ADAB AL-BASRAH

This is a process-oriented research that examines -through experiment- the feasibility of collective thinking in enhancing the quality of translation. It investigates the effect of collective thinking, within a translation group, on the quality of the translated literary text into the first language (L1). The benefits and drawbacks of such groups are, also, examined herein. To test its hypotheses, the study partially adopts Kiraly’s model, The Emergence of Translator Competence (2013). In line with the practical application of the study model, 25 student-translators are recruited to translate, individually and collectively, an English text (Phillips, 2001, P. 41, appendix A) into their native language; Arabic. As it is adopted from a TOEFL course book, the text is chosen -by the study jury- based on its potential recurrence in classrooms. The study, also, adopts a questionnaire (Appendix B) which is designed in accordance with the study model to elicit the student-translators’ perspectives about such groups.

The aim of this research is to examine the social margins that are present in
Umayyad poetry, specifically with regards to religion, race, and thought.
Discriminatory practices against minorities have been deeply ingrained in the
collective consciousness of various components of society. This highlights the
social injustice that has been imposed on the oppressed, who belong to the
defeated model, with an inferiority stereotype, and are accused of belonging to
various justifications formulated by the culture of the center or human groups.
This separation is used to exclude all those who do not belong to it religiously,
ethnically, and intellectually

The aim of this research is to shed light on the impact of nouns on grammatical and morphological rules. The noun is specialized in distinguishing it from the verb and the adjective due to its lightness and weight. This research, moreover, focuses on the rules that relate to the reason for the lightness of the noun and also explores the opinions of grammarians and morphologists regarding these rules.

The aim of this study was to investigate what Ibn Qutaiba attributed to the
commoners in his book "Ghareeb Al-Hadith". The study explores Ibn Qutaiba's
view on these attributions, the nature of those attributions, and the eloquence
of those attributions by reviewing the linguists' views anciently and recently.
After reviewing the book, fourteen locations were identified, seven of which
were attributed to the commoners and the other seven to the common people.
Ibn Qutaiba did not comment on seven of these locations, but commented on
the other seven, stating whether they were false, incorrect, right, or not right.
It seems that different lexicographers have different opinions on what words
mean to the general public. One linguist might attribute a certain meaning to a
word that another linguist does not. Additionally, some of the things that Ibn
Qutaybah attributed to the general public align with the essence of the Arabic
language and its corresponding expressions.

In the contemporary era of advanced communication, the role of translators as intercultural mediators is widely acknowledged. This study delves into the evolving landscape of Arab culture, characterized by an increasing openness to embracing diverse cultural elements. Drawing on Kenneth L. Pike\'s Etic vs. Emic linguistic theory, which scrutinizes language and behavior from an observer\'s perspective, the research advocates for an insider/emic approach in translation. Contrary to relying solely on an outsider\'s viewpoint, this perspective emphasizes the importance of capturing the insider/emic essence to unveil the intended meaning. The study assesses specific literary translations to ascertain their success in conveying the insider/emic viewpoint to target text readers.

This research focuses on the textual thresholds found in the collection of stories
known as Al-Ma'dan. These thresholds offer important insights into the ancient
Mesopotamian environment, particularly in areas that contained diverse and
interconnected ecosystems. This diversity made the environment unique and
globally significant, earning it a spot on the World Heritage List. Through these
thresholds, the reader is transported closer to the image being described and
can uncover hidden meanings and symbolism within the stories. These
thresholds serve as a gateway to other thresholds that rapidly expand upon the
diversity of the environment

This study analyzes the problem of qualitative impoverishment in the translation of Arabic literature into English, with an emphasis on how it affects the meaning of the target text. Using Antoine Berman's idea of "deformation tendencies," this study examines how translators handle the inherent variations between the source and target languages, notably in terms of cultural subtleties, expressive language, and literary techniques. Corpus analysis of translated texts will be used to evaluate specific instances. Translations that display qualitative poverty, such as the loss of semantic depth and the subtle Arabic terms, which are replaced with less evocative English counterparts

Language learners frequently focus on grammar rules and vocabulary in their second language (L2), yet communication breakdowns can still happen. This is often due to neglecting pragmatic knowledge, which is essential for effective language use. The study investigates pragmalinguistic failure in request strategies by Iraqi students in the fourth stage of the English Department at Basrah University College of Arts, compared to British participants and the factors contributing to this phenomenon. It analyzes directness levels and strategy variations between the two groups. Additionally, it aims to explore the potential influence of the Iraqi students' native language and cultural backgrounds on their choice of request strategies. This study employs a mixed-methods, integrating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies.

At first glance, the emergence of synopsis in writing might appear to be yet
another product of our fast-paced era, defined by rapid advancements, especially
evident in fields like literature. However, this study aims to ground this writing
style within our literary tradition by illuminating its origins and remote
influences. By doing so, it endeavors to provide a comprehensive understanding
of the genuine essence of this literary genre.

The administrative judge is responsible for resolving disputes that are
presented to him. To do this, he must first understand the facts of the dispute as
presented by both parties and gather evidence to support those facts. Then, he
must search for a solution within the laws and regulations that apply to the
specific case, and determine the text that is most applicable to those facts in
order to make a ruling. It is worth noting that the assessments made by the
judge are subject to oversight by the legislator, which is done through two
different judicial bodies.

This article discusses that John B. Priestley’s play An Inspector Calls is featured with a supernatural inspector. It will be divided into two parts. The first part will focus on giving a synchronic or a textual analysis of An Inspector Calls. It will show that Goole has apparition looks, mysterious strategies in investigations, a pre-knowledge of local and global events before they take place, and a prophetic prophecy of the Birlings’ mistreatment of their servant, Eva Smith, and its future consequences. For this reason, Goole will be introduced as an unworldly investigator. The same part of this article will also display Goole as a social reformer between the working class and the bourgeoise and how Goole does not want to punish the Birlings physically but to awaken their conscience and lead them to self-discovery.

The context is a linguistic element, and at the same time it represents non-verbal
signs (present), which the recipient perceives through his acumen, intelligence,
and good consideration of the texts. It is also an important communicative
process in the cognitive and communication system, and interest in it must stem
from an awareness of its value in influencing the meanings and the process of
events.
The context, as a linguistic-intellectual feature, was present in the interpretive
code of the Holy Qur’an to clarify the meanings of its verses and what they
indicate. This is evidence of the commentators’ extreme keenness and
celebration in understanding the intention and intent of the Lawgiver. They did
not neglect the role of the context in revealing the meanings

The purpose of this study tackles the emergence and features of one of foreign language ( here English) teaching approaches, i.e., the communicative approach. This approach did not emerge suddenly or as a result of a specific reason. It emerged as a result of the failure of other traditional approaches or methods in foreign language teaching which emphasized on language as a linguistic system not as a means of communication , as in the case of communicative approach. So, this approach had emerged instead of these approaches, which are : the grammar – translation approach, the direct approach, the audio- lingual, i.e., the aural – oral approach, and the reading approach.

Afghanistan paid the price for its strategic location and proximity to the Soviet Union, which led to the latter's invasion in 1979. The invasion lasted for ten years, during which the Afghans faced several challenges and lost countless lives. When the Soviets realized that they could not remain in Afghanistan, and that it was becoming a bleeding wound for them, as Mikhail Gorbachev described it after taking over the leadership of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union on March 11, 1985, they had to make the government in Afghanistan loyal to them or, at the very least, neutral and not against them. To achieve this, they chose Najibullah, a member of the Battercham wing of the Afghan Democratic People's Party and a Pashtun, the ethnic group with the largest percentage of the population and dominant in Afghanistan. They supported him in various political, economic, and military fields even before the Soviets entrance to the country.

Al-Ziyadi Basin, located in the northeastern part of Wasit Governorate, is a
seasonal valley covering an area of 64 km². Despite variations in water resources
and quality caused by different factors such as solar radiation, heat, and
evaporation, rainfall remains the main source of water in the region. The water
that remains after these factors flows on the surface of the earth, forming a
torrent flow that is one of the area's main water sources. To estimate the surface
runoff of the study basin based on the diversity of land use and natural
vegetation, as well as the quality of the soil, the American Soil Conservation
Hypothesis, abbreviated as SCS, was used

The rapid population and urban growth has led to several issues in the study
area, including problems with planning schools and distributing them
appropriately to provide an environment suitable for academic achievement.
Other problems include housing, transportation, and environmental pollution.
This research aims to identify the role of urban planning in addressing these
problems by analyzing and developing appropriate proposals to solve them.
One of the main issues to be addressed is the centralization of schools in the
center of cities, which makes it difficult for students to attend morning lessons
and results in educational damage. The proposed solution is to distribute schools
more evenly throughout the city

Environmental pollution is one of the most pressing challenges that we face
today. It poses a significant threat to our planet and its safety. Unfortunately,
this is becoming increasingly worse in developing countries, as their cities
continue to expand at an accelerating pace due to population growth. The high
rates of all types of pollution, especially visual pollution, are a major concern.
A recent study aimed to investigate the various manifestations of visual
pollution in the central business district of Samawah city. The study found that
the urban environment was distorted by several factors, such as the lack of
symmetry of buildings, the accumulation of electrical generator wires, traffic
congestion, commercial signs, the display of goods and merchandise on the
sidewalks, and others. All of these factors are caused by visual pollution in the
area. The study highlighted how this problem is spreading and becoming more
prevalent

The study area is located in the southern part of the Western Plateau, southeast of Al-Muthanna Governorate. It is situated between two latitudes: (32º 35´ 14\" - 32º 56\' 0\") to the north and two archs of longitude (46º 28\' 23\" - 46º 12\' 19\") to the east. The total of the study area is 348.55 km2, with a length of 61.5 km. The data for the study was obtained through remote sensing technologies, geographic information systems programs, and data taken from the digital elevation model for processing and analyzing geographical data. The study also involved spatial analysis and various statistical operations.
The research findings indicate that the morphometric characteristics between the secondary basins varied significantly, particularly in their formal and topographic characteristics.

Studying and tracking the level of mortality and its variation in society as a whole is one of the important indicators for assessing health awareness and the development of health services in it, as it represents one of the most important vital influences in the growth, distribution and composition of the population and the variation of its various demographic, economic and social determinants. We note that the study area did not receive a sufficient share on this topic, and in light of this, the aim of addressing it was to identify the size of deaths, their causes, spatial and temporal distribution patterns and the variation of their demographic characteristics, as the scarcity of statistical data on deaths is a difficulty facing everyone who deals with the study and monitoring of this matter.

In this study, the textual formation of the Salafi discourse is not related to a
textual metaphor with clear significance, through the intertextuality of a
subsequent text from a previous text, which is the first form of metaphor, but
rather to a metaphor that takes two directions, which are either asking the same
question with a different objective content, or asking a different question and
Reaching the same thematic content, which is the second form of metaphor,
and this is the essence of this study, and the central point in recalling and
employing texts in it, on the same topic and reaching the same results, and here
I am dealing with this second type of metaphor, In Al-Jabri’s metaphor of Sayyid
Qutb’s moment, and the production of Al-Jabriya Al-Qutb. In the current study,
the Salafi discourse is formed not through a textual metaphor with a clear
meaning, as in the intertextuality of a subsequent text from a previous text
(which is the first form of metaphor), but rather through a metaphor that takes
two directions.