Kufa Journal of Arts

Cartography is the main pillar on which geographical work is based, and without it, geography loses an indispensable tool. Therefore, it was necessary to pay attention to this science for its prominent position among the branches of geography, as it is at the forefront of them because of what it provides in terms of broad and accurate capabilities in display, analysis, linking, interpretation, and in processing data as a successful method in terms of accuracy and analysis, as it gives a complete and interconnected picture of the various geographical phenomena and clarifies the spatial relationships between them and the influence of some on others, and because this science includes effective methods in expressing the forms, ideas, and relationships that occur between two or three dimensions in space. The research aims to prepare thematic maps that address the distribution of the population according to the correct cartographic rules and foundations and in a way that achieves the required visual levels in highlighting them.

This research deals with the study of the aspects of Kufic grammar and its issues among the interpreters in the eighth century AH; through our analysis of the verses of the Qur’an and its interpretation in the books of these interpreters and presenting their differences in explaining their grammatical meanings; and seeking to reveal their influence by Kufic grammar, which we found unclear in the books of interpretation of the Qur’an in these two centuries; as I found most of them tending to carry the word according to its meaning in their grammatical instructions more than their interest in carrying it according to the word; and thus they are Basrans in their inclination in the issues of the return of the pronoun; in addition to the implication that they do not consider standard; as well as their strong tendency to use Basran grammatical terms.

The research concluded that the electrical conductivity values ​​in the soil of Al-Qadisiyah Governorate are generally low to medium salinity according to the standard of soil classification according to the degree of its salinity based on the electrical conductivity of decimens/m of the saturated soil paste, and that there is spatial and seasonal variation in its values ​​as a result of the influence of a group of factors, the most important of which are climate, natural vegetation, and incorrect agricultural practices by farmers who add large quantities of chemical fertilizers to the soil and do not use the agricultural cycle.

The research shed light on the interpretive mechanisms of the interpreters, to show the most important points of convergence and divergence between them, as both relied on the same mechanisms, but they differed in the method of presentation and treatment of each of those methods, and the governing criterion in that goes back to the origin, culture, era, and doctrine of each of them, as the scientific connection had a great and clear impact on the analyses of the interpreters, and appeared more in Al-Fakhr Al-Razi, as he sometimes tended when presenting opinions in a specific verse to the analysis that is revealed by the scientific connection, so he leaned towards it completely, and preferred it over that which was devoid of the scientific connection, and the example formed for the interpreters the intensive part of the indication, and Al-Fakhr Al-Razi believed that conveying the meaning through the example is better than explaining the meaning itself without the example, and the two interpreters relied on one principle in the issue of the definitive and the ambiguous, which is to return the ambiguous to the definitive to know it, and the two interpreters relied on the reasons for revelation a lot in their analyses, to the point that it prompted Al-Fakhr Al-Razi relied on all that was said about the reasons for revelation in one verse.

We can conclude that the goal of the Union of Arab Scientific Language Academies, which it has sought since its establishment, is to unify the Arabic scientific terminology to eliminate the confusion and chaos caused by the multiplicity of terms for the same scientific equivalent. The Union is constantly striving for this unification, and what it entails in terms of strengthening an Arab scientific renaissance, in which Arab scientists cooperate in all their countries.

The Union, due to circumstances beyond its control, was unable to carry out its mission in the best possible way, and efforts must be doubled to eliminate all obstacles standing in the way of the Union so that it can be able to perform the tasks assigned to it.

The goals for which the Arab Language Academies were established can be summarized as follows:

Enriching the Arabic language by making it keep pace with the requirements of the era
Unifying scientific terminology and the words of civilization
Encouraging translation and Arabization to increase the wealth of the Arabic language and develop its expressive capabilities
Establishing dictionaries that meet the needs of the era
Facilitating the rules of teaching the Arabic language, whether in terms of grammar, morphology or writing
Reviving heritage and achieving the most important ancient Arabic books in various fields