Iraqi Journal of Natural Sciences and Nanotechnology

The findings demonstrated that nanoparticles have significant potential for use in improving photovoltaic cell performance, particularly in the area of thin film PV systems. Compared to conventional wafer-based or thin-film systems, nanomaterials of solar cells may offer advantages in terms of cost, innovative charge separation methods, strain relaxation effects, and optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. All findings point to the possibility of successfully enhancing solar cell performance through the use of ultrawide band gap oxide semiconductornanomaterials. At the TiO2/hole conductor contact, gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs) produce sustained plasmonic photocurrents as well.

Solar energy is the most significant future energy source as the world keeps working to minimize emissions caused by the use of fossil fuels.The most popular method for transforming sunlight into electrical energy is the photovoltaic solar cell (PV).The main two problems with PV solar cells highlighted in this paper are the high solar cell surface temperature and the high reflection light of PV solar cells. Because each 1 °C increase in surface temperature reduces efficiency by 0.45%, and approximately 35% of total sunlight reflected in crystalline silicon solar cells. In this experimental work, the sol-gel process was used to prepare different concentrations of zinc oxide/polymethyl methacrylate (ZnO/PMMA) nanocomposite coatings and apply them to the top side of the polycrystalline solar cell in order to increase the solar cell efficiency. The results demonstrate a maximum temperature drop of 8.6 ºC and light reflection reduced up to 5.6%, so this led to an increase in solar cell efficiency from (11.33%) to (15.22%), where the results of the electrical properties after one hour (test time) showed that the uncoated cell was (ISC= 0.33 A, VOC= 0.38 V, and Pmax= 97 mW), while the results of the coated cell with the best concentration (3.875 wt%) were (ISC= 0.36 A, VOC= 0.43 V, and Pmax= 130 mW).

Nanomaterials are now widely used in a variety of fields, such as biomedicine and industry, and the world is experiencing its worst conditions yet as a result of the spread of bacteria and the rise in the number of people infected with various diseases as a result of coming into contact with nanomaterials. The spread of pollution can be curtailed by the use of new techniques and experiments. Microorganism membranes can be penetrated by nanoparticles, making nanostructured materials a necessity in biological research. The plasma jet technology is powerful enough to sterilize and kill the bacteria in a small space. There are a wide variety of industrially essential coatings that Magnetron sputtering can be applied to, including those used in the medical industry. We'll go over the history, foundation, and several uses of this method in this review. Other recent discoveries, such as the creation of copper oxide nanoparticles in each of the two processes, are also covered. It can be used in a variety of fields, including biomedical applications. Nanoparticles of copper oxide have the potential to sterilize and kill microorganisms, making them a crucial medical tool to have on hand

This article posits, simulates, designs, and implements all-optical logic gates that use nano-rings Insulator-Metal-Insulator (IMI) plasmonic waveguides (NOT, OR, AND). The suggested plasmonicgates' structure has been designed and numerically simulated by two dimensions (2-D) structure using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The proposed device's performance is evaluated using four criteria: transmission, modulation depth, extension ratio, and insertion loss. The proposed structure was built with silver and glass materials. The suggested plasmonic gates' functionality was achieved by using the concepts of destructive and constructive interferences. Numerical simulations show that at 1550 nm operating wavelength, the suggested plasmonic gates could be implemented in a single structure with a transmission threshold of (0.5). This device had the following characteristics: transmission exceeding 100% in one state of NOTand exceeding 200% in one state of OR and AND gates, medium and high Extension Ratio values, so small footprint, and very high MD values. Future access to nanophotonic integrated circuits will be made possible by this technology, which is also thought to be a crucial component of all-optical computers.

Nickel Oxide (NiO) Nanoparticles(NPs) were obtained using chemical and Eco-Friendly methods, utilizing Caper leaves extract, NaOH,and nickel sulfate hexahydrous. First step Ni(OH)2NPs was obtained by adding NaOH solution dropwise to mixture the caperleaves extract and solution of Ni(SO4)2.6H2O. Then, calcination was done at 600 oC and 6 h for the Ni(OH)2NPsto produce NiO NPs. Different techniques such as X-Ray, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX and BET have used to evaluatethe physical features of grownsamples. However, the XRD pattern confirmed that all the samples are contains only NiO phase with averagecrystallite sizes 46.62nm and 19.12nm for both eco-friendly and co-precipitation methods, respectively. FESEM image of the NiO NPsrevealed to be spherical shape. The elements content by green synthesis was shown in the EDX results as (Ni = 64.3Wt%, O= 24.6Wt%) and by chemical method as (Ni = 66.3, O= 29.3). According to BET analysis, the specific surface area of prepared NiO NPs using chemical precipitation method was greater than that produced using an eco-friendly method.

This paper aims to fabricate a nanocomposite made of polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, and natural pomegranate dye that can function as a sunlight sensor for solar cells. The thin films' structural, optical and electrical properties of (Pomegranate/PVA-TiO2) were studied. Images from (FE-SEM) taken at a concentration of 0.3weight percent revealed the structural features of the material., the surface of the (Pomegranate/PVA-TiO2) nanocomposite films demonstrations many aggregations or chucks arbitrarily dispersed of (TiO2) with grain size (47-55) nm. With an increase in natural dye content, transmittance decreases. Pomegranate dye had the most prominent peaks, measuring (76%) at a concentration of 1 ml. All optical constants, including parameters such n and k for transparency and extinction, r and i for real and imaginary dielectric constants, and electrical conductivity for optical conductivity, rise with pomegranate dye concentration. The results showed that the electrical conductivity at a concentration of (4 ml) recorded the greatest possible (6.4×10-6) (Ω.cm)-1, and the activation energy decreased with increasing concentration of pomegranate dye (0.29-0.20) eV. Then a solar cell was prepared from SnO2/Si, and the films were deposited on it, and the efficiency results were. After being coated with (Pomegranate/PVA-TiO2) nanocomposites, the efficiency (ƞ) increased from (4.3-4.75). In addition to the increase in current (Isc) from 23 to 30 mA/cm2. The final results showed that the (Pomegranate/PVA-TiO2) nanocomposite possesses a high transmittance, low activation energy and is sensitive to light in the Vis and IR regions, making it suitable for optical application.

In this paper, a polyacrylonitrile polymer was prepared and study itsoptical properties with different temperatures afilms clear change from light brown to very dark brown at a temperature range (25-280⁰C), although the polymer is characterized by high transparency and analyzing the absorbance spectrum of the prepared films, the direct energy gap was calculated, which was in the range of 4.01eV for without annealing films to decrease to 1.63eV for films annealing at a temperature of 280⁰C with these changes in properties, these films can be used in optical applicationssuch as solar cells and photodetectors

Antimicrobial resistance has become a major challenge to public health worldwide. The development of new strategies to combat resistant microorganisms has become imperative. Nanoparticles with antimicrobial activity have been extensively investigated as a potential solution to this problem. Nanoparticles are effective due to their ability to directly interact with microorganisms, causing damage to their cell membranes, walls, and DNA. In this article, we will provide an overview of the mechanisms of antimicrobial action of nanoparticles and explore the different types of nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties. We will also discuss the current and potential future applications of antimicrobial nanoparticles in medicine, as well as their challenges and limitations

Characterization of the created ZnO nanoparticles using the following techniques: Fouriesr Transform Infra RedSpectrum (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was employed to describe the surface morphology, particle size in nanoscale, dimeter and roughness of the surface for zinc nanoparticles prepared from plant extraction. The morphology images of pure plant extract and biosynthesised zinc nanoparticles that explains the 3D image of the surface morphology.The particle size in nanoscale of pure plant extraction was 87.22nm and zinc nanoparticles were found to have a particle size of 36.42nm. height cumulation distributions that determine the volume percentage of plant extract's grain size particles and biosynthesised zinc nanoparticles, recording 50.269 nm average hight of plant extraction and 21.515 nm average height of synthesized zinc nanoparticles, displays the Granularity Cumulation Distribution, which calculates the volume percentageof the diameter of plant extract and synthetic zinc nanoparticles. The average diameter of plant extract was 133.77 nm, whereas the average diameter of synthetic zinc nanoparticles made by plants extract was 52.84 nm. The roughness of the surface RMS (Root mean square) of pure plant extraction and the synthesized zinc nanoparticles that that RMS of plant extract was 13.2nm, while the RMS of synthesized zinc nanoparticles was 5.21nm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis explained the morphology ofthe surface and shape formation of plant extract and synthesized zinc nanoparticles , that exhibits the micrograph of plant extraction and synthesized zinc nanoparticles and shows that the zinc nanoparticles were formed as nanosheets and hierarchical shape in huge quantities and different lengths nanosheets. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) element mapping at the microstructural level shows the distribution and quantities of zinc nanoparticles elements prepared from the plant extract and oxygen.It is noticed that the high amount of zinc prepared. FTIR findings for the crude The appearance of a broad peak at (2320.47 cm-1) in an Aleo vera extract is due to the stretching O-H groups of phenolic groups and carbohydrate monomers.

Zinc oxidenanoparticles with PVA were used as additives for improving the specifications of the Iraqi dyes produced in the Modern Paints Company )D-5800 SFFA, epoxy for the inside drinking water tanks, D-5547 A-9101, lead food epoxy D-5544SFA-12 and transparent food epoxy primer (G-5900) that suffer from poor adhesion, peeling ability and decreasing in biological activity after a period of time, as the following: 4g of PVA was dissolved in 100mL of deionized water (DI) using a magnetic stirrer for 1 hour at 60°C, followed by the addition of 0.6g of ZnO NPs with a stirrer for 1 hour at 60°C. The temperature of this solution was allowed to drop to roomtemperature. Other samples were also prepared in the same way, using ZnO and TiO2in a 1:1 ratio. The included, the tests for adhesion ability, biological effectiveness and time-acceleration weatheringof the coating were carried out. Experimental resultson a gypsum (Bork) piece coated with nano-coating over a period of more than six months showed an increase in adhesion ability of over 160% for some samples, along with an increase in biological activity, such as (E. coli and ST aureuse).

Nanotechnology's intriguing characteristics have attracted a lot of studyin recent years. Nanomaterials, nanoelectronics, and nanobiotechnology are all subfields of nanotechnology that share a great deal of common ground. The possibility for metal nanoparticles (MNPs)to completely transform treatment is what has made them so remarkable. In addition to avoidantibiotic resistance and improving medication delivery, MNPs have been shown to raise the efficacy index of medicines. Additionally, MNPs have applications in in vitro and in vivo tests, improved biodegradable substance production, and nutraceuticals. Improved targeting at the necessary target location is one major benefit of using metallic nanoparticles for drug delivery systems due to their improved durability and half-life in circulation. Bio-nanotechnology is expanding into the new field of green synthesis of MNPs, which is more environmentally friendly than traditional chemical and physical synthesis techniques. Focusing on environmentally friendly approaches to the preparation, surface modification, and applications of various MNPs like silver, gold, platinum, palladium, copper, zinc oxide, metal sulfide, and nanometal organic frameworks, this review seeks to present current insights into thechallenges and perspectives of MNPs in drug delivery systems.