exports and total imports.(2004 - 2020), The significant increase in dependence on oil exports led to the deepening of the principle of the unilateralism of the Iraqi economy without working to diversify exports, and the analytical side showed that decreasing or raising the foreign exchange rate does not affect the volume of oil exports because their prices and quantities are determined globally according to the forces of supply and demand, while Raising the foreign exchange rate affects the reduction of non-essential imports.

The study aimed to measure the effect of information asymmetry on the cost of capital for the research sample, and the research problem was “Does the Kuwait Stock Exchange disclose its information accurately and in a timely manner?” What is the effect of information asymmetry on the cost of capital for companies listed in the market? On this basis, the study assumed “the existence of a statistically significant effect of asymmetric information on the cost of capital.” The study was represented in the Kuwait market, where the quarterly data published in the stock market was adopted for a period of (9) years for the period (2012-2020), and thus becomes The number of observations (36) views, the data were analyzed and the ARDL model was used to measure the effect of the explanatory variables on the responsive variable. In the short and long term, the study recommended that companies should pay attention to indicators that diagnose the problem of information asymmetry, reduce the information gap between management and shareholders, and work to reduce the cost of capital by reducing information asymmetry.

The current study seeks to achieve a main objective of identifying the acceptance of IoT technologies by medical care providers in health institutions in Nineveh Governorate. To achieve this, the study used the inductive approach through the Technical Acceptance Model (TAM2), which is the quality of the outputs and the proof of the result, as well as the perceived benefit. For the purpose of data collection, the survey method was used by means of an electronic questionnaire prepared based on a number of studies in this field, and the study targeted doctors, dentists, and pharmacists as the elements of the study sample, and the sample size was (341), and modeling was used with structural equations to test the hypotheses of the study The study reached a number of results, the most important of which was that Result Demonstrability had a significant impact on the perceived benefit of using the Internet of Things technology in the medical field. The results showed that the Output quality had a direct impact on the perceived benefit of using this technology in the medical field.

The study aimed to determine the correlation and influence relationships between the independent variable (strategic intuition) and its dimensions represented by (empowerment, inspiration, understanding) in the equation variable (strategic leadership) and its dimensions represented by (flexibility, creativity, entrepreneurial leadership, seizing opportunities, tolerance) and indicating the level of the respondents' performance of the two variables. For analysis, the number of valid queries for analysis became 31 forms. The study reached a number of conclusions, the most prominent of which is that strategic intuition provides the ability to make the organization at the fore and turn it into a leading organization in its field of work, and it also enables the organization to make optimal use of its human resources, which leads to an increase in the organization’s profitability, growth and prosperity. Giving more attention by the leaders of the organization in question to the dimensions expressing the strategic intuition represented by (empowerment, inspiration, deep understanding), and working to adopt it for its important role in strategic leadership

The issue of public spending and the trade balance is one of the important topics that aroused the interest of researchers, as the research aims to analyze the relationship between public spending and the trade balance in Iraq for the period (2004-2020), as well as analyze the structure of public spending in terms of (current and investment) and the trade balance in terms of (exports) and imports.
The results of the analytical side showed that public spending witnessed a remarkable decline for the years (2014 and 2015) amounting to (83,556) and (70,396) billion dinars, respectively. Iraqi cities, which led to the suspension of some oil fields from production, directing the increase in spending on military operations and the accompanying security developments in the country, as well as increasing salaries and job allocations as a result of the increase in the number of volunteer fighters within the ranks of the Iraqi forces and the creation of new administrative and military formations to fight organizations Terrorism, while the end of the research period in the year (2020) witnessed a remarkable decline to record a value of (76081) billion dinars, and the reason for this is due to the double crisis represented by the deterioration of the global health situation and Iraq in particular in the fight against the Corona pandemic (COVID-19).

The research aims to study some macroeconomic variables and their relationship to the general budget deficit in the Iraqi economy, in addition to building a standard model in order to measure and analyze the relationship between some macroeconomic variables and the budget deficit in the Iraqi economy for the period (2004-2020). The research relied on the descriptive approach and the quantitative approach based on econometrics through the application of modern standard methods, as the methodology of the Autoregressive Distributed Deceleration Model (ARDL) was used, and the quarterly data was used for the period (2004-2020) through the use of the statistical program (Eviews 10).
As for the most important findings of the research, it is the existence of a direct short and long-term relationship between the independent variables (economic growth, unemployment, inflation) and the dependent variable (budget deficit). (2004-2020), while the results of the standard analysis showed an inverse relationship in the short and long terms between the money supply (M2) and the budget deficit, as the partial elasticity of the budget deficit in relation to the broad money supply was (-0.465604), which means that the increase in the money supply (M2) in the economy Iraq leads to a decrease in the budget deficit in Iraq during the period (2004-2020). The research recommended that policies that stimulate growth in the gross domestic product, which in turn lead to a reduction in the budget deficit, in order to achieve economic stability in the Iraqi economy, as well as reduce government spending, should be encouraged, especially in unnecessary areas in which suspicions of financial and administrative corruption abound, and the suspension of foreign exchange operations Public budget.

The aim of the current study is to know the role of strategic sense in enhancing organizational effectiveness. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method to study and analyze the problem and to show the relationship between its variables at Tikrit University as a field for study and to test its hypotheses. The researcher adopted a questionnaire as a tool for data collection. This included taking a sample from the deans, their assistants, and heads of departments and branches in the organization in question. 120) forms were distributed, of which (116) were recovered, and (110) valid forms were valid for measurement, after excluding (6) invalid forms. The data was analyzed using appropriate statistical methods for the purpose of testing the research hypotheses. The problem of the study was the weakness of adopting strategic sense in the organization in question, and one of the most important results of the research was the presence of a significant effect and correlation of the dimensions of strategic sense in enhancing organizational effectiveness.

The current research aims to identify the creative orientation of companies in the manufacture and marketing of products to target customers and their role in increasing the market share and strengthening their commercial positions in the current market, and the search for new markets, as some companies suffer from not investing the ideas available to them and transforming them into new products that are put first in the market In addition to not utilizing its potential, capabilities and skill in the trend towards quality and creativity.The questionnaire was designed, which included descriptive variables related to the customers who shopped from Sadaf Furniture Company in the city of Dohuk, who numbered (75) individuals. Also the forms were collected, their contents analyzed, and the values of correlation and regression coefficients were extracted to verify the validity of the hypotheses. Ideas and attention to them, and taking them into account when formulating policies and future marketing plans. The search came up with a set of results, the most important of which were: the need for companies to respond to customers' needs and multiple desires by adopting their suggestions and ideas, and the possibility of employing them in the manufacture or marketing of a product.

The research aims to test the impact of the pillars of knowledge sharing on the strategic renewal in the educational field, and the research sample was represented by the teaching staff in a number of colleges in the University of Tikrit, and a questionnaire form was adopted as a main tool for data collection, as the retrieved and valid analysis questionnaires amounted to 289 questionnaires.
The research reached a set of results, the most important of which are; there is a significant effect of the pillars of knowledge sharing in strategic renewal in the colleges under study

Educational units are interested in providing appropriate and appropriate accounting and administrative systems that provide them with the necessary information necessary for decision-making and decision-making related to planning and control, given the rapid development in the contemporary environment and in order to achieve its desired goals of upgrading the educational process by relying on modern techniques for cost management, including six sigma.
The importance of this study lies in determining the extent to which the hexagonal diffraction technology contributes to the educational sector to support, evaluate and evaluate educational quality requirements by identifying the difficulties encountered in its use.
The reason for choosing this topic is that it is considered one of the important issues in the current stage, given that the educational process is not subjected to intense competition at the local and international levels.
This study aims to show the extent to which the use of modern technologies for cost management, including six sigma, contribute to supporting the requirements of educational service quality in order to advance it and to keep pace with the rapid developments taking place in the contemporary environment .What gives this study its original character is its focus on all the positive aspects of measuring the quality of educational services in the current stage.

The study aimed to show the impact of emotional intelligence on productive efficiency from the point of view of employees of the General Company for Dairy Products / Abi Ghraib where the sample reached 130 members and the number of questionnaires recovered and valid for the analysis of120 questionnaires.
The researchers highlighted the fact that there is a statistically significant impact of understanding and understanding the emotions of others and the awareness of human relationships on productive efficiency. The study recommended the need to pay attention to emotional intelligence and give priority to administrative work and develop the skills and abilities of the organization's workers in order to achieve its objectives.
In addition to its importance and productive efficiency at the level of society, organization and individual, it refers to the relationship between resources and results and the link to the question of how much inputs are materials and money to achieve the level of output.