The Arab Gulf

Abstract:
The announcement of the British withdrawal from the Arabian Gulf region led to a competition between major and regional powers to control the resources of this area. The United States sought to inherit the British role and ensure the flow of oil supplies to it and Western countries. Iraq made every effort and used its capabilities to exert influence and control over the countries in the region. However, it faced the Iranian role, supported by the United States and Britain, which prevented Iraq from achieving its goals in controlling the countries in the region. The United States, with its policies and strength, managed to exert influence and control and inherit the British role in the region.

Abstract:
This research sheds light on the study of the Iraqi Republic newspaper's stance on the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, which resulted in the birth and establishment of Bangladesh. Additionally, this research also focuses on understanding the extent of Western countries' influence on the continuation of the Indo-Pakistani War, especially the United States, which had a clear impact on the war and how it expressed its position towards the conflicting parties, and how it worked to pressure them to end the war.

Abstract:
The study sheds light on the city of Mosul during the Abbasid era, especially in its later years. Mosul possessed geographical and economic advantages that made it the focus of various Islamic powers' attention. This led its rulers to attempt to secure its independence by either defending it at times or establishing healthy relationships with these powers at other times. Furthermore, its stance oscillated between the Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates, driven by its interests and a desire to safeguard its people and avoid this conflict.

Abstract:
There are numerous ancient Greek holidays, celebrations, and festivals, which cannot be exhaustively listed. Each city had its own special holidays that were held on its land or in specific cities such as Delphi, Athens, or the island of Delos, and they were categorized under various names, including holidays, festivals, or celebrations. The researcher attempted to document them to the best of her ability, as well as to establish their historical timeframes. In any case, these events shed light on a social aspect of ancient Greek history and reflect the extent of the people's relationship with the governments of that era.

Abstract:
This research is a comparative study of the concept of "Al-Hirabah" (warfare against society) in Islamic Sharia and Iraqi law. It aims to elucidate the legal and jurisprudential principles that govern the determination of punishments for individuals engaged in acts commonly referred to as "modern terrorism."

The research is divided into five sections:

Defining Al-Hirabah: This section offers a comprehensive definition of "Al-Hirabah."
The Elements of Al-Hirabah and Corruption: It examines the criteria and elements of acts of warfare and corruption.
The Source in Islamic Sharia: This section explores the origin of Al-Hirabah in Islamic jurisprudence.
Al-Hirabah in Iraqi Law and the Differences Between It and Islamic Sharia: It highlights the legal aspects of Al-Hirabah in Iraqi law and the disparities between it and Islamic Sharia.
The Punishment of Exile for Al-Hirabah: This section delves into the punishment of exile as it pertains to individuals engaged in Al-Hirabah.
The research concludes with the following findings:

In our investigation of warfare or terrorism, it is evident that terrorism knows no religion and poses a global threat. Islamic Sharia and Iraqi law share a common stance on the criminality of terrorism and warfare, but they differ in matters of legal evidence, testimony, and confession, among others. Islamic Sharia was proactive in combating terrorist crimes, imposing severe penalties from an Islamic perspective, with the aim of deterring these offenses.

Various factors, such as political, economic, historical, and personal motives, contribute to the emergence of terrorism. The crime of "Al-Hirabah" in Islamic Sharia is compatible with and similar to contemporary terrorism.

Abstract:
This research sheds light on the origin of Fatimid ancestry, which is a historical controversy that Muslim historians have debated. The German Orientalist Heinz Hallm discussed it in his book "The Empire of Al-Mahdi," examining some narratives but not encompassing all the opinions of Arab historians due to their varying stances. Some supported the Fatimid ancestry and confirmed their Alawite roots, while others criticized and denied their ancestry, associating them with Jewish and Magian origins. Therefore, we addressed these narratives in the research and discussed them to arrive at the truth that the Fatimids are indeed Alawites by descent. However, Hallm, the Orientalist, did not favor any of these opinions and left the matter without reaching a conclusive result. This is an important observation attributed to Hallm as a researcher specializing in Ismaili studies.

Abstract:
The era that followed the Barbarian invasions and the fall of the Western Roman Empire in Western Europe was one of the darkest periods in history, particularly from a cultural and educational perspective. This necessitated the role of the Church in bridging the vast gap between the ancient and medieval eras in this field, preparing generations of theologians and scholars interested in the study of theology, the lives of saints, and the Holy Scriptures. This also contributed to the expansion of the Church's authority and its exclusive control over education and its programs after the collapse of secular authority. On one hand, the rise of the Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe and, on the other hand, the aversion of the Germanic people to education resulted in Theodoric, the Great King of the Eastern Goths, also known as Theodoric the Great, prohibiting the education of Gothic children or sending them to schools because children who are accustomed to fear the teacher's rod will not become courageous knights in the future. They will lack the boldness in their future lives to engage in warfare and combat. Therefore, it became imperative for the Church to dominate education during the Middle Ages. This research will demonstrate the mechanism by which religious schools under the Church's authority dominated education.

Abstract:
The Thamud people are considered one of the ancient nations mentioned in the Holy Quran in numerous Quranic verses. Their prevailing belief was polytheism, and God, the Most High, sent his prophet Salih (peace be upon him) to invite them to worship God and abandon the worship of idols and statues. One of the signs brought by the prophet Salih (peace be upon him) is the she-camel, known as the "She-Camel of Salih." However, only a few of them believed in him.

Abstract:
Muhammad ibn Ka'b al-Qurazi is one of the figures of Jewish origin who had a significant impact on the transmission and documentation of Islamic heritage. He is among the famous Tabi'un (successors of the Companions of the Prophet) who excelled in the science of Tafsir (Quranic exegesis). It is said that he had a recorded Tafsir and was described as one of the most capable individuals in correlating the Prophet's narrations (PBUH) with the verses of the Quran. This implies his interest in investigating, collecting, or narrating the news of the Prophet (PBUH). Despite his fame in Tafsir, he has narrations about the Prophet's biography (PBUH). An important point made by Fuad Sezgin states, "It is clear from the narratives mentioned by al-Tabari in his history... that Ibn Ishaq used a book by al-Qurazi with historical content. The nature of this book needs to be researched, whether it is a book on Maghazi - in the literal sense, or a Tafsir book that includes detailed historical information."
In our research, we have chosen al-Qurazi's narratives specific to the Medinan period as the subject of study and analysis to highlight al-Qurazi's view of the Prophet (PBUH) before and after the mission.

Abstract:
This article presents an overview and critique of the most prominent theories regarding the nature of the language of the Quran. Among these theories, the "common customary" theory argues that the Quran has employed the same methods and principles of discourse used by rational individuals to convey meanings and understand Arabic speech. In contrast, the "special Quranic language" theory suggests that the Quran has used words and phrases with meanings and terms that it introduced itself, which can only be understood from the Quran itself or through what was revealed with it.

Some scholars argue that the language of the Quran is a "composite language" consisting of several languages because the Quranic verses have multiple dimensions. Another perspective chosen by the researcher relies on the defining characteristics of the Quran's language, known as the "language of guidance" or "special custom."

Abstract:
This research addresses a set of errors and mistakes found in the book "Grammar of the Holy Quran and Its Explanation" by Muhiyuddin Al-Darwish. The study is conducted with the purpose of correcting the Darwish's work and that of other researchers who have studied this book. The aim is to provide readers with a book free from errors. Given the importance and scholarly value of the book, the study strongly recommends that scholars and professionals in this field review the book and undertake its correction to make it comprehensive for students and beneficial to a wider audience.

Abstract:
The theme of war has permeated a wide expanse of women's creative work, making a significant impact on the narrative of Iraqi expatriate women. These authors have undertaken the task of documenting human suffering and depicting the dire reality resulting from the senseless wars in Iraq. Iraqi women writers have explored the subject of war as a powerful element affecting the lives of individuals and communities. They aimed to illustrate the profound impact of the harsh and continuous wars on human lives and psyches, leading to negative consequences for the Iraqi people as a whole. Women have approached the theme of war with a degree of freedom that allows them to express their views openly, away from subtlety or symbolism. They have criticized and exposed the political system as the main cause of all the wars that have befallen Iraq, portraying the consequences and destructive material and moral effects of these wars on both individuals and society. These novels have served as a clear condemnation of the power of war and the arbitrary nature of its political system, which has transformed into a means of terror, oppression, and legalized, unyielding, and sanctioned killing.

This research focuses on the study of the novel "Saa'at Baghdad" by the Iraqi expatriate writer Shahad Al-Rawi. The study consists of two main axes, preceded by a theoretical introduction that briefly highlights the theme of war in Iraqi women's fiction. The first axis explores the emergence and development of Iraqi feminist fiction after 2003. The second axis focuses on the portrayal of war and its effects on the characters in the novel "Saa'at Baghdad."

Abstract:
Omani writer Ghaliya Al Said has garnered significant attention from Omani critics, particularly in the study of her literary works. This is due to her prolific output, making her one of the most productive Omani female writers. She started her literary career relatively early compared to other Omani female writers. Women's writing in Oman began with Badriya Al Shahi's novel "Circling the Embers" in 1999. Ghaliya Al Said followed in 2005 with her novel "Days in Paradise." She consistently published her novels, which led to increased interest in her literary achievements and the uniqueness of her world in addressing somewhat different issues from what other Omani female writers had produced.

The poet Abdul Razzaq Al Rubaie, through five novels and numerous short stories, has highlighted many of the problems faced by those living on the outskirts of major cities, leading lives steeped in illusions in materialistic societies where individuals are reduced to mere numbers. From here, the characters in Ghaliya Al Said's novels strive for salvation, justice, and the construction of a better future. The dream remains an elusive window open to this distant future. These dreamy characters shape the world of the author, representing her distinctive contribution to Omani feminist literature. She employs various artistic techniques, including the use of poetry, diverse narrative styles, and visual arts.

Abstract:
This research discusses attributive qualification in its functional meaning and its impact on restricting the signification of the preceding singular term, in the light of the generality of signification and the multiplicity of the functional meanings of qualification, between specification, clarification, emphasis, and generality. The research concludes with a comprehensive meaning for these concepts, which is the reservation from misleading the recipient to a meaning other than the intended one. Reservation, with its general significance, can encompass all the advanced meanings, and the context clarifies the intended meaning without leaving the recipient in doubt and repetition. The supplications of Sahifa Sajjadiya are taken as a practical model for this study.

Abstract:
The verb is characterized by its kinetic, occurring, and renewed significance. It undergoes several conditions that change the meaning of the sentence and the text. The existence of the verb in the sentence may vary between being mentioned and omitted, thus conveying subtle contextual meanings that the Arab discerns with his taste and reveals by relying on the fundamentals of the language and its syntactic rules. This is what this research focuses on.

Abstract:
This research begins with the idea of observing the impact of the external and mental concepts of existence and their laws in the construction of grammatical rules in various linguistic aspects to reveal the depiction of the relationship between the concept of existence and the patterns of grammatical thinking. This impact reveals the centralization of this concept within the cognitive structures implicit in the linguistic mind and defines the extent of its guidance in the construction of grammatical rules.

Abstract:
This research addresses an important theme in literature and poetry in general, which is the exploration of elegance in the book of "Amali" by relying on the texts it contains and benefiting from various sources, references, and scholars' opinions on this subject. The objective is to delve into the depths of the texts and unveil the aesthetic values within them. This exploration enables the author to choose linguistic styles and vocabulary with ease and grace, avoiding rare and harsh expressions. Simple language, whether in poetry or prose, that addresses the common people and laborers in a clear and accessible language, free from obscurities and unfamiliar words, is often better than elaborate and extravagant language, as long as it corresponds to the context. In reality, elegance and refinement in speech or poetry do not solely depend on the poet's language but are influenced by the poet's emotions, taste, and meanings, as well as the person they emulate. The poet's experiences in life can impact their strength and weaknesses, which, in turn, are reflected in their writing style.

Abstract:
Small industries are crucial in the transformational industries sector within Shatt al-Arab District due to their contributions to the economic sectors. The significance of small industries is evident in their role in altering the economic and social landscape. Small industries in Shatt al-Arab District are no less important than large and medium-sized industrial sectors because they play a significant role in providing production and meeting local consumer demands. The geographical distribution of these industries varies from one area to another, spreading in regions with concentrated populations, which directly influences the demand for these industry products. This study consists of four main sections, starting with an introduction that highlights the importance and objectives of the study, and concludes with conclusions and recommendations.
The first section discusses the concept of small industries, their classification, characteristics, and significance. The second section focuses on the geographic factors affecting small industries in Shatt al-Arab District. The third section explores the geographical distribution of small industries in Shatt al-Arab District. The fourth section elucidates the challenges faced by small industries in Shatt al-Arab District. The study has led to several conclusions, including:
The geographic distribution of small industries in Shatt al-Arab District is characterized by its randomness.
Some factors influencing this distribution include market conditions, the labor force, and personal factors.
Small industries in Shatt al-Arab District are easily established, especially when compared to medium and large industries, primarily because they do not require significant capital, particularly in industries like ovens, bakeries, pastries, and sewing.
These industries largely rely on self-financing.
Due to the small size of their facilities, small industries tend to be located near residential areas, leading to various environmental pollution issues.

Abstract:
The study aims to investigate the role of climate change in altering water consumption for wheat crop within the boundaries of assured rainfed agriculture in the provinces of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Wheat is one of the most important strategic crops that have a significant impact on the food security of many countries worldwide. Due to the climate change conditions in Iraq, characterized by rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall, the cultivation of this crop, especially in the northern regions of Iraq, which rely on rainfall, is certainly affected. This, in turn, affects its water consumption, which exhibits annual fluctuations and a trend towards reduction.

The research reveals a change in the factors influencing water consumption by comparing climate data for two periods: 1971-1996 and 1997-2020. This change is characterized by an increase in maximum and minimum temperature rates, a decrease in relative humidity rates, precipitation rates, and an increase in evaporation rates. All of these indicators have contributed to changes in water consumption and the total requirements of wheat crops within the boundaries of assured rainfed agriculture due to decreased rainfall and increased evaporation rates. Monthly and seasonal rates recorded an increase in water consumption for field crops between October and April due to climate change, with total water needs trending upwards at all study stations.

Erbil station recorded the highest seasonal consumption change, amounting to 734.45 + m³/donum, with a positive change percentage of 21.48%. Zaxo station followed with a change of 489.57 + m³/donum, and a positive change percentage of 16.92%. Lastly, Makhmour Salah al-Din station ranked third with a change of 290.93+ and a positive change percentage of 10.89%. Sulaymaniyah station had a change of 196.07+ and a change percentage of 9.68%. This indicates an increase in water requirements and water consumption for wheat crops due to climate change in the rainfed agriculture region. Despite the low change rates, this is a concerning indicator that warrants future plans to address it if the change trend continues in the same manner.

Abstract:
Fishing and fish marketing are economic activities studied within the geography of agriculture, using a spatial distribution approach for fishing areas and production quantities. The study's objective is to review the species composition of marine fish within the administrative boundaries of the study area, which is defined as Basra Province and its administrative units at the district and sub-district levels. The importance of the study focuses on identifying the species marketed to private institutions that market the main and secondary fishery resources. The study reviews the production quantities by type throughout the year, highlighting both quantitative and qualitative variations in available fish quantities and their marketing in the province. The researcher employed two methodologies: the regional approach that identified the study region based on similar and homogeneous characteristics and the functional approach that deals with the economic activity of the phenomenon by identifying production quantities, types, and consumption quantities. The significance of studying fish production in Basra Province is evident due to the scarcity of comprehensive geographic studies on marine fish. The research concludes that there are 24 continuous species of marine fish produced in Basra Province, with variations in their capture from year to year. Several factors contribute to these variations, including primitive fishing methods, the biological status of the fish, their breeding and migration seasons. However, 9 species are widely circulated throughout the year, while 15 species appear and disappear due to their seasonal presence in fishing areas, with limited quantities affecting their economic importance in the market.

Abstract:
This study examines the distribution patterns of private primary schools in some major cities within Basra Governorate, including (Basra City, Qurna, Dair, Hartha, Abu Al-Khasib, Zubair, Faw) for the academic year (2019-2020). The study utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software (ArcGIS 10.2) to analyze various geographical factors such as nearest neighbor analysis, standard distance, mean center, median center, and directional distribution. The analysis reveals that the distribution of private primary schools is dispersed and irregular, with a concentration in the cities of Zubair and Abu Al-Khasib due to their high population density.

Abstract :
The study was based on the extent of identification of the factors that surround society, especially the outskirts of the city, and the extent of the impact of these factors on a problem that began to take a space of many and many problems that young people suffer and that ran over the surface, namely the phenomenon of suicide, the extent of the difficult social factors are related to the period of change for the year2003) and the shift in The traditions of manifestations and the customs of society in light of the difficult circumstances that the people suffer, especially the young people who have lost hope in everything and the feeling of lack of resourcefulness in many things, complex and complex, especially in recent years, as well Its great determinants have been discussed by the goals and assumptions that the study touched and the results that were reached according to the data of the research and the difficulties of studying. It is isolation in society and the use of all channels to address the problem and reach solutions to address other problems that began to afflict society after the events of change in Iraqi society.

Abstract:
The current research aimed to identify the level of exposure to cyberbullying among the students of Basra University. This was achieved by answering the following two questions:

What is the extent of cyberbullying exposure among Basra University students?
Are there any statistically significant differences in the level of exposure to cyberbullying among university students based on gender (male – female)?
The study was applied to a sample consisting of 100 male and female students from the first and fourth stages at the College of Arts, Basra University, for the academic year 2022-2023.

The researcher used a descriptive analytical approach to achieve the research objectives, utilizing the Cyberbullying Scale developed by Omnia Ibrahim El-Shawi in 2014. The data were statistically processed using SPSS V20. The results were as follows:

The level of bullying is low among university students, with an arithmetic mean of 46.58, which is lower than the hypothetical mean of the scale (78), with a statistically significant difference at the level of 0.05. This indicates a lower level of student exposure to cyberbullying and its various types.

There are statistically significant differences in cyberbullying between genders, favoring females. The arithmetic mean for females was 51.440, higher than that for males, which was 41.720. The researcher attributes the higher incidence of bullying among females to spending long hours on social media and its negative impact on the minds of girls.