AL-Rafidain Engineering Journal (AREJ)

The voxelization process is an essential stage in three dimensional (3D) graphics pipeline. Its implementation should precede displaying objects in the pipeline. In this paper, different Voxelization algorithms are modified and parallelized to accelerate the operation of this stage. The 3D Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm is used for line voxelization. This algorithm is utilized in triangle filling using the scan-line and the edge-function algorithms. The first one is designed to produce lines in parallel while the second can produce voxels. All these algorithms are parallelized using CUDA architecture and implemented on GPU processor. The actual implementation of these algorithms is examined and optimized according to the occupancy and block size metrics. The experimental results show that the acceleration amount of 3D DDA was about 4352x max compared to the OpenGL implementation, and the edge function implementation has been executed at a higher speed than the scan-line for object triangles voxelization

The upper limb disability experience includes both the loss of functional skills as well as a hand's sensation. Sensation ability, it’s very important to human experience and helps him to reach a good interaction with surrounding. Also, Feedback from robot arm is very important for understanding the protection for the robot arm and providing contact between human and arm. Research studies to regain sensation through many technics This paper proposed a heat sensation system, this system transfers the heat at the end of each robot arm finger to a specific position. The heating pad is used to generate similar temperature at fingers. System sensation was tested and evaluated to reach the desirable response. The results show the ability of the system to transfer temperature on a healthy position at handicapped.

The use of external strengthening by fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) technology has significantly increased in recent decades. This is because (FRP) has the properties that make it the most suitable option for strengthening and rehabilitation of damaged concrete structures instead of using traditional materials such as steel plates. In this paper, the behaviour of non-reinforced concrete beams externally wrapped with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) sheets has been examined. Fourteen unreinforced concrete prisms were cast with a rectangular section of (150 × 125 mm) and a length of (760mm), these specimens were divided into five group. First group was not externally wrapped with GFRP sheets (control specimens), and the remaining groups were GFRP wrapped with a variable number of GFRP layers (thickness of wrapping). In the first stage of study, the prisms have been tested and the effect of external wrapping and increasing the wrapping thickness on the behaviour of prisms was observed. In the second stage, the unwrapped concrete prisms that were tested and failed (control specimens) were rehabilitated by externally wrapping them with one layer of GFRP sheets. The results have shown that wrapping with GFRP sheets increased the capacity of the prisms and failure load had reached to (342.5%) for prisms wrapped with three layers when compared to the control specimens. It was also noticed that there was an increase in the toughness of the prisms by increasing the number of GFRP layers. The results have shown that there was a decrease in the failure load of the four layer wrapped prisms, and this was due to the early failure of the prisms due to the debonding of the GFRP sheets from the prism surface. The damaged specimens which were later rehabilitated have shown an increase in load carrying capacity compared to the control specimen.

This paper introduces different topics about six phase induction motor drives. It describes a different methods used for analyzing and representing induction motor model, by using (d-q-o) modelling and (x-y-o) some papers discussed motor model and its characteristics, controlling speed of motor and efficiency improvement. some techniques of control strategy such as (direct torque control, field oriented control, indirect field oriented control and sliding mode control etc. will be present to improve motor operation.as well this paper will present some techniques for voltage generation used to drive motors, some methods are implemented for this purpose depending upon quasi voltage generation, pulse width modulation, and space vector pulse width modulations etc are also discussed.

Depending on the production function, irrigation water cost function and the sale price of yield, previously, lengthy mathematical expressions have been developed to estimate the optimal levels of water used in deficit irrigation, that would maximize yield (Wm), under water limiting (Ww), and under land limiting (Wl) and the amount of water that leads to income equal to income of Wm when land is limited (Wel), and that leads to farm income equal to farm income of Wm when water is limited Wew . Therefore, in this paper, firstly the previous lengthy expressions for (Wel) and (Wew) were simplified. Secondly, simple expressions for both (Wel) and (Wew) were derived under presence of rainfall. Thirdly, very simple mathematical relations between (Wm & Wl) and (Wm & Ww) were derived in order to determine much easier expressions than those previously derived for Wel, and Wew respectively, with and without rainfall.

This study compares the rheological and mechanical characteristics of three different kinds of warm-mix asphalt additives (WMAA) namely: natural zeolite (NZ), synthetic zeolite (SZ) and manufactured zeolite (MZ). 40/50 Dora penetration grade bitumen and one dosage of each WMAA were chosen. The resultant WMA binders were subjected to penetration, softening point, ductility, elastic recovery, Furol viscosity, elastic modulus, temperature susceptibility, aging, cracking index, compatibility, extensional viscosity, and shear strength tests. Test results depict that the rheological and mechanical characteristics of NZ and MZ binders are better than SZ binder against resistance to high and low temperature effects.

The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission systems(FACTs) devices is power electronics constructed system used to increase the capability of the transmission line. It has several types with different functions for example: SVC, STATCOM,DSTATCOM, TCSC, SSSC, IPFC and UPFC. The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) used to control the active power of the transmission line by injecting controllable ac voltage in the series with the transmission line. The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) employed to control the reactive power by injecting adjustable ac current in the transmission line. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) consists of SSSC and STATCOM linked by DC capacitor, it controls both active and reactive power flow of the line. This paper presents a simulation study to compare between SSSC, STATCOM and UPFC by inserting each device separately on a 100 MVA, 500 KV, four busses power system. Each converter is designed by 48-pulse multilevel inverter to reduce harmonics contents of the line voltage. This study has been done using MATLAB / SIMULINK package

The research aims to design and implement a prototype for an automated system that reads electrical energy meters for the consumers and collects these readings in a central unit via the World Wide Web (the Internet). This is done by adding a camera that automatically captures the meter reading of the electric meter as an alternative to the mobile meter reader. This meter reading image is processed and the value of the meter reading is extracted by using a Raspberry Pi device and the Python language depending on OCR (Optical Character Recognition) algorithm and then sent via Internet and collected from all consumers through the Internet cloud in a database in the Central Electricity Department. After collecting this information, it can be used to monitor electrical loads, record invoices, and give reports about loads and costs to consumers, and thus participate in rationalizing electrical energy consumption. The most important characteristic of the proposed model is its simplicity as it does not change anything in the structure of the meter and does not need to make any modifications to its internal composition. This system will save a lot of effort and time and contribute to reducing human errors when reading metrics and making some kind of interventions between the supplier and the consumer to reduce waste, rationalize consumption and reduce costs.

Wavelet Packet Based Multicarrier Modulation (WPMCM) system uses usually a prototype filter bank multicarrier. The Daubechies-D10 filter bank (D10FB) is the basic framework of multicarrier modulation (MCM) transceiver system. In this paper, Lattice structures of exact Daubechies-D10 wavelet filter are adopted to design a prototybe filter bank realized for a proposed structure of WPMCM transceiver system. Magnitude and phase responses of the exact Daubechies-D10 LPF and the proposed structure are compared. They are nearly the same in the passband with improved roll-off characteristics of the magnitude response of the proposed. Whilefrom the results, it appears that the proposed WPMCM structure possess low speed of operation, less complexity and less power consumption.It is also noticed from SNR comparison, that the performance evaluation of the proposed WPMCM transceiver system is a moderate between other two previously issued structures.

High Level Synthesis (HLS) tool does not only simplify the designing operation and rapid prototyping but also allows the designers to explore large number of design’s techniques such as parallelism, pipeline, memory partitioning and many other techniques. Turbo decoder based on Maximum APosterior Probability (MAP) algorithm is designed in this work using Vivado HLS. The normal turbo decoder with two MAP decoders were implemented with and without parallelism and proposed a new design of turbo decoder with one MAP decoder and it was designed with and without parallelism using different window technique in HLS tool which it is not explored previously. These designs were implemented for different frame size in this work. A comp-arison in latency and resource utilization where done and how a tradeoff done between these two parameters to reach the specific design that we need. The new design produces better results

Advancments in technologies can help solve many problems. Internet of Things (IoT), a recent technology, can be employed to tackle the problems with irrigation systems in Iraq that suffer from agricultural pests. Such pests are known as emergence of bushes and weeds, such as (Eichhornia and Ceratophyllum), that spread in waterways, stream and river back, estuaries, irrigation channels, gates, and systems.They basically impedethe flow of water and affect the fucntion of pumps, gates and sprinklers, and can evencause them to stop working. Agricultural pests, in addition, consume huge amounts of water that Iraq critically needs, especially in the years of drought and lack of rain.The present study shows the deisgn of a system, for monitoring and controlling the agricultural pests, that uses IoT Wi-Fi Photon board with a GUI (Graphical User Interface) which is supported with an early notification system.The reasons for the growth of these pests and their spread are discussed in this study. Moreover, there are two methods suggested to limit the emergence of the Ceratophyllum plant and detect of the Eichhornia from an early stage. The results showed that the proposed system is feasible.

This study is concerning the planning and decision making process of water resources projects under uncertainty. It includes a mathematical analysis to optimize the operation of the Mosul reservoir sought to achieve two conflicting goals, diverting water from for irrigation and releasing water for hydroelectric generation. Four methods of solutions have been implemented. These are: weights, constraints, goal attainment, and step method. The results reveal that the used methods gave the optimal solution by allocating 5906 million cubic meters/ year for irrigation and 1600 Gw-hour/year for power generation ),(6236, 1555), (6188, 1558),and (6121,1568) under the given inflow conditions . The current study suggested that the average value of these solutions i.e (6113, 1570) can be taken as a compromise solution to the problem. It is believed that this solution has a good chance to be selected by the decision-maker, because it contains the least possible degree of subjectivity.

The paper deals with digital generative algorithmic systems. Its aim is to investigate the extent to which the difference between rule-based algorithmic systems affects the definition of rules themselves. To achieve this aim, the paper put forward a theoretical framework of rule-based systems including the characteristics of rules, and the way they work. The framework was adopted as a basis for the comparison of four common rule-based algorithmic design approaches in architecture. They are Shape Grammars, L-systems, Cellular Automata, and Swarm Intelligence Algorithm. The results showed that the differences between the rule-based algorithmic systems are slightly reflected in their rules. The similarities are identified in many rule’s properties and their way of work such as: using symbols in the representation of rules, using substitution rules in the generation process, using the same procedures included in rules, the possibility of rule’s repetition and rule’s termination. However, shape grammars showed some individuality, especially in the reference of rules to architectural precedents.

Soil reinforcement is one of the important techniques in geotechnical engineering, which is used to enhanced the engineering properties of soil. Soil reinforcement means, addition of natural or synthetic fibers to soil which act as tension members and sharing together with soil to sustain the applied loads. In soil reinforcement technique different types of fibers having different shapes can be used. The fibers used in soil can be having a shape like staples, chips, yarns, crumbs, bristles/hairs and other shapes. In the present time the using of fibers (especially natural fibers) in the earth construction works represent one of the cost-effective and environmentally friendly ground improvement techniques. The main objective of this paper, is to review the definition, mechanism, and application of using fibers in soil reinforcement through different scientific papers published in this subject. Further, the advantages and executive problems related to using fibers in soil reinforcement were discussed.

Precipitation data are subject to many tests and assessments before being used for studies in the field of water resources, hydrological processes, and climate change research to ensure their reliability and quality. Homogeneity tests are considered as a useful tool to control the reliability and quality of data. In this study, a homogeneity test was performed for the monthly rainfall data distributed over different regions of Iraq. Homogeneity was examined using four tests: Pettit, SNHT, BRT and VNRT at a confidence level of 5%.The results showed that the time series for the winter months of the Ramadi, Baghdad, Hilla, Khanaqin and Karbala stations were heterogeneous, while the time series of the Al-Nakhaib, Wetba, Baghdad and Tal Afar stations during the spring months were statistically heterogeneous according to the SNHT test. While the Pettitt test showed heterogeneous results for the stations of Nasiriyah, Basra, Khanaqin and Kirkuk for the winter months. Al-Rutba, Khanaqin, Tal Afar,Sinjar,Mosul and Karbala for the spring months. The data for all stations were homogeneous, using the BRT test for the winter and spring months. VNRT test showed the heterogeneity of the data for the Samawah stations for the months of winter, Ramadi, Nakhab, Tal- Afar and Najaf for the months of spring. The current study also showed that the precipitation of all stations are classified as useful, with the exception of the Al-Nukhaib and Najaf stations, which have been classified as doubtful .