AL-Rafidain Engineering Journal (AREJ)

The architectural projects in Iraq, designed according to the traditional method, face problems of the delay in the completion
of work and the increase in the cost. The paper adopts the implementation of BIM system in the field of architectural design
as one of the leading digital systems for estimating project scheduling accurately. The research problem was to identify the
requirements for applying BIM 4D (one of the BIM tasks) in architectural projects in Iraq. The research goal was to
determine the requirements of applying BIM 4D in public sector projects in Iraq. The research identified the most important
prerequisites, for examples: the adoption of Iraqi codes in defining the libraries of components involved in the design, the
definition of the detailed components of building to take into account the local market such as manufacturers, setting
determinants that require cooperation and communication between the relevant government agencies and the diverse design
teams during the design phase to avoid future conflicts, and ensuring early participation of the contractor in the design
stag

In the era of digital architecture, parametric design plays a fundamental role in the generative architectural design
process. The most important of its benefits are that it allows a visual representation of the design process, a designer
interaction during the construction of the parametric model using visual codes, the representation of steps sequentially
and logically, in addition to the ability to adapt the model according to the client’s requirements and the designer's
wishes, and to generate various design solutions and alternatives for the same model.
Parametric Typology is an approach that combines typological design with computational parametric techniques in
order to produce various designs that belong to a specific building type. The research problem revolves around the
application of parametric Typology to generat initial designs for local housing. Previous studies have proposed different
approaches in the implementation of parametric typology to designs ranging from urban scale, individual buildings, to
building elements. The research presented a theoretical framework, drawn from previous studies, to clarify the concepts
and techniques of parametric typology method. The methodology was applied to build parametric model using a visual
algorithm in grasshopper software. Prototypes for single-family housing had been generated as a functional type that
occupies the largest space in cities; in addition there is a huge demand for it. As a result of the study, initial models were
implemented with variety of parametric in terms of the placement of activities and the number of spaces.

The analysis of the machines foundations is an important issue in the geotechnical engineering as the foundations
of the machine provide a strong platform for the machines to work in a smooth manner with minimal maintenance
requirements. The process of analyzing of the machines foundations requires more attention since it includes not only the
static loads but also the dynamic loads that result from the unbalanced forces that the machine generates or its vibratory
motion. Of course, this movement load is transferred to the soil through the foundation and its effect can be calculated
using the principles of kinetic soil and vibration theory. Here, the search deals with the study of analyzing machines
foundations under the influence of kinetic loads taking into consideration the type of soil and its condition, the shape of
the foundation and its location from the surface of the earth, the type of kinetic load projected and the method of analysis.
In this study, and for the purpose of achieving what has been mentioned with using finite element method (program
Plaxis 2D V8.6 ) three types of sandy soil (Loose, medium and dense) were taken. The effect of dynamic loads on
different types of machine foundations (square, rectangular, and strip) was studied and under the influence of a different
dynamic frequency (5,10,15, 20 Hz) was studied and the effect of a group of these factors on the amount of displacement
of the machine foundation was studied and these results were compared with the maximum Amplitude when resonating
with a special parameter called Normalized Displacement.
It is noted from this study that the value of the displacement decreases by increasing the values of the (L / B) ratio
of the foundation for the same frequency for the three soil states, , and that the increase the value of the elastic modulus
(E), the Normalized displacement value approaches the number (1), that meaning it approaches the resonance at the
frequency ( 5 Hz) for the case of the square foundation more than the rectangle and the strip , and for the remaind of the
frequencies (10, 15, 20 Hz) the Normalized displacement value will be less compared to the frequency (5 Hz) as well as
less variation between the cases of different foundations shape.

This study was conducted to use acceleration noise as an alternative measure to the level of service on multilane urban highways located within Kirkuk City. The study provides a simplified and easy way to evaluate the level of
service (LOS) instead of the extended methodology proposed by the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM-2010). Ten (10)
multi-lane urban segments were chosen within the study area for collecting the required field data. Moving Vehicle Method
(MVM) with a digital camera equipped with a built-in GPS receiver were utilized to collect field data. Acceleration noise
takes the form of an exponential function (y = ex) when associated with traffic flow variables (traffic volume, density, and
speed). Final results have revealed that acceleration noise could be used as a surrogate measuring the level of service for
multi-lane urban highways within the ranges of the level of service LOS A-LOS C.

The electrical energy crisis is a global problem that all developing countries face in general and Iraq in
particular. A lot of body in the literature holds that lifestyle and consumption choices strongly affect residential energy
consumption. Hitherto releasing energy savings in households is not simple. Previous studies indicate that the lighting
requirements for the residential sector consume a significant amount of Iraq’s energy resources. In this study, the authors
analyzed the energy consumption of 48 samples of residential loads at different dwellings in the country. In addition, the
simulation study based on the DIALUX Evo 8 lighting software has been conducted, which shows the energy consumption
savings for various types of luminaires. The results clearly show that a relatively large portion of lighting system
consumption is because of the poor distribution of lighting fixtures and the use of relatively high-consuming traditional
lighting luminaires. The study deduces that the energy efficiency of the lighting system may be improved by about 60% by
simply replacing the traditional lighting systems with modern LED-technology-based systems. It is also necessary to
redistribute lighting fixtures using state-of-the-art lighting software for achieving adequate levels of lighting and visual
comfort for humans.

In this paper four gate openings and fifteen operating scenarios in terms of the difference in the arrangement
of working gates were studied. The Expansion Ratio (e) which is (the ratio of total width of the channel to the total width
of the working gates) was calculated for each scenario. It can be seen that when the value of (e) was the largest possible,
which is (5.34), the value of the discharge coefficient (Cd) was also as high as possible, reached to (0.845). Also, the
value of the contraction coefficient (Cc) was the highest value, (0.693). The increasing in the value of (e) means that the
number of openings that work is less. Both (Cd) and (Cc) are decreases when Froude Number increased for all scenarios
of gate worked operations.

In this research ,20 laboratory experiments was carried out on a column of soil with dimensions (30 cm *30
cm *45 cm) on two types of soil loamy sand and loamy ,in order to study the infiltration characteristics of the soil under
sprinkling application with constant application rate under continuous and intermittent application at three constant
application rates (31,52.4 and68)mm/hr ,with four cycle ratios(cr=1,1/2,1/3,1/4) for loamy sand soil and application rate
(31,52.4)mm/hr and three cycle ratios(cr=1,1/2,1/3) for loamy soil for each application rate , the study focused on two
basic factor : the time to ponding (????????)and the infiltration characteristics after ponding time .the study showed that using
intermittent application method improves infiltration characteristics as it leads to increase in time to ponding ,this
increased ranged between (3.00% to 155%)for loamy sand soil and (30211% to 00.281%) for loamy soil at circle ratio
equal 1
4
as compared with continuous application in addition to increasing the accumulative infiltration rate depth at any
time for example at 180min actual application time the accumulated infiltration depth increased by (3.28% to 51%)for
loamy sand soil and (32205% to 082.5%) for loamy soil using intermittent application (cr = 1
4
) as compared with
continuous application

The life loss resulting from the momentary hypothetical failure of Mosul Dam for the area between Mosul Dam
extending to the south of Mosul City was estimated depending on inundation maps resulting from flood wave simulation
using IBER hydrodynamic model for storage elevation scenarios (300, 310, 320, 330 and 335) meters above sea level.
The estimated number residents exposed to the flooding risk at minimum and maximum Mosul Lake storage elevation
scenarios for the left and right sides of Mosul City were (257886-749625) person and for the residential communities
between Mosul Dam and Mosul City were (10685-47925) person respectively. Saqib Ehsan (2009) approach was used to
estimate the life losses for the study area. The human losses were estimated when there was no available warning time
for minimum and maximum lake storage levels to be (17452 & 372958) persons respectively. The distances between safe
places from the river center were calculated to be (3.09) km for the right side and (5.27) km for the left side of Mosul City
at the lake storage elevation of 335 meter above sea level, so the average flood rise velocity and flood survival time till
flood were recession completely was calculated for all the lake storage scenarios. An emergency notification action plan
has been proposed for the Mosul Dam failure scenario with the most important recommendations and procedures to be
under consideration during the flood disaster.

A common problems faced by the side intake channels are sedimentation and sediment entry. These cause
problems as limiting the flow ability in irrigation channels, and threatening to waterway block when the water level is
low. This laboratory study was conducted to find out the effect of using one-row immersed vans in the main channel to
control the sediments amount of entering the intake channel at an angle 30???? with two sand concentrations at granular
diameter rate (????50 = 0.5mm). The first concentration flow rate was (1.8????/????) And the second (2.22????/????). The results
showed that the use of a single row of submerged vans reduces the sediment amount that entered the intake channel by
(35-65)% of the total sediments that were fed by the feeder channel for both concentrations. This indicates that use of
submerged vans has a positive role in entry process and sediment transfer to branched channels.

In this study, two Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were built to predict the amount of seepage and the
factor of safety for the upstream and downstream slopes of the Qaim Dam, which was proposed to be
constructed on the Khosar River. Two cases have been taken into consideration to analyze the operation of the
dam, making use of previous study used Geo-Studio 2012 program studying the stability and the seepage
through dam body and its foundation. Thus, two neural networks have been proposed, the first one was for the
steady-state case of the reservoir water level and the second was for the rapid drawdown of the reservoir water
level. The first ANN gave a coefficient of determination for the seepage process of (0.996),while these
coefficients for upstream and downstream slopes were (0.957), and (0.925) respectively. The second ANN deals
with calculation of the factor of safety for the upstream slope in a rapid drawdown case, which was (0.976).
Sensitivity analyses were also conducted to figure out the most effective variables. It is shown that the most
effective factor was the angle of internal friction for the soil.

In this study, a water evaluation and planning WEAP model was utilized to improve the Ramadi irrigation
project with 28342 hectares and 326 million ????3 annual budget for the period (2018-2019). The results showed that the
total water used was 111.5 million ????3/year representing 34.2% of Ramadi irrigation budget. The annual production was
39.3 million Kg/year for Ramadi irrigation, and the total economic returns was 16.04 million $/year. The study proposes
two scenarios to improve the cultivated area. The first scenario increases water volume of the current year from 111.5
million ????3/year to 272.12 million ????3/year, which caused an increase in annual productivity from 39.3 million Kg/year
to 144.57 million Kg/year, and economic return rose from 16.04 million $/year to 65.25 million $/year. The second
scenario recorded an increase in the annual production for the current year from 39.3 million Kg/year to 192.27 million
Kg/year and economic return from 16.04 million $/year to 86.79 million $/year when using additional pumps for project
2, 3 and project 5. Also, the convey loss increased from 16.72 million ????3/year for the current year to 48.47 million
????3/year when applying the second scenario, which equals 15% from the water budget of Ramadi irrigation

The purpose of the study is to meteorological drought analysis using a standard precipitation index (SPI) in (9)
climatic stations spread over the northwestern part of Iraq for the period from 1981 to 2018. Analysis was done at different
time intervals and different SPI thresholds. The study showed that the percentage for wet and dry years is 48.54% and
51.46%, respectively, when rated SPI-12 = 0, and this percentage improves for short periods of time to reach 59.94% and
40.06 for wet and dry years respectively when rated SPI-6 (7-12) ) = 0. It was found that the classification of moderate
humidity and moderate dryness is prevalent during that period and at all classifications and time periods, while the
classification of severe dryness and extreme drought appears clearly and clearly in short time periods, especially in the
stations of group (A) and (B).

Among the operating and management practices that can increase the uniformity of water distribution
in the portable sprinkler irrigation systems is the alternate setting of sprinkler laterals. Shifting the laterals by
half the distance between laterals results in a single alternate set and shifting the laterals by half the distance
between the sprinklers results in double alternate set. Data representing 66 patterns of water distribution for
a single sprinkler of different types of sprinkler heads were used. By choosing many suitable sprinklers spacing
and using Microsoft Excel to implement the field distribution that free of dry spots, the following coefficients
were computed: uniformity coefficient, uniformity coefficient of single and double alternate set, distribution
uniformity, distribution uniformity of single and double alternate set and coefficients related to sprinklers
spacing. Then, using the nonlinear regression analysis provided in SPSS, empirical relationships were derived
to estimate both the single and double uniformity coefficients and the single and double distribution uniformity
with determination coefficients of 0.783, 0.810, 0.720, and 0.766, respectively. The spacing coefficients that
lead to the maximum values of the different uniformity coefficients were determined based on inferred
equations. In addition, the functions proposed in previous studies used in estimating the single and double
uniformity coefficients with determination coefficients of 0.608 and 0.539, respectively as well as the single
and double distribution uniformity coefficients with determination coefficients of 0.584 and 0.491, respectively
showed low accuracy as compared with the ones proposed in the current study

The paper presents and discusses how to use some software techniques to handle the error in the weighing
signal that is produced from a load cell . The load cell is the best sensor used to transform the weight to an
electrical signal. In industry the production of an accurate weighing signal suffers from a noisy environment.
Different sources of noise like electromagnetic fields from machines, motors, microwaves and power lines in
addition to tempreture variations and humidity have significant effects on weak electrical signals produced by load
cells. The software filtering is adopted to reduce or remove the unwanted effects. The measured combined error is
±0.416% when the load is 6000g. The error normal distribution has a sigma improvement equals to 6.922%. With the
adaptive hardware gain the measurement time is reduced by about 20%.

This paper introduces different topics about Air pollution monitoring based on IoT (internet of things). It describes
different methods used for monitoring and measuring Air pollution using different techniques. Some papers discussed Air
pollution monitoring using (Arduino uno, Raspberry or ESP8266, PIC microcontroller). All would be presented to improve
air monitoring efficiently and to clarify the tools used in each technique giving the differences between one technique and
another. Reducing air pollution is necessary for the future, and cities around the world are using technology and smart city
initiatives to take on the problem because it is considered as the major environmental risk factor for human health. Air
pollution causes heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and acute lower respiratory
disease. Therefore, it is important to reduce traffic and output from factories to decrease pollution

The human signature is an important biometric feature that is used to identify human identity. It is essential in
preventing falsification of documents in numerous financial, legal, and other commercial settings. The computerized system
enters many aspects of our life, security is one of them, continues developing in computer vision and artificial network
leads researcher to develop computerized signature recognition. This paper proposed a real-time algorithm for signature
recognition. It is based on client and server operation.in which, client agent captures a signature and sends it to the server
through the network. The server receives data and performs processing on it. Processing algorithm is based on weightless
neural network. It is chosen for its simplicity and few numbers of sample required for training. The algorithm is tested and
evaluated and show the ability to process 4.7 images per second.

The research presents the site surveying data for per capita indoor water consumption that carried out in Mosul city, Iraq.
A questionnaire containing over 30 questions was developed to collect a precise information on household characteristics
(family size, number of children, income and educational level of house parents), with daily indoor water consumption, according to
the days of the week, taking into consideration water supply continuity, in addition to the built and site area of the house. Over 132
households of standalone, houses with different characteristics were obtained.
The data showed abnormal distribution due to a Non-parametric statistical analysis. Indoor water consumption revealed a
positively significant relationship with family size, site area and built area of the house. Whereas, there were a negatively correlation
with number of children, monthly income of householder and their educational level, were tabulated, No significant relationship with
number of interrupted supply days was observed. Statistical regression analysis elucidated that the educational level of householder
followed by family monthly income, family size, the built area and the site area were the crucial weighted factors affecting the indoor
water consumption.