Journal of Biotechnology Research Center

المستخلص
استهدفت الدراسة الحالية امكانية استخدام احد المخلفات الزراعية وهو كلوتين (Glutin) الذرة الجزء غير الذائب ولأول مرة كوسط زرعي لتنمية الفطر Trichoderma harzianum وانتاج انزيم البروتييز الحامضي باسلوب التخمرات الصلبة .
أظهرت النتائج قابلية الفطر العالية للنمو في وسط الكلوتين بكفاءة تضاهي كفاءة النمو على وسط المالت النموذجي لنمو الفطريات. كما أظهر الفطر كفاءة في انتاج البروتييز الحامضي على هذا الوسط، اذ أظهر الانزيم فعالية تقدر بقيمة (151.41) وحدة/مل وانتاجية (908.96) وحدة/غم وفعالية نوعية (258.69) وحدة/ملغم وبظروف مثلى للدالة الحامضية لفعالية وثباتية الانزيم بقيمة (6) و(7) على التوالي .
اما الظروف المثلى لانتاج الانزيم فكانت بدالة حامضية (6) ودرجة حرارة (35)ºم وأفضل مدة حضانة لانتاج الانزيم فكانت (4) أيام. واستخدام محلول الفوسفات الداريء كمحلول مرطب أمثل للانتاجية ، أما أفضل محلول للاستخلاص فكان داريء الخلات ، وأفضل نسبة ترطيب للكلوتين كانت بنسبة (2 : 1) وحجم لقاح (107) سبور/غم ، تعطي هذه النتائج مؤشراً ناجحاً لامكانية استخدام هذا الوسط لانتاج البروتييز الحامضي من قبل الفطريات .

Abstract
This study were conducted at the fields of College of Agriculture in Abu-Ghraib, to investigate the effects of foliar application with different concentrations of dried bread yeast on the population density of the broad mite, P. latus on potato plants, cultivar (Desari) during the fall seasons of 2006-2007. potato plants were treated at the age of 4-5 true leaves then the application was repeated twice intervals of ten days. Results indicated that the numbers of eggs, larva and adult were significantly different in treated plants. The number of broad mite in 4th week of plant age was 3.66, 6.00, 7.33 eggs, larva, adult / leaf respectively moreover, the density was significantly increased with the other yeast treatment. The higher density for eggs and adults was in the 10th week of plant egg however, in the 8th week the higher density was 17.33 larva / leaf in the concentration 8 g/L. In the 14th week the density was reduced as the plant get adult, the eggs and larva were zero / leaf and the adult were 0.66 / leaf.

الملخص:

نفذت تجربة حقلية لتقويم فاعلية الفطر Beauveria bassiana كعامل من عوامل المكافحة الإحيائية لدودة ورق القطن Spodoptera littoralis على نبات البطاطا من خلال تقدير النسبة المئوية للإصابة، شدة الإصابة بالحشرة وتأثيرها على الحاصل. أوضحت نتائج الدراسة أن للفطر B. bassiana تأثيراً معنوياً من خلال انخفاض نسبة وشدة الإصابة بدودة ورق القطن انخفاضاً معنوياً، وقد كانت معاملة الفطر في التربة أفضل المعاملات إذ تفوقت معنوياً عن باقي المعاملات في خفض النسبة المئوية للإصابة بالحشرة إذ بلغت 64.3 و 60.7 % بعد 14 و 21 يوماً من المعاملة على التوالي. كما أوضحت النتائج انخفاض شدة الإصابة في معاملة الفطر في التربة انخفاضاً معنوياً عن باقي المعاملات إذ بلغت 18.7 و 9.9 ثقب/ ورقة بعد 14 و 21 يوماً من المعاملة على التوالي. وأشارت النتائج الى تأثير المعاملة بالفطر B. bassiana على حاصل نبات البطاطا المصاب بدودة ورق القطن حيث ارتفع حاصل النبات الواحد إلى 633.3 غم في معاملة الفطر في التربة.

Abstract:

From economic site;jojoba Simmondsia chinesis (Link) Schn. is very important shrub as its seeds contain high percent of oily wax . This wax composes natural and chemical charachteristics which makes shrub to be involved in many trade, manufacture and medical uses.
In this study several interactions between auxins and cytokinins and gibbrellin were implemented to find out the best concentration for callus induction, vegetative growth and differentiation for experiments. BA at(2 or 5) mg/l, NAA at (0.018, 2, 2, 5) mg/l and GA3 at (0.1 or 0.2) mg/l were used.

Results showed that highest percent for callus induction were (50 and 70) % respectively in the treatment (2) mg/l BA and (2) mg/l for both BA and NAA. The results revealed that using Kin. plus NAA with (0.1 or 0.2) mg/l GA3, was the best concentration lead to high percent of differentiation for vegetative shoot were (40 and 44) % respectively However, the length of vegetative shoots were (2 and 2.5) cm respectively. , this indicates the importance of the balance between these phytohormones required for shoot growth.

Abstract
Shoot tips from two strawberry (Fragaria anariassa L.) cultivars, Gabi and Edpeeren
were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0mg /1 of BA to
study their effects on number, length, fresh weight and dry weight of shoots. The
study also included measuring the effect of different concentrations of IBA (0 , 0.1 ,
0.3 , 0.5 or 1.0) mg / l on rooting percentage, roots number and length. This study
also included the acclimatization processes for plantlets in sand and a mixture of
sand and peat moss media. Results indicated that addition of BA to the nutrient
medium led to a significant increase in all investigated traits in comparison with the control with obvious superiority of 2 mg /l which reflected positively on the mean
number of shoots (20.0) shoots / plant, the fresh and dry weight were 1237.73 and
136.4 mg respectively, especially with Gabi cultivar, the result showed that all the
levels of IBA in the nutrient medium led to 100% rooting after 6 weeks of planting
of both cultivars compared with 50% of in control. It was also noticed significant
increases in the roots number and shoot lengths when IBA concentration was
increased in the medium. The best growth for the rooted plantlets was found to be
1:1 sand: peat moss which showed survival percentages of 80 and 90% after 4weeks
of planting Erdpeern and Gabi cultivars respectively.

Abstract
The studies revealed that plants oil possesses Antimicrobial properties, the origanum
oil organized by a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. This oil extract from the
Origanum vulgare found in Mediterranean Mountain especially in Turkey. Biological
activities were studied to determine the effect of origanum oil on Staphylococcus
aureus the result revealed that origanum oil were significantly inhibited the growth
of the selected bacteria. The study showed that origanum oil has Bactericidal of
effect. The inhibition zone (Hz) was determinant by using different concentration
from oil as (0.5, 0.25, 0.125)mg/ml . Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oil
was estimated by using different concentration as (1/10, 1/20, 1/30, 1/40, 1/50) μg/mL,
the MIC of bacteria was 1/30.

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the inhibitory of hot and cold aqueous
extracts of Pimpinella anisum (PA), Foeniculum vulgara (FV), and agroup of
different medical herbs on bacterial growth, Staphylococcus aureus isolated
from the sputum of bronchiolitis patients. Minimum Inhibitory concentration
(MIC) method was used to test the sensitivity of the bacteria toward the above
extract. The hot aqueous extract of (PA)in concentration of 23.8 and 28mg/ ml
gave a strong inhibitory ability on bacterial growth at MIC 0.01 mg/ ml
compared with the highest concentration of 47.6 mg/ml which did not inhibit the
bacterial growth at MIC 0.02 mg/ml . The cold aqueous extract of PA at 125 mg
/ml concentration also did not inhibit the bacterial growth up to MIC 0.12 mg /
ml. This study also revealed that a concentration of 17.12 mg / ml of hot aqueous
extract of FV seeds had no inhibitory effect on growth up to MIC 0.008 mg / ml.
The combined hot aqueous extract of PA and FV seeds in a ratio of 1gm to 0.5
gm respectively an 1 gm to 1 gm (24and 40.32mg / ml respectively ) also did not
have any inhibitory effect of bacterial growth up to MIC 0.002 and 0.004 mg /
ml, respectively. The results of this experiment also revealed that hot aqueous
extract of similar quantities and concentrations (17.28 and 31.74 mg /ml ) of a
mixture of several medical herbs like ( PA, FV, Anthemis nobilis, Thymus bovei,
Gum Arabic, Nigella sativa, Althaea, and Cydonia vulgaris ) did not show any
inhibitory action on bacterial growth up to MIC of 0.004 and 0.007 mg / ml . It
could be concluded that the inhibitory ability of the hot aqueous extract of PA
seeds is the best compared to the other extracts used . The inhibition of bacterial
growth may need a carefully selected medical herbs in different concentrations
and combination .

Abstract
The antibacterial effect of garlic (Allium sativum) extract was evaluated by in vitro
study testing the growth of various Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative bacteria.
The bactericidal activity of this extract was analyzed by serial dilution in tubes.
This study, found that Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive bacteria susceptible to
very low garlic concentrations. On the other hand, Gram-Negative bacteria were
more susceptible than Gram-Positive bacteria, the minimal bactericidal
concentration of Gram-Negative bacteria was 2 mg ml-1 but minimal bactericidal
concentration of Gram-Positive bacteria was 4 mg ml- that means double
inhibition concentration of Gram-negative bacteria. This study suggest that garlic
have inhibition effect about Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative bacteria and garlic
was natural material found in Iraq and world wide with little side effect

Abstract
Liquorices' plant is considered one of the important medicinal and economical
plants. It is rich with many compounds, minerals, vitamins, and even plant
hormones. This research is aimed to study the possibility of using callus tissue
extracts as an alternative to plant growth regulators added to the culture media. A factorial experiment was implemented to find out the appropriate combination
between 2, 4-D and BA for callus induction on Liquorice node explants. It was
found that a combination of 2 mg/l 2, 4-D with 2.5 mg/l BA is the best one for callus
induction and maintenance using MS medium. Water and alcoholic extracts were
prepared from callus tissue at concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10) ml/l then added to
culture medium as an alternative to plant growth regulators. The effect of these
concentrations on growth and development of tissues and organs for some plants
was studied using soya bean, potato and wheat plants for this purpose. Results
showed that water extract induced shoot proliferation from potato single nodes.
Both types of extracts increased soya bean callus fresh weight significantly. It was
found also that water extract was more effective than alcoholic one in increasing
vegetative and root parts in germinating wheat seeds.

Abstract
This study was interested in isolation and identification of Pasteuralla species in
animals and human, also studying its sensitivity to antibiotic with comparison to its
pathogenicity for laboratory animals. Two groups of samples were collected and
investigated, 1st group consisting of 136 samples which were collected from animals
(cow .sheep, goats, and chickens ). 2nd group was also consisting of 136 samples that were collected from human (wound, urine, and sputum). These samples were
cultured in selective enrichment brain heart infusion broth and then in the new
Pasteurella multocida selective agar medium. Comparing to other culture medium
Pasteurella multocida selective agar medium was characterized by its selectivity and
sensitivity. For islation of low number of P. multocida bacterium from pure and
mixed culure and its performance compared with standard blood agar medium.
The Percentage of P.multocida diagnosed bacteria from animals and human was 40
(about 29.4 %) and 23 (16.4 %) respectively. While that of P.haemolytica 4 (2.94%)
were detected in animal samples only. Moreover an attempt for biotyping species
and subspecies of isolated Pasteurella ssp. From animal and human samples was
successfully achieved. It was found that nine ( 39.1 % ) from human isolates belong
to 1st subspecies of P . Multocida subsp multocida and 15 ( about 37.5 % ) from
animal isolates belong to this subsp. While eight ( 34.7 % ) from human isolates
were belong to 2nd subspecies P.multocida Subsp . Septica and 14 ( about 35.0 % )
from animal isolates belong to this subsp. However only six (26.0 % ) from human
isolates belong to 3rd subpecies P . multocida subsp .gallicida and 11 ( about 27.5 % )
animal isolates . Biotyping has also been done for P.haemolytica , it was found that
four isolates belong to biotype ( A ) only . In this study the standard of P. multocida
serotype ( A ) was used for diagnosis and cpmparison with Local isolates . Thus all
isolates of P. multocida as same as standard strain in phenotypic diagnosis of
bacterium. Antibiotic Sensitivity test has been run on these isolates. Human isolates
were sensitive to pencillin G, tetracycline and ampiclox and they were resistant to
kanamycine, erthromyine and ampicilline. On the other hand, the animal isolated
were sensitive to pencilline –G- and ampiclox and they were resistant to
tetracycline, cholrophincol ampicilline erthromycine and kanamycine in different
of percentage. While P.haemalytica were sensitive to pencilline G., cholramphenicol,
tetracycline and ampiclox and they were resistant to erythromycine and
kanamycine Generally , animal isotates of Pasteuella species were quantitivaly
higher in resistant to antibiotics than human isolates.

Abstract
The influence of fenugreek injected (IP) on male fertility by using following tests
(measurement of testosterone level, sperm viability, activity, motility and
abnormalities) and on GOT, GPT, Al.ph. and Lipid profile status was studied in
normal and alloxan diabetic mice. Alloxan diabetic mice were injected with
Trigonella extract for 5 weeks at a dosage of 2g/kg body weight. The Alloxan
diabetic mice exhibited enhanced decrease significantly in glucose level in serum.
Increased testosterone level and decreased dead sperms, abnormalities and increase
motility, decrease in GOT, GPT, AL.PH. and lipid profile, in alloxan diabetic mice.

Abstract
Tissue cultures were established for leaf and stem of china berry (Melia azedarach)
tree. Using MS media the best regulator to form callus were 6mg/l BAP, all other
concentrations did not give callus. The crude extracts from leaves and callus
established from leaves were extracted with water and ethanol with different
concentrations. In ethanol extracts the least concentration 0.0001 half of the treated
parasites were killed in 24 hours while the number increases as the concentration
increase. However, in callus the ethanol extracts were much higher about 8.5 were
killed in the above concentration. In water extracts the least concentration 0.0001
killed half of the treated parasites in 24 hours. This number was increased 8 or 9 in
48 and 72 hours respectively. These results give us preliminary idea about the
biological control of this dangerous parasite

Abstract
The aim of the study was to use lactic acid bacteria (LAB), as probiotic, to treat
growth and adhesion property of Proteus mirabilis isolated from patients suffering
from urinary tract infection (UTI). For this purpose, one P. mirabilis isolate (P.M.9)
was selected out of 9 isolates obtained from 150 urine specimens. Due to its
resistance to 11 antibiotics tested, this isolate was treated with three-fold
concentrated filtrates of two lactobacillus isolates (as probiotic). Results after
treatment, showed that the filtrates exhibited significant inhibitory effect against the
pathogenic P.M.9 and its adhesion property especially when only an average of 3-10
bacteria /cell were adhered to each epithelial cell compared to 44-55 bacteria/cell.

Abstract
The study was designed to determine the activity of methanolic Salix extract as an
antifungal agent. Rabbits were divided into three groups. The first group
represents the control (6) while the second and the third groups were infected with
fungal inoculums of the rabbit skin. After development of skin lesion, the infected
area of the second group was treated with Salix extract until healing. The
histopathological study revealed recovery from infection in the infected animals,
which manifested by well-developed epithelial tissue similar to the control group

Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the etiological agents in patients with
community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Ninety-three patients with radiologically
confirmed pneumonia admitted to the Medical City, Baghdad Teaching Hospital
through the period extended from October 2001 till March 2002. Also to investigate a
possible correlation between etiological agents in patients with CAP and comorbid
factors including age. The etiological agents were identified from 50 (53.8%) patients
with CAP, while no agents were detected in 43 (46.2%) patients. Blood samples were
taken from all patients for identification of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma
pneumoniae infection. Sputum samples for culture were taken from 76 (81.7%)
patients; bacterial species were isolated from 22 (23.7%) samples. Streptococcus
pneumoniae was the most frequent typical bacterial pathogen isolated from 17 (18.3%)
patients. Atypical pathogens (C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae) using ELISA
technique were identified in 22 (23.6%) and 20 (21.5%) respectively. Atypical pathogens
were a most common causes of CAP identified from (39.8%) cases. Sixteen (17.2%) of
the patients had mixed infections (two pathogens were identified in 12 (75%) and three
pathogens in 4 (25%) patients). C. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae were the most
common mixed organisms found in 6 (37.5%) of patients.