The Arab Gulf

Abstract:
The post-2003 Iraq represented an opportunity for Iran that decision-makers in that country could not afford to miss, especially since the relationship with the previous regime was considered hostile and tense at best. Therefore, when power shifted to the Iraqi opposition with strong and robust ties to Iran, the latter invested in those relationships on all levels, whether strategic, security, trade, or political. Over successive governments, starting from the Jaafari government in 2005 to the second Maliki government, Iran was able to conclude agreements and understandings that increased Iranian influence in Iraq. Amid these achievements, which no previous Iranian government had been able to achieve on Iraqi soil, came June 10, 2014, as a shock when the occupation of Mosul was announced, and terrorists advanced toward other cities, approaching the outskirts of Baghdad. Iran quickly declared its willingness to provide all types of support and assistance to the Maliki government. These Iranian aids and assistance coincided with the issuance of a fatwa by Grand Ayatollah Sistani calling for voluntary jihad. Over 1.7 million volunteers rushed to volunteer centers in the southern and southern-central provinces to answer Sistani's call. As events unfolded and the battles continued, leading to the successful liberation of Mosul, the reactions of Iranian officials were extremely positive, expressing immense joy at the success of an improvised Iranian strategy that surpassed expectations. It was not surprising that the Iranian President was the first to congratulate Iraq on its victory, more than ten days before the official Iraqi announcement on June 30, 2017. This is indicative of Iran's intensive monitoring and active role in the Iraqi arena.

The transformations adopted by the Popular Mobilization Forces during and after the victory over the terrorist organization ISIS in 2017 constitute a form of soft power employed by the Popular Mobilization Forces. This strategy focuses on peacebuilding in a society that has endured armed conflict, in addition to providing services to several liberated cities after their infrastructure was destroyed. It also contributes to offering civilian and humanitarian assistance during crises and natural disasters within and outside Iraq.

This research aims to examine the transformations that have emerged within the structure of the Popular Mobilization Forces in the form of humanitarian aid, which has provided significant assistance to various segments of the Iraqi society. It serves as an important supplement to the local government's efforts, while monitoring the volume and types of aid provided outside Iraq, such as the assistance extended after the earthquake that struck the Syrian Arab Republic on February 6, 2023.

The social aspect is one of the main facets related to the lives of Muslims. Therefore, the Imams (peace be upon them) showed great interest in establishing a state of communication with Muslims through their companions and supporters to convey solutions, issues, and matters that require addressing in accordance with Islamic Sharia. Especially since the Islamic society faced increased problems after the incident of Saqifah, the martyrdom of the greatest Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), and the emergence of rulers who worked on separating religion from the state. This led some to revert to pre-Islamic customs and traditions, while others attempted to distort the beliefs of Muslims and deviate from the principles of the Muhammadan Sharia.

Hence, the mission of the Imams of guidance (peace be upon them) and their followers in preaching, guidance, and employing methods of exhortation and encouragement to purify the religion from distortions and corruption, and to avoid the mixing of matters among the public. This also involved distinguishing between right and wrong in matters of Sharia judgments. Consequently, there arose a need to rely on the jurisprudence of the Imams (peace be upon them) and their role in interpreting and explaining Islamic concepts and values related to the lives of Muslims. For example, Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) would advise people and his companions to fear Allah, worship Him, and emphasize the importance of worship.

Abstract:
This research examines the position of the legislative authority in Iran regarding the tripartite aggression on Egypt in 1956, represented in Iran during that period by the National Consultative Assembly (Majlis) and the Senate. The war was launched in the aftermath of the nationalization of the Suez Canal on July 26, 1956, with Israeli forces initiating the aggression against Egypt on October 29, 1956. Subsequently, British and French military forces also joined the aggression. The attack had a significant impact on the sessions of both the National Consultative Assembly (Majlis) and the Senate, as members discussed the developments of the war and expressed their opposition to the aggression against a Muslim country.

Iraqi-Gulf relations witnessed significant political, social, and economic changes in the 1980s and early 1990s in the twentieth century. This study aims to understand these relations during the Iraq-Iran war and the fundamental interests that guided this relationship. Its goal was to restore security and stability to this region, making Iraq a protective tool at the expense of its people, culture, and economic repercussions on the region's countries. This study also focused on the changes in the relationship after it had been positive but became strained due to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. However, we see it fluctuating and varying in the post-invasion era, especially among some Gulf countries, after the economic blockade imposed with the assistance of the United States and Britain.

The study also aims to understand the circumstances of the Gulf region during the 1980s and 1990s, which were marked by regional crises that had an impact on Iraqi-Gulf relations.

Al-Minbar newspaper covered a wide range of topics in its pages from its inception to its latest issue. Politics, society, and culture received the most significant coverage. The newspaper also addressed a vital and crucial topic, which is the results of the Second Gulf War. It published numerous articles and studies about the outcomes of the war, presenting a comprehensive study that included the decisions of the United Nations Security Council against Iraq. Additionally, the newspaper discussed the injuries suffered by the international coalition forces from diseases and epidemics due to the use of deadly chemical weapons in their military operations, especially targeting those weapons stored in Iraq. This resulted in a large number of citizens being afflicted with cancerous and dermatological diseases, as well as birth defects among newborns

Turkey possesses economic, military, political, and cultural capabilities that can benefit the Middle East in general and the Arab Gulf states in particular. Therefore, Turkey has sought to challenge Western and American policies to enhance its regional status. It has become increasingly difficult to discuss any future security arrangements in the region without considering Turkey's role, especially after the weakening of Arab regimes following the "Arab Spring" revolutions in 2011 and the absence of effective and influential leadership. The opportune moment for Turkey came when it assumed the role of mediator to resolve the 2017 Qatar-Gulf crisis. This crisis led to the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain severing their economic and diplomatic ties with Qatar due to differing positions of Arab and Western countries regarding the crisis. Turkey's supportive stance for peace in the region through diplomatic means became prominent.

Successive Iranian governments have shown significant interest in the Iranian nuclear program. Motivations have varied and differed between the royal and republican eras, encompassing both secretive motivations beyond what is officially stated by Iranian leadership and concerns about Iran's clandestine activities aimed at acquiring nuclear weapons. Iran, however, has consistently maintained that its nuclear program is solely for peaceful energy purposes and not for military use, basing its stance on religious edicts prohibiting nuclear weapons and claiming no need for them.

The aim of this study is to shed light on the true motivations and objectives of the Iranian nuclear program. Opinions on the nature of the Iranian nuclear program have varied, with the Western perspective, particularly that of the United States, viewing it as a threat and necessitating action to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons. On the other hand, Iran has argued that the security environment surrounding it poses a significant threat to its national security, making it necessary to possess nuclear weapons. Despite these assertions, Iranian officials have stated that their program is limited to peaceful uses within the bounds of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) of 1968.

Many observers in the Arab, regional, and international arenas have cast doubt on Iran's nuclear file, especially considering Iran's existing capabilities in the energy sector. This leads us to understand the underlying reasons for Iran's desire to possess nuclear weapons, primarily for national security, international status, strengthening its external influence, technological advancement, and economic development. Therefore, it can be said that the true motive behind Iran's pursuit of the nuclear program is dual-use. In this context, Iran is not an exception to other countries like India and North Korea, affirming the duality of nuclear program use through the integration of Iranian nuclear capabilities, missile system development, and the initiation of a space program, potentially enabling both peaceful and military applications simultaneously

The Umayyad state faced numerous political and religious opposition movements, leading to several internal uprisings that occupied the Umayyad caliphs for a significant portion of their reigns. Despite the success of some Umayyad caliphs in suppressing these movements, they ultimately drained the military and economic strength of the state. In order to eliminate these movements and curb anti-Umayyad elements, some Umayyad caliphs and governors resorted to a series of arbitrary measures and policies against their opponents. One of these policies was the policy of intimidation, which was adopted by some Umayyad caliphs and governors during the Umayyad state's rule. These topics have not been thoroughly explored in previous research, except for some brief mentions and insufficient coverage of the subject matter. Therefore, this study aims to shed light on the policy of intimidation that prevailed during the rule of the Umayyads in Iraq, and its application for various reasons, including political, economic, and social factors.

Intimidation carries various meanings, indicating distress, sorrow, and anxiety experienced by individuals due to the expected adversity. The policy of intimidation was used as a means of punishment against groups opposing the rule, not limited to individuals within these groups but extending to women, tribal leaders, and even children, aiming to assert authority, dominance, and prevent any attempts at overthrowing the government.

Iraqi universities have shown interest in studying Iraqi academic figures specialized in the field of history due to their significant impact in uncovering many historical mysteries and facts. This study aims to delve deeper into the intellectual and scientific contributions of these figures, continuing the efforts of researchers and scholars in introducing society to academic personalities interested in historical documentation. The study examines their biographies, highlights their contributions, and acknowledges their influence on their academic and professional lives, as well as their recognition by subsequent generations of academics. Jabar Abdullah Issa Al-Jubairawi, distinguished by his passion for poetry, theater, and historical documentation, stands as one of the early intellectuals in the city of Amara who made substantial contributions to contemporary Iraqi historical literature throughout his five-decade-long academic career. His rich contributions persist as he continues to research and document to this day.

This research highlights the significance of the Ibadi sect and why it had a wider spread in Arab countries compared to other Kharijite sects. This extensive propagation can be attributed to the frequent migrations of Ibadi groups and leaders, which facilitated their spread. Additionally, the dominance of the Abbasid state and its control over Iraq led to many uprisings being distant from the center of the caliphate. Therefore, the Ibadi group found the lands of the East to be safer and more secure for disseminating their doctrine. However, the connection between the Ibadi community in the lands of the East and the Arab countries remained continuous and unbroken, and we will elucidate the reasons behind the selection of these lands.

During the Abbasid rule, which dedicated significant efforts to eliminate the Shiite influence and distance the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) from their followers in order to prevent the spread of Shiite teachings among the people, many important figures emerged in that difficult period who played a role in preserving Shiism from disappearing. They served as intermediaries between the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt and their followers. Ali ibn Mahzyar was one of these figures who played a role in the continuity of the Shiite influence.

The Orientalist Islamic Encyclopedia is one of the most essential sources for studying history, including the history of Arabs before Islam. It has explored various aspects of that period, especially the social aspects. Orientalists have focused on discovering the facts, but at times, they aimed to distinguish that era from Islamic periods, considering it as the foundation. When Islam arrived in the Arabian Peninsula, it attempted to reshape Arab social identity according to the dictates of Islamic law, as claimed by them

Speech is the fundamental means of communication between speakers, setting one apart from the others. This is why Abdullah ibn Abbas was chosen as the subject of this research, given his distinctiveness and his ability to communicate and persuade his audience. Moreover, the diverse techniques he employed in conveying his message to the recipients of his discourse, whether it was to affirm the legitimacy of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) and the necessity of following him and obeying his commands and prohibitions, by motivating and urging them towards jihad and joining their Imam, or to expose the dissenters of the Imam and discredit them with logical and textual evidence. He utilized various rhetorical techniques in presenting and delivering the news and messages he wanted to convey to the recipients during that period, making his discourse a historical document that documented the events, arguments, and evidence he aimed to document. This was achieved through various methods, which we will discuss in the details of our research paper.

The Indian-Bangladeshi relations during the era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from 1972 to 1975 were characterized by a distinctive nature that encompassed various political, economic, trade, and cultural fields. The relations between both sides were fruitful due to the policies adopted by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, which aligned with India's policies. Additionally, numerous visits at the level of the heads of state and their ministers further enhanced these relations. India aimed to strengthen and prosper Bangladesh, as it was not in India's interest to have weak neighbors. Similarly, Bangladesh needed India's support on the international stage to consolidate its national sovereignty and integrity. Therefore, both countries sought to approach each other while considering their respective national interest

The Arabic language relies on established rules derived from what was heard from the Arabs. These rules and theoretical principles were formulated based on their speech. This study examines Quranic words whose forms have changed due to variations in their diacritical marks. The reason for these changes may be attributed to differences in tribal dialects, as they would pass on words that they understood. Through the collection of certain words found in the books of "Al-Amali," it became evident that even minor changes in a word's diacritics could alter its meaning or create a semantic approximation. Context has the greatest influence in determining meaning and choosing the correct word, along with taking into account the most famous Quranic readings.

We did not consider all the books of "Al-Amali"; instead, we limited our focus to the time period from the fourth to the seventh Hijri century. This study sheds light on the phonological semantic thought of Arab scholars, beginning with the works of Al-Zajjaji and concluding with Ibn Al-Hajib. It also explores their interest in Quranic words, revealing their attention to the smallest part of a word: the vowel marks and how they affect the meaning when shifting to a different vowel. Additionally, it addresses the diversity in linguistic style and methodology in presenting linguistic issues.

There have been various conditions for individual Quranic words outside the Quranic text, attributed to the phenomenon of phonological substitution. Therefore, this research is based on elucidating this phenomenon in explaining the words found in the books of "Al-Amali."

This research discusses the corrections made by the commentators of Al-Shafi'i on the structures of sources, in terms of structures that were not mentioned by the author, or those he alluded to without elaborating on them. The commentators addressed this issue and also in the author's unrestricted statements that may require clarification. They also addressed the differences in jurisprudential schools, as some commentators made corrections that deviated from the author's school of thought, deeming them to be correct. Furthermore, they corrected words that the author omitted. This occurred in the sources of the triad, the augmented triad, the Meem source, the sources of the quadruple, and matters of disagreement, such as repetition and circulation.

This research examines the element of time in the narrative works of the author Wahid Ghanem, which encompass three novels in chronological order: "The Ancient Ceremonies," "The Sweet Fugitive of His Destiny," and "The Princess on the Journey of the Mind."The aim of this study is to uncover the significant temporal techniques employed by the author in each novel and their impact on the text's structure. The study includes an introduction, a definition of time in language and terminology, its importance in narrative text, and types of time: natural time, psychological time, and temporal systems in terms of past, present, and future, as well as speed and slowness

Dr. Abdul Saboor Shahin explores the role of sounds (consonants and vowels) in Quranic recitations, distinguishing the differences between ancient Arab scholars such as Sibawayh (d. 180 AH) and Ibn Jinni (d. 392 AH), and contemporary scholars like Dr. Ibrahim Anis. He doesn't merely summarize the views of the ancient and modern scholars but extrapolates, elaborates, and analyzes new linguistic principles and foundations.

Dr. Abdul Saboor Shahin's research provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of certain phonetic phenomena, such as "Imla" (prolongation), providing examples thereof. He places significant emphasis on the phonetic phenomenon of "Hamzah" (glottal stop), scientifically addressing its production and distinguishing the nature of the two vocal cords that interact fully in the larynx. Through this description, he differentiates the sound of "Hamzah" from the sound of "Alif" (the Arabic letter 'a'), as Alif is an explosive sound, i.e., a sound produced without obstruction to the oral passage.

We know that Arabic syntax examines words in the context of their relationships with each other in sentences. These sentences vary among grammarians, depending on their preferences, starting with the basic abstract sentence (verbal and nominal), which grammarians have defined its components as (subject and predicate) and (verb and doer). It serves as the fundamental basis for constructing different sentences and structures, as well as their transformations within the grammatical system. In this light, we can distinguish between primary syntactic meanings and secondary syntactic meanings that have been subjected to the speaker's authority, as he desires to obtain a new syntactic meaning different from the original one (the root). This occurs in the context of the syntactic relationships of words within sentences and structures. How does transformation occur in the original sentence? How does it expand to include structures? When do we consider a structure as transformed? What are the processes that take place in the structure to deviate it from its original form? Therefore, it is necessary to address all these aspects to reveal the mechanisms behind their occurrence.

The narrative text is constructed, in particular, from a set of elements that cannot be ignored because they represent the building blocks upon which the literary work is based, and its literary significance intensifies. The place has been considered one of the most important links between reality, possibility, and imagination. There is a connection that establishes the existence of these closed spaces that the writer employed in his narrative achievement, as he immortalized through them a part of his consciousness and the feelings he holds towards these places in the context of the narrative.

Furthermore, the writer dealt with the place as a furnished element for characters and connected them with other elements of time, events, and plot. We can see that the narrative, especially the novel, paid particular attention to this matter more than others. The writer presented the closed space in his narrative as a real place at times and an imaginary place at other times. Basra, with its streets, alleys, rivers, and neighborhoods, became the setting for Mahdor's narratives with its real and realistic names, giving his narrative a genuine credibility to convey reality in all its details. This, in turn, provided the reader with an opportunity to become acquainted with these places and understand their nature within the context of the narrative

Human pride in their nation is an innate feeling, and this pride is enhanced by the scientific heritage that the nation inherits. This heritage can ensure the cultural dominance of the nation over others. This can only be achieved by reviving their heritage, which was the result of the efforts of individuals who spent their lives reading and writing, leaving us with a vast legacy. We should stand before this legacy with respect, admiration, and a genuine sense of pride, happiness, and pride. Therefore, it is incumbent upon us to uplift our Arab heritage, which has been passed down to us by our ancestors, by shouldering the burden of preserving and manifesting it. This is not only an act of gratitude to our scholars but also to ourselves and our children.

The issue of women has been a significant concern for many Muslim authors and writers who have addressed it from various angles. This matter has been highlighted and explained in greater detail by those who provided personal descriptions of women's social and political lives, especially in the regions and countries they passed through. They described her situation meticulously based on their personal observations, which they documented in works discussing their personal experiences.

Prince Osama bin Munqidh, in his book "Al-I'tibar," also described the condition of women in the Levant, who lived under challenging political, economic, and social conditions characterized by chaos and instability as people moved from one city to another. His descriptions were clear and expressive, honestly portraying the challenges that women faced during that time.

This research examines the impact of social determinants on reproductive behavior in the city of Basra from a geographical perspective. These social determinants include marriage, divorce, poverty, customs and traditions, preference for male offspring. These determinants vary among different societal groups in Basra and have varying effects on households in the city, shaping their characteristics based on their locations and distinctive variables. These determinants significantly influence reproductive intentions, desires, and decisions, either towards control or expansion, and their impact on population growth. Furthermore, the temporal variation of these determinants has a significant influence on reproductive behavior and fertility rates among the population.

This study aims to diagnose the levels of heavy metal pollution in the waters of the Tigris River in Maysan Governorate. Three stations along the Tigris River were selected to determine spatial variation along the course of the river. Water quality was measured over four seasons to understand the temporal variation in heavy metal concentrations in the study area. To obtain more accurate results regarding heavy metal concentrations, the researcher relied on measuring the physicochemical properties of the river water, as these properties are crucial in determining water quality. These properties also have a clear relationship with the concentration of heavy metals in the river's course through the activation of dissolution and transportation processes. The study focused on ten heavy metal elements, including manganese, nickel, chromium, zinc, vanadium, copper, lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury. The results showed that all dissolved heavy metal concentrations in the water were low, particularly cadmium and lead. The study also found that the distribution pattern of most metals in the water tends to decrease from north at the Ali Al-Gharbi station to the south at the Al-Ammara station, then levels slightly increase at the Qal'at Salih station.

The study area in Basra Governorate was divided into two main regions based on surface geological formations: the eastern region and the western region, separated by the contour line (5 meters). The aim of the study was to identify the nature of honeybees and the key natural factors and constraints for conducting such activity in the region. The results revealed that surface topography is one of the natural factors in the region due to its relatively flat terrain and minimal slope in most parts. Soil, despite some drawbacks, showed a relatively significant positive trend. Solar radiation was considered one of the natural factors affecting the duration of daylight hours in general. Temperature, on the other hand, was a variable with both positive and negative trends, given the region's thermal extremes and significant temperature fluctuations between the hot and cold seasons. Relative humidity, although having both positive and negative trends, leaned more towards the positive side. Wind, despite indirect drawbacks, was considered a natural factor, as wind speeds did not exceed the optimal limits for honeybee flight. Rainfall had two different trends, with a larger negative impact due to seasonal variations and low rainfall amounts. Natural plant species had both positive and negative trends as well, with diversity in plant species being a positive factor, but none of these species were suitable for honeybee use. Water resources varied in location and had a positive and natural factor role in the eastern region, despite some drawbacks related to surface water sources. In the western region, however, the absence of surface water and deep groundwater levels posed significant constraints for honeybee utilization.

This research examines the incidence of connective tissue disorders in the Al-Faw and Al-Qurnah districts for the period (2009/2010 - 2019/2020), investigates monthly variations, identifies which of the two districts is more affected and prevalent by the disease, and explores the statistical relationship between climatic factors and connective tissue disorders. The research is divided into three sections, with the first section providing the theoretical framework of the research, including general research fundamentals. The second section analyzes the monthly variations in connective tissue disorders, while the third section investigates the impact of climatic factors on disease incidence using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The study relies on both analytical and quantitative methodologies.

The study of age structures and their digital indicators is of great importance in demographic studies, as they mirror the size of productive and consuming groups, the extent of the labor force, its strengths and weaknesses, as well as determining and quantifying the types and amounts of services needed by each age group. Therefore, this study sheds light on the reality and distribution of age groups according to the functional and statistical scale in the Islamic Republic of Iran, by province, and examines the evolution of the size and proportions of this distribution based on population census data. Additionally, it explores the indicators of age structure and their variations at the national level, and then identifies and investigates the underlying reasons for these variations, which differ from one province to another.

This study was conducted to determine the impact of human factors on the hydrological characteristics of the study area from the Hindiyah Dam to the Jabbaysh Dam, which includes the provinces of Babylon, Karbala, Najaf, Diwaniya, Samawah, Thi Qar, and Basra. The study covered the distribution of the population and their various activities, whether agricultural, economic, or others, especially water resources. It was found that the most densely populated areas extend along the riverbanks and irrigation channels, and the increase in population puts pressure on water resources in the study area. There are two main influencing factors, one external represented by the impact of the upstream countries, Turkey and Syria, due to their construction of control and storage projects that have reduced the flow of water in the Euphrates River. The internal factor is the mismanagement of water resources by the state for various human activities, exacerbating the water crisis. The agricultural sector consumes the majority of water resources, up to 80%, and solutions must be found through the use of modern irrigation techniques or the utilization of groundwater for irrigating crops that can tolerate saline water, such as barley. Additionally, the high temperatures and aridity of the region lead to water loss through evaporation. The disposal of waste, whether solid waste or sewage, has caused pollution of the river water and altered its general characteristics.

The research aims to determine the level of social-emotional learning among secondary school students. It also aims to investigate the significance of differences in social-emotional learning based on gender (males and females). The current study was conducted on a sample of 400 male and female students in the secondary stage for the year 2021-2022. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach to match it with the study sample using the Vitor Alexandre Coelho and others' scale (2015), based on Hoffman's theory (2009). The data was statistically processed using SPSS.V20, and the results were as follows: There is a high level of social-emotional learning among secondary school students, and there were no statistically significant differences based on gender between male and female secondary school students.

The study aimed to identify the most important reasons for the presence of an educational counselor, and to understand the most significant social problems that they face and methods of addressing them. The research also encompassed the importance of educational guidance and its objectives, as well as the difficulties and challenges encountered in the field of educational counseling. Furthermore, it discussed the reasons for the existence of educational counselors, delving into counseling approaches and the role of educational counselors in play-based counseling, as well as the methods of educational counseling within the educational process. This research also included key recommendations to enhance the work of educational counselors and the most important findings reached through this study.

The evolution of human life in various fields has resulted in a diversity of scientific discoveries related to human interaction, including the human voice. The science of phonetics has emerged to study the physical aspects of language and provide effective solutions to language and pronunciation problems that may hinder effective communication.

Phonetics was recognized in the early 20th century as one of the branches of linguistics among comparative linguists. Modern thought and contemporary scholars have turned to it because it examines the physical aspects of language and offers solutions to many language and pronunciation problems that exist in human life and social aspects when interacting with fellow humans. Communication relies on language between two parties (sender and receiver), and this process involves correctly formulating speech and letters, whether they are spoken or written, to achieve the intended purpose of the message.

Given the importance of communication, the researchers have studied this term, aiming to understand the intellectual and artistic structure of phonetics according to its psychological and social references, which is manifested in the theatrical arts, especially in theatrical performances.

The paper explores Munadhel Dawood’s Romeo and Juliet in Baghdad (2012) which is an adaptation of William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet (1592). The paper argues that to better understand the significance of Dawood’s adaptation we need to situate it within the context of post-2003 Iraqi adaptations of world literature. More broadly, it is part of the way that postcolonial literature responds to the hegemony of the colonial culture. In this respect, the play can be seen as an attempt by the Iraqi culture to write back to the colonial cultures that took part in the 2003 war. More specifically, the play achieves this goal by integrating elements of Iraqi culture and tradition and, paradoxically, it attempts to set the terms for a dialogue with the colonial culture by highlighting various elements which that culture might find relevant.

Virtual learning points to an electronic learning condition where, contrasting conventional learning, there are no real classmates, and there is no temporal and special limitation. The present research was conducted to inquire the connection between EFL learners’ anxiety and willingness to communicate (WTC) in online and regular classes and compare them with each other. To this end, 80 Iranian EFL learners (48 female and 32 male) whose degree of proficiency was intermediate took part in the research. They enrolled in online and regular classes and the number of participants in each group was similar. Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT), WTC Questionnaire, and Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) were the instruments used in this study. The participants enrolled in a 15-session English course which was continuously observed by the researcher. The upshot of the research proclaimed that there was a noteworthy and negative connection between the participants’ anxiety and WTC either in online or regular classes. The outcomes of the research also showed that the participants in the online class had a lower degree of anxiety and a significantly higher degree of WTC. The outcomes of the research can have implications for the field of TEFL in general and psycholinguistics and online education in specific.

Bilingual cultures use code-switching to improve communication clarity. Accordingly, university lecturers and learners use code-switching daily in English classes. Thus, this paper examines the situations, reasons, advantages, and disadvantages of code-switching as a foreign language teaching method by Iraqi and Iranian university EFL lecturers and how much students prefer it in different classroom situations. This is achieved via two sorts of questionnairs designed as Google forms; one of them was sent to 12 Iraqi and Iranian EFL university lecturers who teach English as EFL instruction. The second sort of questionnaire was sent to 30 undergraduate students (second stage) as native speakers of Iraqi-Arabic and Persian from Tehran and Kufa universities. The data obtained from questioners' responses of EFL lecturers as well as those of students are analyzed qualitatively and quantitively, respectively, to make a comparison between the use of code-switching in two countries. The finding of this study indicates that Iraqi teachers and students coded more than Iranias. However, both groups agreed that code-switching is increasing learners' grasp of complicated instructions, confusing explanations, difficult and abstract language, and inner-classroom instructions on particular topics. Moreover, almost all teachers agree that code-switching is advantageous because it saves time and helps students who need to improve their language understanding. On the other hand, CS has the drawback of having a negative impact on their future performance. EFL students who speak their mother tongue in class feel more comfortable since their first language is better than their second. Code-switching helps EFL students organize, improve, and deepen their target language speech. Finally, it is indicated that teachers and students agreed that utilizing the native language in restricted instances is advantageous in an English classroom. The research ends with some recommendations for further research.