ADAB AL-BASRAH

The administrative judiciary holds significant importance as it deals with disputes that impact the functioning of public institutions in the state. The role of the administrative judge is to regulate the relationships between state authorities, represented by the administration and its privileges, and individuals arising from various disputes. This task is not straightforward.
To issue binding rulings on these disputes, the judge must seek solutions within the legislative framework, deriving them from the language of the texts after understanding their linguistic implications. Consequently, the overall assessments made by the judge in this context are subject to scrutiny when appeals are lodged against the rulings based on them.

The present study qualitatively investigates the attitude and identity in the discourse of drug addicts. Drug abuse has been investigated by different disciplines; however, it appears that there has been no thorough discoursal study conducted on drug abuse, specifically from a pragma-discoursal perspective. Thus, this study tries to bridge this gap by investigating the identities and attitudes of drug addicts pragma-discoursally through multiple case studies made to the drug addicts sentenced to the jails of Basrah. The study aims to identify how drug addicts utilize processes of Transitivity to disclose their identities. The researcher collected the data by conducting structured interviews with 50 participants sentenced to jails in Basrah. With the results arrived at, the study concludes that all types of processes are operated in the data selected for the analysis of the present study.

Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa is a prominent figure within the school of artificial poets, often referred to as the "servants of poetry." He dedicated himself to meticulously refining and polishing his verses, resulting in poetry characterized by strength and eloquence. This study focuses on his poem of praise and apology, aiming to illustrate the poet’s artistic craftsmanship and creative brilliance through a detailed stylistic analysis of the text. The research seeks to uncover the poem's artistic features, showcasing Marwan's adeptness at crafting a cohesive and compelling work while utilizing his poetic talent to seek forgiveness and extend an apology to the Abbasid caliph, Al-Mahdi. Additionally, it explores the connection between the text and the poet's psychological state, highlighting the artistic nuances of his language and the overall aesthetic appeal of the poem. The study concludes that, through a comprehensive examination of various stylistic levels—semantic, syntactic, and rhythmic—it reveals Marwan's exceptional brilliance and artistic creativity. It illustrates how the stylistic elements within the text not only serve to achieve the poet’s artistic and emotional aims but also uncover the intricacies of his language and the inherent beauty of the poem.

This paper considers the stylistic significance and effects of parallelism in the New Testament texts of tolerance. It aims to test the applicability of stylistics to the New Testament texts of tolerance. It is hypothesized that: (a) tolerance texts serve as data of analysis for examining the applicability of stylistics (b) these texts utilise parallelism to achieve certain stylistic significance and effects. So, to analyse the data under scrutiny and achieve thesis aims, the study makes use of Leech and Short's stylistic framework (2007), especially, parallelism device. The analysis has come up with a number of conclusions findings that verify the posted hypotheses, such as that Biblical texts of tolerance can be studied stylistically via focusing on their stylistic features and effects. Specifically, it reflects that parallelism, as a stylistic feature, is widely spread along the text of tolerance

The current study, \" A Critical Analysis of Stylistic Elements in University-Level EFL Reading Materials,\" confines itself satisfactorily to the ideological implication constituting the stylistic elements in an English textbook. The methodology involves a qualitative approach, using Jeffries\' model to analyze selected textbooks\' passages systematically by adopting Lesley Jeffries\' tools, such as naming and describing, representing actions/events/states, equating and contrasting, exemplifying and enumerating, prioritizing, implying and assuming, negating, hypothesizing, presenting others\' speech and thoughts, and representing time, space, and society. The findings are therefore brought out to ensure that critical stylistics must be used in formulating curricula to ensure comprehension of both language and culture and hence be better teaching of English to EFL students. This will not simply help in language learning but also is important for critical thinking in terms of cultural and ideological implications for effective and culturally responsive English education. Additionally, curriculum developers, instructors, and policymakers working toward raising the quality of English education at the university level will get benefit.

The rhetoric and its methods are employed to serve political conflicts to try to convince the public with many attitudes and goals, especially the protest movement in Iraq and the political violence it faced. Visual speeches had the most serious and effective role in influencing the Iraqi people, with the tremendous development of visual media technology, and the progress of social networking sites, and the world's busy following them. The protesters tried to exploit the expressive energies of visuals of all kind. These visual discourses ranked first in moving and interacting the public, as well as artistic visual speeches and their effectiveness in attracting the attention of the recipient by including many rhetorical methods to disclose the goals of their product

The Bani Faddal family is one of the prominent Shia families renowned for their significant contributions to the transmission of Imami Hadith. Within this family, Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Faddal and Ali ibn Al-Hasan ibn Faddal are particularly distinguished figures. This recognition is underscored by the high regard in which they are held by Shia scholars and hadith transmitters, who place considerable trust in their narrations.

This research offers a historical overview of the Bani Faddal family, aiming to illustrate their vital role in the transmission of Imami Hadith through a comprehensive descriptive and analytical approach. It examines their contributions as documented in bibliographies and emphasizes their notable presence in the chains of narration found in hadith literature.

Compounding is a common word- formational process in English and other languages. Talking about English and Arabic languages, it is found that this process does not seem to yield similar results in Arabic since the criteria that can be followed in identifying English compounds cannot be applied to Arabic. Indigenous Arab writers use the termالنحت" naḥt " as an equivalent to 'compounding', in addition to other word-formational processes through which it renders English compounds.
This study proceeds from the assumption that English and Arabic differ in their word-formational processes especially in "compounding". Compounding in English and other European languages is one of two main processes of word-formation; the second process is derivation which implies the formation of new lexemes by affixation. On the basis of this fact, this study is devoted to discussing the differences between compounding in English and Arabic; and the compensating methods which Arabic uses in rendering non-Arabic compound terms with a special reference to technical and scientific lexicons.

The modern philosophy of the body is demonstrated through putting the body in its cultural context produced by post-modernist period and its vast epistemic horizon which seeks to destabilize the rational philosophical foundations by suspecting its epistemic foundations and its rigid rational basics. Possibly, one of these epistemic foundations is placing the body in a marginal, negative and low rank, it is the subject of sin, and the source of instincts, pleasures and desires because it is a biological and sensory entity only, while it raised the importance of the mind and made it in a high cultural status because it is the source of wisdom, inspiration and thinking. So the philosophy of the body tried to dialogue with these rational perceptions and put forward its different cognitive perspective based on postmodern perceptions.

This study examines the manifestations of thought in Ibn al-Rumi's praise poem. It seeks to answer the following central question: What are the prominent manifestations of thought in Ibn al-Rumi's praise poems? The study begins with the hypothesis that Ibn al-Rumi's praise poems encapsulate prominent manifestations of thought, expressed through satirical praise and critical features. Thus, the research highlights two fundamental aspects of thought manifestations in the praise poem: satirical praise and critical features in praise poetry.The study aims to focus on "satirical praise" and how Ibn al-Rumi embodied a type of criticism and blame alongside praise in his poems. It also addresses critical features in praise poetry, reflecting the poet's unique perspective on this art form.The researcher followed a descriptive-analytical approach and a historical method to uncover the artistic and intellectual aspects of Ibn al-Rumi's praise poems. The study demonstrates that Ibn al-Rumi embodied a form of criticism and blame alongside elements of praise and admiration in his praise poems, reflecting his critical vision of the art of praise. His creative works also highlighted intellectual and critical features that reflect his unique conception of what praise poetry should encompass.

The research delves into the theme of elegy in Al-Ma'arri's *Diwan Saqt al-Zand*, a poetic genre in which Al-Ma'arri demonstrated remarkable skill. The elegies within *Saqt al-Zand* not only reflect his melancholic and pessimistic outlook but also trace the evolution and maturation of his poetic style, as he moved from a more artificial approach to one marked by greater sophistication and depth.
The study begins with an introduction that outlines the research problem, its significance, and its objectives. It is then divided into two key sections: the first explores Al-Ma'arri's elegies for his family, while the second examines his elegies for friends. Through a detailed analysis of these poems, the study arrives at several notable conclusions:
1. In his elegies for his father, Al-Ma'arri’s poetry exhibited a certain level of artificiality and lacked finesse in conveying deeper meaning. However, his elegies for his mother marked a shift toward a more polished style, where the language became more refined, and the meanings were expressed with greater clarity and emotion.
2. Al-Ma'arri’s elegies for his friends are considered literary treasures, offering a pure and authentic expression of classical Arabic poetry. These poems not only reflect the essence of his poetic mastery but also encapsulate the wisdom and experiences he gained throughout his life.

There is no doubt that the topic of linguistic racism in grammatical discourse in this research and analysis is based on the hypothesis that the rejection of certain eloquent or dialectal linguistic usages, grammatical opinions, and linguistic statements is due to what is known as disapproval or linguistic violence. This has contributed to the emergence of linguistic dominance or discrimination within grammatical discourse, reflected in a set of discourses that some grammarians did not allow to be recognized or considered correct based on the language user’s expression and belief. This situation is founded on standards established by those who embody linguistic racism, with comparison and measurement based on a value system that favors higher over lower linguistic forms. This perspective has dominated educational grammatical discourse, labeling certain usages as low value, lacking linguistic merit that could serve as a basis for comparison or rule application. This issue particularly relates to the perceived low value of “women’s speech” and the linguistic usages derived from it.

This research constitutes an important field of discourse analysis. It seeks to attempt to highlight models that are disciplined in method and procedure in analyzing the Qur’anic discourse and ways of interpreting it. Therefore, its importance comes from the fact that it deals with a rhetorical model that combines two important dimensions, one of which is rhetorical inferential and the other deliberative in position, and the angles of view of this model - the rhetoric of representation - expand in a spacious verse of the verse mentioned. the wise; Where the aspects of rhetoric, the methods of inference, and the strength of the argument were integrated on the one hand, and the dimensions of pragmatics and the levels of interpretation combined with its metaphorical, essayistic, and semantic loads on the other hand, and the profound linguistic choices were established in a strong linguistic and graphic coherence and precision, all of which leads to a miraculous system of style, usage, rhetoric, and systems in a perfect way. In general, this is a reason for an exciting cognitive stimulus for exploration, disclosure, and exploration into the nature of this model, its inferential, rhetorical, and deliberative uses, its argument system, and its interpretations. In this regard, it is of great importance.

The Ayyubid era (567–648 AH / 1171–1250 AD) witnessed a notable interest in the craftsmanship of jewelry and ornaments, despite its relatively short span of 81 years and its being a time of wars and both internal and external conflicts. Nevertheless, it left behind social and economic roles that highlight how jewelry making was not limited to adornment and beautification. It also reflected social meanings and functions, offering insight into the societal hierarchy, distinguishing between the general public and the elite, particularly the latter, among other roles. Moreover, this industry played a significant economic role, contributing notably to the economic cycle of the Ayyubid state. The currency circulating within this industry constituted a vital pillar of the economies of Egypt, the Levant, the Hijaz, and Yemen.

This study aims to understand the trends of some environmental indicators in southern Iraq, specifically in the provinces of Basra, Maysan, and Dhi Qar, such as climatic indicators, dust indicators, drought indicators, health indicators, and agricultural indicators. It investigates whether these indicators are increasing or decreasing. The methodology of the study relied on annual averages of climate elements and phenomena, represented by a time series from 1976 to 2023, divided into three periods: the first period (1976-1992), the second period (1993-2005), and the third period (2006-2023) to determine the trends of climatic indicators, dust indicators, and drought indicators. For health and agricultural indicators, the study relied on the time frame from 2015 to 2023 due to the availability of data, divided into three periods: the first period (2015-2017), the second period (2018-2020), and the third period (2021-2023).

The study aims to assess private education in the city of Samawah at both the elementary and secondary levels, focusing on the distribution of these services across the city’s neighborhoods. The first section analyzes the distribution of schools, students, teaching staff, and classes, while the second section evaluates the efficiency of these services, examining the number of students per school, per teacher, and per class during the 2021–2022 academic year, in comparison to Iraqi planning standards. Key findings reveal that Samawah hosts 17 private elementary schools, of which 15 are coeducational and two are exclusively for boys. These schools are concentrated in only 9 of the city’s 35 neighborhoods, serving a total of 3,990 students with 259 teachers across 190 classes. Additionally, there are 12 private secondary schools—seven for boys and five for girls—distributed across seven neighborhoods, with 2,828 students taught by 184 teachers in 136 classes. The study's primary recommendation is to expand the number of private elementary and secondary schools in the city to alleviate the strain on public schools. It also emphasizes the need to redistribute these institutions more evenly across underserved neighborhoods. The study concludes with a comprehensive list of sources and references.

This study examines the temporal and spatial changes in urban areas experienced by the city of Basra over a 20-year period, from 2002 to 2022, using multispectral images. The NDBI index indicated an observed urban expansion, with the built-up area increasing from 107.96 square kilometers in 2002 to 525.71 square kilometers in 2022. Most of this growth occurred from the center to the outskirts of the city and was linked to significant investments in infrastructure development and commercial centers. Similarly, the NDVI and MNDWI indices were utilized.

The research aims to explore the attitudes of students in the Department of Information and Knowledge Technologies toward e-learning using the Google Classroom platform. After completing the e-learning experiment, the study seeks to identify the main reasons for failure and diagnose obstacles in order to provide solutions and recommendations. The research adopted the case study method, using a questionnaire as the primary research tool and employing a three-point Likert scale. The total sample of the study included 122 male and female students.

This research aims to study the processes of knowledge management and their relationship to performance by identifying the key processes of knowledge management, their relationship to performance, and the extent to which the Central Library of the Iraqi University adopts and implements the concept of knowledge management.To achieve these objectives, the researcher used a descriptive method, employing a questionnaire as a data collection tool, as outlined in Appendix No. (1), which was presented to referees listed in Appendix No. (2). The study population included all employees of the Central Library of the Iraqi University, totaling (25) staff members. The percentage was used as a statistical method to analyze and interpret the results.The research reached several findings, including:

The testimony of witnesses was and still is one of the evidence that proves all crimes, and was approved by man-made and heavenly laws, so it is considered influential evidence in achieving justice.
Received verses and narrations refer to the proof of the crime of adultery testimony witnesses, and talked about the number of witnesses required to prove, which pointed to the necessity of the four witnesses, and the difference occurred in the possibility of proving the testimony of women, where some narrations indicated that it is not permissible to prove the testimony of women at all, and other narrations to the permissibility of proving the testimony of women, and these narrations have three directions, the first allowed the testimony of three men with two women and two men with four women, and there are narrations indicating the permissibility of proving it by the testimony of three men with two women only, and it is not permissible to prove it by the testimony of four women with two men, but the jurists of the Imammiah they are unanimous on the inadmissibility of proving the crime of adultery by the testimony of women alone. They differed in the permissibility of proving it by their testimony joined with men, as they were divided into two groups, the first allowed to prove the crime of adultery by the testimony of women joining and the second denied the permissibility of their testimony, whether individually or joined with men. Those who permitted proof by the testimony of women were joined and their opinions were divided in several directions, based on the narrations reported from Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). The famous opinion is the one that allowed their testimony joined with men, and the majority of the jurists of the Imammiah with the opinion that the crime of adultery is proven by the testimony of three men and two women for the married and others, and the testimony of two men with four women and here proves the punishment of flogging without stoning. As for the other opinion, it is permissible to prove the crime of adultery by the testimony of two women with three men, whether for the married or for the unmarried, meaning stoning or flogging. The testimony of four women joining two men is not permissible. The third opinion, which states that the crime of adultery may be proven by the testimony of six women with one man, is an abnormal opinion that has not been accepted by all jurists except those who reported it.

This study addressed the production process of the Documentary Production Directorate within the Iraqi Media Network, focusing on (weaknesses and treatment methods). The problem of this study lies in identifying the weaknesses that have affected the production of Iraqi documentary works, causing them to fall behind in local and Arab competition. It aims to uncover the weaknesses faced by the production process of the Documentary Production Directorate specifically and to explore solutions and treatments. The importance of this study lies in examining the reality of documentary production in Iraq and seeking new outputs through the Documentary Production Directorate of the Iraqi Media Network. The study reached several findings, including the factors that assist in the organizational process for producing documentary films in the Documentary Production Directorate of the Iraqi Media Network, such as the existence of strategic planning, successful and effective planning, periodic report writing, obtaining official approvals, and securing financial funding.
Among the most important practical and scientific planning methods used in the Documentary Production Directorate of the Iraqi Media Network are: preparing ready-to-screen documentary films, maintaining flexibility in administrative dealings, and fostering cooperation with others. Some of the key recommendations include: increasing funding for the Documentary Production Directorate and supporting it in producing high-quality documentary films with larger budgets, and the necessity of adopting new administrative methods or attempting to blend existing methods with newer approaches.