The Arab Gulf

Abstract:
France is considered one of the European countries that has wide interests in the Arab Gulf region, and it has close relations with Iraq, so as soon as Iraq announced its occupation of Kuwait in August 1990, we find that France sought to resolve that crisis by peaceful means first in order to preserve its interests on the one hand and on Iraq's market importer of French weapons on the other hand.
With the crisis of the war, it was forced, and under American pressure, to enter into that war on the side of the allies, which ended in the defeat of Iraq, and although it lost Iraq, the importer of its weapons, it benefited from that war by consolidating its interests in the Arab Gulf region.
The importance of the research is due to France's role in trying to end the crisis by peaceful means without waging any war in the region, as well as clarifying the divergence of the views of the French government in participating in the war and its results, which ended in favor of France as well.

Abstract:
The research discusses the efforts of the United States and the Soviet Union to end the Iraq-Iran war after its escalation in the recent years of its events, which affected global oil supplies and the interests of both countries in the region. The first of these efforts began when the United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 598 in 1987, which called for a ceasefire between Iraq and Iran. However, Iran did not comply with the international resolution, prompting the United States to intensify its talks with the Soviet Union.
The issue of ending the war was discussed in their bilateral meetings and presidential summits held in Washington and Moscow. Ultimately, Iran succumbed to the efforts of the two superpowers and agreed to a ceasefire, leading to the end of the war.

Abstract:
This research sheds light on the beginning of official relations between the United States of America and Sri Lanka after its independence in 1948. These relations were characterized by friendliness and convergence between the two countries. Sri Lanka held strategic importance for the United States, and what distinguished this period was the American administration's desire to provide assistance to the Sri Lankan government as part of the containment policy and the Fourth Point Program it adopted during the Cold War, out of fear of Sri Lanka aligning with the Soviet Union.

The Abbasid political mentality introduced certain new religious methods and manifestations that support the foundations of the caliphate and governance, in addition to its reliance on some inherited aspects from the Umayyad political mentality, which aimed to consolidate power. These aspects encompass various aspects, primarily religious ones, in order to confer legitimacy and sanctity to the state administration.

Abstract:
The religious thought in the ancient Arab East (Mesopotamia, Levant, and the Arabian Peninsula) was characterized by religious pluralism and a multitude of deities. They believed in death and described it as not absolute annihilation, as they did not have a clear idea about the afterlife. The worship of women as symbols of fertility was widespread, and they also regarded important natural phenomena such as fire, the sun, the moon, and certain animals as objects of worship. Later on, religious thought evolved to become associated with the concept of fertility (human, plant, and animal), especially in Mesopotamia and the Levant. As a result, temples emerged as institutional religious systems to manage rituals and religious ceremonies and offer sacrifices, believed by the inhabitants of ancient societies to have an impact on various aspects of life.

Abstract:
The research focused on the most important discussions of the Iranian National Consultative Assembly during the period 1926-1941 regarding the approval of the country's annual budget. The annual budgets were a major factor in the country's political, economic, and social developments during the research period. The research was divided into two axes. The first axis included the discussion of Iran's general budget since the assumption of power by Shah Reza Pahlavi until 1933, while the second axis addressed the discussions of the Consultative Assembly on Iran's general budget for the period 1934-1941. The conclusion included the most significant research findings and the extent of the Iranian National Consultative Assembly's interest in approving the annual budget to enhance the country's economic, social, and political levels.

Abstract:
This research aims to trace the cultural and social connotations found in the vocabulary of the Arabic language as presented in Al-Ayn book by Al-Farahidi, using an analytical approach. It seeks to observe the mutual influence between language and culture and the extent to which Arab society's culture is reflected in the lexicographical compilation. It also examines how lexicographers employ their own culture in the process of interpreting lexical units. The term "culture" has been defined in various ways depending on the knowledge fields it has been employed in. Anthropologically, culture refers to the complex entity that encompasses all knowledge, beliefs, customs, and traditions held by a people. The social and cultural connotations received the most attention and prominence in the lexicon due to their direct connection to various aspects of life in society. The lexicon serves as an authentic mirror of the cultural environment of Arab society in both the pre-Islamic and Islamic eras. Among the notable features of cultural and social connotations addressed in this research is the symbolism of the turban as a cultural symbol, as well as the cultural aspects of terms related to friendship, companionship, and moral values in Arab society.

Abstract:
Poetry, in general, is characterized by an attractiveness that attracts learners and occupies their minds due to its high flexibility, which has prompted researchers to make it a wide field to apply the theories that appear in the linguistic arena. Here, in our study, we seek to apply one of the modern linguistic theories, namely the referential theory, to the collection of poems by Fadwa Tuqan, considering it a fertile ground that has not been previously studied within scientific limits, especially from a trading perspective, specifically the topic of trading signifiers.

Abstract:
The poet Al-Sahib ibn Abbad employed dialogue as a crucial and innovative element in his poem, which contributes to the constituents of creative work and serves as one of its pillars for success. This technique captivates the recipient, immersing them within the events of the poem as if they were one of the conversing individuals. Al-Sahib started with an introduction that includes reproach from a contemporary woman who blames him for abandoning the genre of love poetry, following the tradition of Arab poets. He then elucidates his beliefs regarding seclusion and Shia doctrine, along with his methods of arguing for the existence of the Creator, His attributes, and the prophethood of the Prophet. Afterwards, he delves into the educational doctrine, narrating the most significant events, incidents, and milestones in the life of Amir al-Mu'minin Ali, peace be upon him.

Abstract:
The audio image in the Holy Quran is a form of artistic representation, a special linguistic formation that relies on words engaged in audio-visual expression. The expressive vocal qualities of words contribute to the visual representation because the essence of representation is a constructive process that organizes the relationships between linguistic units in literary discourse and their cohesion. When these linguistic units are organized within the text, an expressive focal point and audio image are achieved. In other words, the sound-based lexical formations are consistent with the expressive energy to fulfill an audible vocal function. At the same time, a word has no value in the visual representation unless it occurs in a linguistic and expressive context where it has vocal effectiveness. It is an expressive tool used by the Holy Quran to create harmonious and expressive sound shades that align with meaning and contribute to their production.

Abstract:
The researcher discusses the concept of object position in \"The Poetry of the Hamdan Tribe and its Stories in the Pre-Islamic and Islamic Eras.\" This concept refers to the placement of the object within the sentence and its relationship with the verb, subject, and other sentence components. The order of words in a sentence is not random but serves a communicative purpose intended by the speaker. This purpose is more prominent in poetry than in prose.

The researcher divides the object position into two categories: preserved (fixed) object position and non-preserved (variable) object position. This distinction has been a subject of interest for rhetoricians and grammarians. Placing words in a certain order without attaching them to the object is one of the techniques employed by the Arabs in the linguistic structure of Classical Arabic.

Abstract:
Verbal irony represents a reversal of the familiar meaning, aiming to surprise the recipient, challenge their convictions, and activate the contrasting meaning within them. This research seeks to explore the irony of identity loss and the irony of innovation, as the poet attempts to gather his scattered and dispersed identity through the activation of poetic irony between reality and aspiration.
As for the irony of innovation, it involves exploring unknown worlds and capturing images that have not yet been unfolded, turning them into paradoxical images associated with the poet as if he were their original creator.

Abstract:
This research examines the grammatical significance in the explanation of the Sahifat al-Sajjadiyya (Book of Imam Sajjad) known as "Riyadh al-'Arifin fi Sharh Sahifat Sayyid al-Sajidin" by the author Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Darabi, one of the scholars of the 11th Hijri century.
The commentator al-Darabi showed great interest in grammatical issues, which indicated his extensive knowledge of the opinions of grammarians. Among the issues he addressed in his explanation and elucidation of the texts of the Sajjadiyya supplications are ellipsis and implied meaning, anticipation and postponement, the significance of semantic letters, the significance of grammatical analysis, and more.
At the beginning of the research, we provided an introduction to grammar and grammatical significance, then we discussed the significance of ellipsis and implied meaning, which are divided into three types:

1. Omission of a letter.
2. Omission of words.
3. Omission of sentences.
Regarding anticipation and postponement, it was divided into two sections:
4. Anticipation of a word over its agent.
5. Anticipation and postponement of a word on other than its agent.
Finally, we concluded the research by highlighting the most important findings.

Abstract:
The current research aims to explore the level of ethical judgment among the current research samples in the context of the coronavirus pandemic and the ethical and moral implications among the research samples, including various segments of society (university students, university professors, pharmacists, and merchants). For this purpose, three measures were used, including the "Ethical Judgment Scale" developed by Abdul Fattah (2001), the "Life Line Scale," and the analysis of activity using response repetition and ethical issue analysis. The researchers reached a set of results, based on which they proposed some recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract:
Metaphor has gained attention from many researchers in Quranic rhetoric, as they have sought to observe and analyze it, attempting to uncover its hidden beauty. The aim of the research is to explore these studies (research subject) to understand how they deal with this rhetorical art, determine their ability to reveal the aesthetic beauty of the Quranic text through the manifestation of this art, and identify the other sciences they have utilized to uncover the beauty of Quranic metaphor. Some researchers focused solely on this rhetorical art, while others addressed it within their rhetorical studies. This formed the basis for dividing the research into two sections: the first section includes studies dedicated to the art of metaphor, and the second section includes studies that implicitly discuss metaphor. The research concludes with a summary of the most important findings.

Abstract:
Education represents a necessary and basic need for man. Through education, a person can live in a manner that is compatible with the type of educational level he has obtained to some extent, and that the development and progress of education means the progress of the country and society in all economic, social and cultural fields.
Therefore, any development process must have comprehensive development processes in order to develop the skills of its human resources by giving education a priority of care and attention on a permanent basis in order to achieve comprehensive development in all respects and build an advanced and integrated economy that depends on the availability of qualified human resources that can face all challenges Which stands in the way of the country's progress and raising its scientific and economic standing, so it has become necessary to create all the appropriate conditions for the advancement, empowerment and support of educational institutions with human and material resources.
The research reached to the development of the size of the educational workforce at the level of the judiciary, as it recorded in 2009 it amounted to (2851) male and female workers, to rise to (3,015) workers in 2013, then it reached in 2021 with about (3388) male workers. and the proportion of the two administrative units varied, as the Qorna Center recorded (581) working workers and good conditions. The percentage of workers in the region surrounding the university (81%) of the total in the center, While the countryside came with a low number of workers, amounting to (19%), as for the gap, it was different from the center to record the highest percentage of workers in the countryside, reaching (76.7%) of the total workers in the district, while the urban formed a low percentage of (23, 3%), and Al-Qorna Center and Al-Thaghr sub-district recorded the highest percentage of workers as teachers in kindergarten and primary schools, at a rate of (42%, 54.7%) for each of them, respectively.
The study was divided into four topics, as the first topic dealt with the size and rate of growth of the educational workforce, while the second topic dealt with the numerical and relative distribution of the educational workforce in the district of Qorna for the year 2021, and the third topic contained the environmental distribution according to the two administrative units, and the fourth topic studied The hierarchical distribution of the workforce at the level of educational institutions and their functional types. A number of results and proposals emerged from the study.

Abstract:
The electrical power transmission system serves as the vital artery that supplies energy consumption centers, as it represents the link between production and distribution stations. This system consists of a set of stations and lines with varying electrical loads in Basra Province. High loads are concentrated in its eastern side due to the high population momentum compared to the mostly uninhabited western side, which consists of desert regions. The transmission process faces a range of problems, including load instability from energy supply sources, high line losses, as well as congestion in some stations and lines. To improve energy transmission efficiency, it is necessary to rehabilitate and update the lines and stations by developing and upgrading their physical components, or by utilizing solar and wind energy as ideal solutions to the energy system's problems. It has been shown that the use of these energy sources reduces the burden on transmission networks by 18.3%, 43.4%, 23.64% for the spring, summer, autumn, and winter seasons, respectively.

This research study titled "Our Intellectual Heritage and the Philosophy of Moderation" addresses the problem of cognitive understanding in light of our intellectual heritage and evaluates the cognitive efforts made through approaches that attempt to overcome the historical lag in bridging the gap caused by extremist ideological understanding and its problematic implications on individuals. We are not advocating for the renewal of heritage, but rather seeking to understand and explore its potential within its own time by invoking aspects of their ideological studies and making philosophy an essential pillar in their success and its preservation. In our research, we see that our heritage possesses elements of success in confronting intellectual deviations scientifically and philosophically.

Central Issue of the Research:
The central issue of the research revolves around heritage and its components of moderate thinking, with its philosophy as the foundation of its success and excellence in the moderate Islamic methodology.

Intended Objective:
The objective is to uncover the communication tools upon which the ideological deviation concept was built, attempting to systematically analyze some of them scientifically. Additionally, the aim is to develop a trilogy for our intellectual heritage.

Scientific Methodology Used:
The methodology employed includes analysis, planning, and comparison in the light of realistic and heritage-based scientific studies to formulate the intellectual approach to confront the phenomenon of extremism triggered by inhumane social, economic, and political conditions.

Scientific Significance:
The scientific significance of this research lies in advancing the field of philosophical knowledge and reviewing the literature of our intellectual heritage, which was able to uplift the nation in its time. It also seeks to establish possible mechanisms for cognitive communication between the past and the present.

Abstract:
This study aims to identify the role of virtual awareness in mitigating the risks of the COVID-19 pandemic among university students by applying it to the students of King Faisal University. It also aims to identify the main preventive measures against the pandemic that students have learned through virtual awareness, as well as to explore the key aspects of virtual awareness related to the pandemic. The study employed a social survey method on the sample, using a questionnaire administered to a random sample of 100 students from King Faisal University who met the conditions and characteristics of the targeted sample from the College of Arts and the College of Education. The study yielded several important findings, including:
High levels of interest among university students in following virtual awareness aspects related to the COVID-19 pandemic through social networks and other virtual platforms.
The study results indicate that the majority of the sample acknowledged the active role of King Faisal University in mitigating the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The study also revealed that the majority of the sample was influenced by virtual awareness campaigns in adhering to precautionary measures, with mask-wearing being the most prominent. Additionally, around two-thirds of the sample were influenced by following the guidelines and instructions related to social distancing within King Faisal University.

Abstract:
The current study aims to construct and apply a self-esteem scale among middle school students. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher followed the steps of the descriptive survey methodology using a sample of 150 male and female middle school students. The researcher employed a set of scientific steps in constructing the scale, including defining the theoretical framework, theoretical definition, domains, and items for each domain. Additionally, psychometric properties of the scale, such as validity, reliability, and statistical analysis, were extracted. After ensuring these properties and applying the scale to the research sample, the study reached the following results:
The sample individuals possess a high level of self-esteem among middle school
students compared to the hypothetical mean of the scale.

There are statistically significant differences in self-esteem levels between males and females in favor of males.

Abstract:
Among the basic communication deficits associated with autistic children, receptive language disorders, broadly defined as the difficulty of understanding and tracking what others are saying, are distinctive features of autism. This study aims at examining a case of receptive language abilities in a three-year-old autistic child using three assessment measures of language development (a parent report, a self-designed assessment, and frequent direct observations by the researchers on the child himself in different communicative situations). Scarce research tackles the communicative deficit part of autistic children in Arabic contexts, especially in Iraq, although such communication deficits in autism become more observable and increasing in society. More specifically, comprehension skills in autistic children have scarcely been tackled despite the fact that the early response to language comprehension tasks is one of the basic and primary signs of autism in children at a very early age (Dahlgren & Gillberg, 1989; Lord, 1995). This study mainly contributes to the limited data about autism research in Iraq. Studying language receptive skills, in particular, and examining the related causes for poor speech/language comprehension helps parents and practitioners understand the problem more accurately and adjust the appropriate intervention programs that fit the level of perception and understanding in autistic children. Findings indicate that the observed autistic child exhibits severe receptive language impairments in comparison with the typically developing children of the same age due to the lack of basic sensory processing skills and other social factors.