Iraqi Journal of Natural Sciences and Nanotechnology

Pure and CdsNi(NP) were prepared by thermal deposition. The influence of the Ni doping ratio has studied these films' structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties. Polycrystalline hexagonal (CdS and CdSNi) were shown to have [101] preferential orientation by XRD analysis. Images from the (FE-SEM) showed low-dimension NP formation, and the NP size was in the region of 15–25 nm. Optical analysis has shown that all the films are transparent. In the visible region, the transmittance ranges between 75% and 80%, were based on the concentration of the dopant. The film with a Ni ratio of 0.3 % showed a minimum resistivity of 6.14x105Ω.cm at RT.

In this research, the preparation of nano thin films of mixed NiO with SnO2-CdO various concentrations ( ،50،2575%) was accomplished. The thin films were prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis method and its"deposited on glass"substrate at a temperature of 200C°. The XRD diffraction displayed the formation of nano composite has a polycrystalline nature. The crystallite size was calculated adopting Scherer’s formula. The optical properties explored decreased transmission for the higher concentration of SnO2-CdO thin films. The energy bandgap values were found with increased concentration of SnO2-CdO. The AFM analysis shows that the roughness increased with increasing mixing of (2.7nm) to (6.23nm) and average grain size of (13.6nm) to (28.6nm). The SEM shows a fine structure of nanoparticles distributed on the surface average size of nanoparticles (46.5nm).

The trans-esterification processes of refined waste groundnut oil (WGO) and sunflower oil (WSO) was optimized using calcium oxide produced from three different animal bones after incineration and characterization. The bone samples were crushed and calcinedat 600 oC into fine powders with particulate dimension size of 49 nm. The calcined bones such as,calcined fish bone (CFB), calcine cow bone (CCB),and calcined chicken bone (CCHB) were characterized using the transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Brunnar Emmet Teller (BET), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques.The powdered calcium oxide (CaO) was obtained from the waste animal bones to produced methyl ester (FAMEs). The effect of the catalyst dosage ratio on the physicochemical properties such as,yield, specific gravity, density, kinematic viscosity, and acid values of the produced biodiesel were studied and evaluated. The analysis of results using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS software) showed maximum catalyst dosage and yield for groundnut-basedbiodiesel (GNB) with CCB at 3.0 wt.% with yield 95.0 % followed by sunflower based biodiesel (SFB) with CCB 4.0 wt. % with yield 95.0 %. The best optimal trans-esterification reaction conditions were a 1:6 molar ratio of oil to methanol, 1 hour reaction period, a 333 K reaction temperature, stirring rate of 1000 rpm, and 3-4 wt. % CaO catalyst loading.This study revealed that waste cooking oils and the obtained calcium oxide were good sources of raw materials that canenhance optimal production of biodiesel that meet the American standardsfor testing materials ASTM requirements.

In this study, Chloride doped Tellurium Compound (PVC/Te) was synthesized chemically in an alkaline medium under nitrogen to remove and avoid any oxidation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques are used to characterize it. XRD pattern showed a more degree of crystallinity for PVC/Te compared with behaviour for pure PVC. The molecules are regularly arranged for the effect by tellurium-Carbon bonds. Moreover, the average crystallite size of 40.47nm is obtained from Deby-Scherrer equation calculations. The ratio of Te in PVC/Te according to EDX is 16% weight of Tellurium. The FESEM technique revealedthat PVC/Te uniform decreased as the electron beam energy increased. In addition, TGA results were used to evaluate the thermal stability of compounds, where the Polyvinyl Chloride Doped Tellurium Compound was more thermal stable thanpure PVC.

This study used Green Spinach Leaf Extract for the green synthesis (monocolors) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). It focuses on the optimization of synthesis by evaluating the impact on each of the size distribution and activity of antibacterial activity against the bacteria (Escherichia coli) of the green spinach leaf extract volume percent. The characterization of AgNP's was carried out utilizing UV-Visible spectrophotometers, size examination of particles, transmission electron microscopes, energy spectrometry with dispersion X rays, Fourier infrared spectrometer transform, and x-ray scanning methods. The experimental data showed that AgNPs have been produced effectively and that the size of particle is controlled by the amount of green spinach leaf extract. With the size reaching (5 nm, polydispersity indices = 0.063 nm), the smaller volume percentage creates AgNPs with a spherically formed reach of 20%. The synthesized AgNPs by the spinach leaf extract had a good antibacterial activity, especially at the concentration of (500μg/ml) in which the inhibition zone reached 35mm against gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli

The urgent need to develop concrete and understand its behavior began as a result of the need for it to confront either natural factors such as earthquakes or floods or factors caused by man himself. Therefore, the idea of strengthening concrete came almost since the end of the seventies of the last century, especially in Asian countries, where it began to use fibers to increase strength and facility by moving and positioning them. In this study, we referred to the design of a concrete mix reinforced with polypropylene fibers in addition to the use of plasticizers according to the Iraqi Standard (ISS 1431/1989) with polypropylene fibers with a length of 15 mm. Several mixtures were used to obtain an ideal mixture and the use of concrete samples cubes and cylinders in addition to the prism for the purpose of showing the compressive and tensile strength. Where the study showed an increase in the strength of the resistance when adding propylene fibers, but with a slight decrease in the properties of other operational concrete, but within the permissible limits.

It was investigated how titanium dioxide nanoparticles affected the optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol. Polymer nanocomposites (PVA-TiO2) are created via stirring and casting. The results demonstrate that transmittance improves from 75% to 95% while titanium dioxide concentration enhances the absorbance of nanocomposites. Nanocomposite films made of PVA and TiO2had reflectance values of 12 and 16 percent (weight percent=0.15 and 0.85%).The refractive index and coefficient of extinction rise with increasing density, and optical absorption and photon dispersion in the nanocomposite (PVA-TiO2) also rise as the concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles rises. Real dielectric (r) and imaginary dielectric I constants also rise as titanium dioxide nanoparticle concentration does. The results show that when the weight % of (TiO2) nanoparticles increased, the energy gap decreased from 3.32 to 2.23. Additionally, optical conductivity increased with the concentration of (TiO2) NPs. Nanocomposites of PVA and TiO2 are essential for optical applications.