Diyala Journal of Human Research

The study aims at identifying(the effectiveness of eclectic model in developing reading skills for preparatory school students in reading subject). To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher has formulated three null hypotheses, which are;
1. There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught by eclectic model and the control group who is taught by the traditional way in developing reading skills post-test.
a. There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of the experimental group and control group in comprehension skill post-test.
b. There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of the experimental group and control group in speed skill post-test.
c. There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of the experimental group and control group in correctness skill post-test.
2.There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of the experimental group in reading skills in pre-test and post-test.
a. There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of the experimental group in comprehension skills in pre-test and post-test.
b. There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of the experimental group in speed skills in pre-test and post-test.
c. There are no statistically significant differences at level (0.5) between the mean scores of the experimental group in correctness skills in pre-test and post-test.
The sample of the study consisted of 60 pupils of fourth literary grade in two preparatory schools at Diyala Province / Baladruz. The sample is randomly chosen and distributed on two groups (experimental group and control group ) in the amount of 30 pupils for each. The experimental group is taught by eclectic model at Baladruz preparatory school, while the control group is exposed to the traditional way of teaching at Imam Al-Zahri preparatory school.
An equivalence has been done between the two groups in the number of variables including; (students\' marks for Arabic language of previous year, chronological age, academic level of parents , language proficiency test , developing reading skills post-test.
After that, the syllabus of the course is stated in reading skills,42 behavioural objectives are formulated. The researcher designed two lesson plans, the first lesson prepared according to eclectic model, while the second one prepared according to traditional way. The two groups are taught by the researcher himself according to the lessons plan which are already preset for the purpose of the study.
The experimentalstudy continued until / 4/2014 and the end of the experimental study, a post-test is applied in developing reading skills (comprehension, speed, correctness). Comprehension skill test contained four questions by 33 items distributed on the levels of the six levels of Bloom\'s Taxonomy such as multiple choices test, completing test, true and false and essay writing with a short answer. Inspeed and correctness skills, the researcher has developed standards for measuring these two skills characterized by validity and reliability, and after the application of the test on two groups and analyze the results statistically treated.The results showed the superiority of the experimental group that is taught according to the election model on the control group which is taught by traditional way of teaching. In light of the findings of the study, the researcher has recommended on the necessity of adopting eclectic modelas an effective method in teaching reading. As a complement to this study, the researcher suggested conducting a similar study of the current study deals with the other stages of schools.

The following study which is entitled " Homonymy in Rhetoric: A Stylistic Study" discusses the stylistic characteristics of homonymy in both its types: emphatic and rhetorical. This phenomenon has appeared in poetry and orations. The study also discussed the impact of homonymy on the phonetic and semantic level. The study also investigated the profoundness in imagery and connotation in rhetorical homonymy which relies on concealment and stimulating the minds of readers in reaching the intention of the context. The researcher tried to investigate the effectiveness of homonymy in Arabic especially in poetry.
Finally, rhetorical contextual study of homonymy is useful in presenting the meaning in clear signification and conveying expressiveness via homonymy.

The paper aims at identifying the Efficacy of Reprimand in the Achievement and Orientation towards the Topic of History among First Intermediate Year Students. The researchers has followed the experimental method of two groups; experimental and controlling. Next, they formulated an achievement test of (25) multiple choice questions along with a ready-made orientation scale towards the topic of history (fully agree, agree, don't know, disagree, fully disagree).
The study is conducted in the first half of the academic year 2013/2014 in Qureish intermediate school for boys. The sample selected compromise of (62) students divided on two groups of (31) students each. The experimental group is taught with regard to the method of reprimand, while group A and the controlling group are taught in the traditional method. Moreover, the researchers applied some certain statistical processes as the T-Test, Pearson correlation coefficient, item recognition equation and item difficulty equation. Results achieved are:
1. There are statistically significant variations on the level of (0.05) in favor of the experimental group which is taught in terms of the reprimand method. Such variations are not recognized in the controlling group which is taught in the traditional method with regard to the post-test conducted for this purpose.
2. There are statistically significant variations on the level of (0.05) in favor of the experimental group which is taught in terms of the reprimand method. Such variations are not recognized in the controlling group which is taught in the traditional method with regard to the orientation scale towards history.
Therefore, the researchers recommend the following;
1. Undertaking the reprimand method in teaching history for different study levels.
2. Taking up the reprimand method in teaching history for first year intermediate students in order to decrease the level of achievement and improving their orientations towards history.
The researchers suggested similar studies on:
1. The impact of reprimand on other study stages like the secondary and high schools and on various study levels.
2. Making a descriptive study so as to identify how much teaching methods in the intermediate stage are near or far from the reprimand method.

This paper sheds the light on the nature of The ilisu Dam, which Turkey embarked in building it on the Tigris River . This paper studies the major damage that would leave on water resources and human , environmental and economic wealth . When completed , the dam would reduce the imports of Tigris to about (9.7) billion m3 / year , while the amount of incoming water was around (20.93) billion m3/year before building this dam, which would deprive more than (696000) thousand hectares of agricultural land in Iraq from water. As Iraq had been influenced significantly by irrigation projects within the(GAP) project which had already been established on the Euphrates River in terms of water imports reduction , contamination of water entering into Iraq by chemical pollutants because of using fertilizers , and high salinity in water as Turkey pumps a large amount of agricultural drainage water with water entering into the Euphrates River , though the few amount of water imports because of constructing some dams over the rivers. Based on that , the next threat will be quite serious , as it will destroy most of the environment in Iraq including (humans, animals and plants) since it would cause negative social , economic , political , security aspects. For instance the migration of the rural population , the leaving of farmland , and the change in the pattern of the profession , as well as poverty, unemployment , instability and disintegration of family and social fabric of a large number of the inhabitants who live in extended line along the Tigris River Therefore , this paper suggests some political , scientific , practical, informative and educative measures to address this problem .

This study, which is based on Al Hutei'a's T-rhymed poem "Ashaqatka Layla?" (Did you Layla Miss?), tried to investigate elementary unity which does not exist in the surface structure of the text. All the poet's description was not superficial, but it was deep, full of mysteries asymmetries, and symbols. This proves that modern theories in criticism, especially the reader-response theory, were able to review poetry deeply and consciously besides the classical review which cannot be denied as a first review.
There is a sense in the genius mind that cannot be retrieved unless there is a deep analysis of the text structure. A modern methodology is also needed to be capable of revealing and decoding the elementary structure of the poem. The researcher was able to prove that by means of interpretational abilities that suits the linguistic vision of poetic texts. This will eliminate any possibility of contradiction between interpretation, context, and intention.
Polarization, as a unified structure, has created covert bounds. The shift of ideas required polarization for interpreting. The bound between imageries is what reveals the receiver's sense of pleasure in reading and interpreting the text.
The two structures of polarization and transformation gain the lectors' attention due to the arrangement of schemas and ideas in such a way that makes the poem in continuous development to the extent that the poet needs a transformation point to the next schema. In this stage, the poet tries to establish a kind of deep structural resemblance. This can be reached only by means of interpretation.

Oriental studies were interested in investigating prose discourse in the first Islamic period . due to the importance of this topic in literary studies , this article discussed \" Prose in the First Islamic Period from Oriental Perspective : Correspondence as an Example \" . The study started with discussing the concept of orientalism according to the Arab thinker Edward Sa\'ed . Then , reviewing the orientalist attitude towards the Glorious Quran and Its importance in the development of Arabic prose . The study ended in reviewing the orientalist attitude towards the letters and correspondence of the Prophet ( Allah\'s Blessings and Peace be upon Him ) clarifying the inaccurate belief that the letters written by the prophet ( Allah\'s Blessings and Peace be upon Him ) to the kings of his age were written for political and economic reasons .

media corporations. This is because advertisement in Iraq has a special feature because it goes through a transitional stage. Then, the image will be clarified. The important of this study is investigating the form and content in one of the most distinguished daily government newspapers in Iraq " Al Sabah". This topic has a huge impact on the reader, marketing the goods, and the media corporation.
The study community was limited to the ads published in Al Sabah newspaper, the first page in the issues published in 2012. The amount of ads (study sample) processed was 20 according to the analysis of form and content. After analyzing the samples according to the criteria shown in analysis forms, the study came up with certain important results and conclusions.

The paper discusses period of the crusades which continued approximately two centuries or what is know as the crusades which came by religions slogan .
The historical events had revealed the personal ambitions to most of crusader princes to establish their own emirates.
The paper is about one character of these princes who is (Buhmand)
Buhmand is the son of (Report Jaskar) who was trying to in vade deduction parts from properties of Byzantine Empire .
Buhmand was able to reach Antakya at (491H) and control it completely to be his own emirate .
The intern or conflicts were among crusaders princes clear during the crusades because of conflict the personal benefits .
Buhmand was imprisoned by the Islamic forces because of his high confidence by himself that made be despised by the Islamic forces . He had released after three yeas after paying ransom .
Harran battle was from the important battles in the crusades they (Crusaders) had lose the battle with the Islamic forces in which makeing them stop their expansion towards the East to control Iraq and Al-Jazeera Al-Arabia . Also this battle led to make alliance between the Islamic forces and Byzantine emirate against their enemy (the crusader) or (Al-Frange) .
The historical events had proved that when muslim leaders ante band to gather and left their personal conflicts Victory will be their ally .

The Bibliometrics study is one of the important statistical studies which use for studying the constructive characteristics of the intellectual product to any object. The paper aims to study the Journal of Diyala for the human scientific (Bibliometrics study) to identify the constructive characteristics of the intellectual product which is published in Diyala Journal. The study focuses on the most scientific active researchers in the Journal and their tendency toward the individual or mutual writing, and their commitment extent with the bibliographic sign to prepare the researches. The most important results are the published researches are (977) researches in (44) issues during the search period, the tendency of the researchers toward the individual writing, the researchers are weak to commit in the rules to record the tradition, electronic, and bibliographic resources of the Journal , and the oscillation in publishing of the Journal of each year

The current research aims to identify the role of the College of Basic Education in enhancing patriotic belonging values among students , The goal of the research is to put some sub-objectives through the preparation of research instrument , It includes four dimensions (educational atmosphere ,Academic determinants , Instructor and student activities ) and the researcher used the descriptive method , After checking the validity of the research instrument by Twenty .four educational experts and depending on their suggestions (46) items of the research instrument will be used . After ascertaining of the validity and reliability of the research instrument ,the research instrument is distributed among(355) students at the College of Basic Education for the third and fourth stags This sample has been selected randomly According to this research the most important results are as follows:- confined between ( 3.57 to 4.10 ) i.e. between the two estimates (high very high), and the higher probable average is for the dimension of student activities (4.10) , appreciatively (very high) and the lower probable average for the dimension of Instructor (3.57) ,appreciatively ( high) , and the probable average for the whole instrument (3.83 ), appreciatively (High).
The most important recommendation of this research is: developing and activating the educational curricula in order to enhance the sense of patriotic belonging, and including the university administration plans for the patriotic values which they are desirable to be enhanced for students, to increase the unity ,cordiality, and the interaction within their society by making various university activity and occasions.

The research aims to know the extent of students of firs intermediate grade for grammatical concepts using the test designed by features' style through selecting (83) students blindly in college and intermediate school of Ba'quba city in 2012 – 2013 A test of 40 sections has arranged for the students and six of them have acquired the grammatical senses and after making sure of the test verily it has applied on all students. The percentage has used as a statistics way.
The findings show that the students have obtained the concept of (proper noun, subject and object), while they haven't obtained (uninflected and inflected verb, subject of the passive).

Recently, many Iraqi universities are interested in studying various political, economic and social characterthough the cultural and economic characters did not get a great amount of interest by those studies.So, such reasons and more others were the main stimulus of shedding light on this character to be the study topic as well as the educational and scientific role of Dr. Hashim Saleh Al-Tikriti.
The study has been divided into three chapters with prologue and epilogue. The first chapter deals with Hashim Saleh Al-tikriti social life tackling his birth and study ,whereas the second chapter sheds light on his effect as an educational instructor .Chapter three describes Dr. Hisham Saleh's educational and scientific efforts .the study depends on reliable references and facts that are relevant to the character understudy.
In fact, the environment Dr.Hashim lived in had a great influence on his personality and his ideological and scientific attitudes. The time that his study in the high teachers institute affected his educational, scientific and ideological attitudes. Additionally, his masters in that institute had a great effect on developing his style and supporting his data and methods in teaching and one of them was Dr. Zaki Saleh.
His study in the U.S.S.R had an influential effect on his attitudes, opinions, and ideas which cultivate his ideological and scientific personality as well as the effect of the masters who supervised him at that time as his supervisor (Ilea Savage Kalgan).
No doubt that Dr. Hisham's recognizable books and sedate works enrich the Iraqi library, which lacks such references, with "Al-Mas'alah Al-Sharqiyia-المسالة الشرقية/The Eastern Issue", and "Al-Ist'amar, الاستعمار/Colonialism".
Dr. Al-tikriti gained a great deal of respect from his students who get benefit from him ,as well as his efforts in supervising and discussing /assessing the university theses and dissertations from which many sedate and various studies enrich the higher studies libraries in the universities of Iraq.

This study aims at investigating the geographical distribution of animal farmlands in Kan'an town, Baquba District, Diyala Province. It iles on the southern part of the province surrounded from the east by Baladrouz District, from the west Buhruz town, from the north Al Muqdadiya District, Al Wajiheia town, and from the west the capital Beghdad. The town is constituted of thirty agricultural sectors with an area of about 243327 acres (608 sq km). The study area lies between the latitudes 33.46, 33.25 north and the longitudes 44.42,44.58 east.The study revealed that raising animals in the study area is regarded as a main and specialized commercial activity that integrates the agricultural production. The cattle reached 57902 varied between caws, sheep, goats, buffalo as well as fish ponds and raising honey bees. The study also discovered a new pattern of animal production represented by utilizing modern techniques in constructing typical high quality air-conditioned farms for raising poultry, calves, and sheep.The number of poultry raising farms was farms reached12,while calf raising farms reached15 containing5349 calves. Sheep raising farms reached11containing4452slaughterreadysheep

The paper deals with Al-Sadaf and Tujeib which rooted originally to the Arabic tribe ( Kinda ), and they settled in valley of Hadra Mawt then they travelled to many Arabic areas of Islamic state, Egypt and morocco especially after they enjoined Islam.
They participate to release the Islamic Arabian areas like: (Egypt and Morocco), after that they clearly effected with growth of scientific and intellectual ideas of Islamic world through their scientific personages of different positions of knowledge especially science of Reading the Holy Quran that studies the reading of the Holy Quran without grammatical or pronunciational mistakes, and they contribute to explain the Holy Quran that considered the source of other sciences

The following study was devoted to the following:
1. The level of analytical thinking in academic students.
2.The differences among academic students in analytical thinking according to the variables of gender and specialty.
The researcher has conducted a random test to a group of colleges in Baghdad University, then has randomly chosen a sample of 400 students divided into 236 female and 164 male students, the researcher used a tool is: constructing a test in analytical thinking after using scientific procedures in its building as well as checking the validity, reliability,
The results of the study revealed the following:
1.Academic students have the ability of analytical thinking due to their age and the nature of their education.
2.There are no statistically proved differences in the level of analytical thinking according to the variables of gender and specialty

This study seeks to review and analyze the poetic context one of the greatest poets of Arabic Abbasi Era in Arabic literature who is Abu Nu'as. This review relies on the term 'context' which is common and effective in linguistic theory in general. It has taken a wide range in pragmatic studies due to its effect on both modern linguistic studies. The other term discussed is 'intentionality' which is a cornerstone on pragmatics.
The study started with a theoretical introduction dealt with the importance of context and its parts and the difference between purpose and intention. The body of the study constituted of four sections. The first one shed the light on context and the language of the society while the second one dealt with civilized context and casual clichés. The third section dealt with intentionality and types of context; and the last section discussed context and structure of proverbs. The study ended by the most important conclusions

The city of Derna Lies on the Mediterranean on the north east of Libya 23.45o longitude, 22.40o latitude. Its climate is affected by the Mediterranean. Temperature rises to 27.2o C in summer which leads to increasing humidity in the city. Winter is temperate with rain fall. It is noticed that being near to bodies of water, the city's climate is noticeably affected. Some hydrological studies indicate deficiency in water resources in some areas of Green Mountain where the city of Derna lies. It was necessary to execute plans of development for water resources to meet the needs as well as management for the present and future.
From the population of the city which is 63351 in 2006, it is concluded that the number of families is 14808. Through these statistics we can calculate the general consumptions for human uses of water in the study area

The following study tries to review the approach Sibawayh used in organizing his book. After reviewing the opinions of specialists in his methodology in organizing, it was discovered that they are divided into two groups. The first group proves with evidence that Sibaweih has an intended approach in organizing grammatical topics while the second group claims that his methodology in organizing is vague and overlapped. The second group neglects any methodology used in \"Al Kitaab\". The researchers concluded that the opinion of the first group is the acceptable one according to the evidence adopted by the study

The paper studies Al-Kashf wal Tanbeeh on Al-Wasf wal Tashbeeh by
Salaheldeen Khaleel Bin Ibek Al-Safadi ( 764 H ) and this rhetorical book is one of the poetical choices that deals with the simile images from Arabic eloquence with choice and criticism.
Al-Safadi realized that simile technique, which its semantic goes up toward similar which comes by humanity of the five senses by the poet, is a major part of rhetoric and its parts ( simile, metaphor, metonymy and trope). The author got high position with the Arabic poetry since Pre-Islamic to his period and all poets and writers have his method so he got high position with the Arabic rhetoric. Al-Safadi has high taste with his choices about poetic images.
The first chapter is about the writer, while chapter tow deals with the book and the end contains the findings.

The study aims at evaluating the qualifying session in the University of Garmian from the participants' point of view. The study population, which the study sample , consists of (46) individuals who hold M.A. in different fields. The researcher built a questionnaire form to evaluate the teachers and the session as well. The researcher used the statistical means ;the probable average and the percentage . The findings are :
1. Most items that are related to teachers' teaching competence got the highest calculating average and percentage, thus, it reveals that the level of the teachers is good in the session.
2. In reference to the items that are related to the teachers' ability to motivate the participants to interact and make teachers focus on the practical side of the material, it reveals that they got the lowest average and percentage ,i.e., none of the items have been attained . This means that that show less interest in the practice and participation in activities.
3. Findings reveal that the session attained its aims and all were satisfied with it. With regard to the period of the session from the participants' point of view, it wasn't inconvenient for them because they wished that such sessions could better be held during the summer holiday in order to have more free time to be in line with the material of the session.

The study aims at evaluating the qualifying session in the University of Garmian from the participants' point of view. The study population, which the study sample , consists of (46) individuals who hold M.A. in different fields. The researcher built a questionnaire form to evaluate the teachers and the session as well. The researcher used the statistical means ;the probable average and the percentage . The findings are :
1. Most items that are related to teachers' teaching competence got the highest calculating average and percentage, thus, it reveals that the level of the teachers is good in the session.
2. In reference to the items that are related to the teachers' ability to motivate the participants to interact and make teachers focus on the practical side of the material, it reveals that they got the lowest average and percentage ,i.e., none of the items have been attained . This means that that show less interest in the practice and participation in activities.
3. Findings reveal that the session attained its aims and all were satisfied with it. With regard to the period of the session from the participants' point of view, it wasn't inconvenient for them because they wished that such sessions could better be held during the summer holiday in order to have more free time to be in line with the material of the session.

The following study sheds the light on the curricula of Arabic language which suffers from defects and weakness. This made many students neglect it as well as the problems of vagueness and complexity.
This study finds solutions to these problems in a try to upgrade the language. Some of these solutions is concerned with pre-academic stage like intermediate and preparatory which is designing new curricula with easy style, focusing on practical side in the lecture, avoiding memorization of grammatical rules, and increasing the use of examples.
These suggestions are regarded as primary solutions for evaluating curricula hoping that they will be applied for serving educational process. The study also included some recommendations that will create linguistic sociological understanding as well as stressing on finding solutions for the problems that face the education of English language.

This study aims at investigating the births in the hospitals of Diyala Province in the year 2009 which reached 41472. The births in the hospitals reached 25052 which form 60.407%. While the births at home reached 16420 which forms 39.593%. The study also dealt with underweight children which reached 1750 as well as the deaths of the children under the age of five which reached 213 with the reference to the variation of in the districts in each variable and the relation with health services.
It is worth mentioning that the successful births in the province in 2009 reached 26778 which forms 3.078% of the total births in Iraq. The number of females was 12994 that is 48.5% while the males 51.5% of the total births in the province. The amount of successful births (males and females) has raised in 2010 to reach 42471 that formed 4.341% of the total successful births in Iraq. The deaths among infants in 2009 reached 665 which formed 2.005% of the grand total in Iraq. There are many natural and human factors behind this chronological and spatial variation that were mentioned in the study. The study has recommended drawing a roadmap for preserving child and mother health and reducing fatalities. The study followed the comparative method in calculating the births and the deaths of infants and underweight children in Diyala province in 2009. The sources of the data came from the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Planning

The Al Zaki's are regarded as one of the great educated families lived and settled in Damascus in the sixth and the seventh Hijri centuries and played a significant role in the scientific environment there. This family had many famous scientists which is the reason of the historians interest who wrote the bibliography of many of them. They devoted a lot of their research on the achievement and the scientific status of this family.
The men in this family had various interests although they were concentrated on religious sciences like fiqh, hadith, interpretations and recitation of the glorious Quran. Furthermore, the early scientists of this family were submitted to the fatwa of the fundamentalist religious men on the prohibition of the practice of philosophy and logic when they raged a war on the scholars of those sciences.
The role of the men of Al Zaki family was not bound by lecturing, they also a great factor in the surrounding events in Levant ,especially, military achievements that the Eiyubi rulers pursued. They also were the ambassadors of the Eiyobi sultans.

The study aims at investigating the relation between the cognitive styles and aesthetic preferences in students. To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher utilized two scales to measure the cognitive style "reflective-implusive" and the cognitive approach "systematic-intuitive". The aesthetic preference test was built of twenty plastic art paintings. Half of them represent the figurative orientation, while the other half stands for the non-figurative stream. The tools of the study were applied on a sample of students from the Department of Plastic Arts, College of Fine Arts, University of Baghdad. The study found that there is a slight positive relation between the two cognitive styles and aesthetic preference in the students of the study sample

The paper deals with poetic dissent and the new poetic function in an epoch in which the Arabic poet has abandoned the desert with its night and fatigues and moved towards the city with its buildings and decorations. If the function of poetry is in answering life's questions, the dissent did not leave sticking to confront these questions. Therefore, there have appeared many opposition attitudes through which poets labored to express their aptitudes and to cope with this function. The opposition was but an artistic space through which poets were able to prompt those changes and the social and intellectual revolutions in the Arabic society during that period of time by virtue of distinct performance approaches. The paper focuses on some of them like; dissent and political affiliation, model opposition, harmonic dissent, answering opposition, and opposition and the new topics. Thus these attitudes were a mirror of the Arabic poet's development artistically and intellectually.

Utterance and meaning are the duality of all the disciplines of Arabic language. Scholars has concluded that the rhetoric cannot be achieved in poetry or prose unless these two elements meet the conditions of quality on one hand, and achieve coherence between them on the other hand in certain context. Utterance and meaning are one thing which is correlative like body and soul. Arabic grammar is one of the sciences built on this concept. Grammarians have established the rules, regulations, terminology, classifications, and sub classifications according to the utterance and meaning

Educational institutions paid a great deal of attention to scientific studies and the researches that innovated new techniques in refining and developing the educational process. Workers on the educational field know that there is no independent method which can be approved without accompanying procedures, techniques that help achieving a positive result. Throughout the researchers' teaching of the subject of wall art of the department of art education, they concluded that the students face an amount of difficulty. They believe that the reason is not the method of method of teaching rather than the method of thinking and performance suitable with art performance. The inductive method was adopted which is the basis of scientific thinking used by the scientists to invent formulae and theories. This might give the learners a chance in monitoring, observing, and discovering facts from the part to the whole as well as teaching them self-reliance, patience, self-confidence and intensity of attention.
The researchers believed that adopting the art of Mosaic by using the remaining of papers and publications instead of, marble, stones, and colored glass. This might be more feasible in teaching the students of art education the production of art works by the use of inductive thinking method. The researchers targeted the following: examining labeling technique in training the students on the production of wall art works by speckling criteria in the development of aesthetic performance in the students of art education department.
The researchers relied on one experimental group model with pretest and posttest. In this model each participant uses more than one condition of the experiment. The performance of the same participants under different conditions will be compared by the independent variant. This model is characterized by self- assessment of the participant. It can assess performance and control the intruding factors and individual differences. This provides a more accurate comparison than other models. The researchers reached at the results of the study in which the rejected the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. There is a noticeable difference in favor of using labeling in achieving good levels of wall art production by the students. The results also show the difference in gender is in favor of females. The researchers recommended the following:
1. Utilizing this study in teaching art education for pre-academic and academic levels and using its techniques in teaching organized performance skills in art design.
2. Utilizing this study by those who are in charge of education and youth sponsoring to maintain the factor of desire in youth centers.
3. Directing towards using local color paper remaining by changing them into aesthetic and educational wall art works.
The researchers also recommended conducting a comparative study in learning performance skills in organizing basic relations between labeling and carpet weaving.

The paper aims at identifying the effect of the Assure Model on the achievement of first intermediate students in principles of Biology via validating the reliability of the following zero hypothesis: there are no statistically significant differences between the average of the experimental group students who are taught in concordance with the Assure model and the average of the controlling group students who are taught in the traditional method.
The researcher matched the two groups in terms of time age and intelligence test. Moreover, she made use of the split-half experimental design. A sample of first intermediate students is chosen from Iraq Secondary school of 59 students, divided into an experimental group of 30 students, and a controlling group of 29 students. The independent variable 'Assure Mode;" is set for experiment to gauge its effect on the dependent variable "students' achievement'. The experiment is conducted in the second semester of the academic year 2013-2014.
For the sake of achieving the goal of the paper, the researcher has formulated an achievement test of 40 objective items, then its reliability and validity are assured. Upon finishing the experiment, the test is applied on both groups, results are statistically processed to find out the significance of the variation between the average scores of students in the two groups by means of using the arithmetic mean, Pearson correlation coefficient and the T-test.
Furthermore, results of the study show the superiority of the experimental group students who are taught according to Assure model over the controlling group students taught in the traditional method in terms of achievement on the level of (0.05) which is attributed to the use of the Assure educational model.
In light of the mentioned results, the researcher recommends the necessity of benefiting from the Assure model as well as laboring to train teachers on the way of using this model in explicating biology lessons in order to increase the students' achievement and academic levels.

The paper aims at identifying the term ( pretext ) in my research that is entitled " The Concept of Pretext and its Causes among Grammarians " via the linguistic and conventional levels , as well as its syntactic connotations of wrong saying , which is the controlling one , and the correct saying . Moreover , the paper is to deal with the uses of pretext among grammarians embarking with Sibawayh ( D.180 H ) , followed then by the grammarians who came after him reaching to the modernists, in addition to the causes that made them to start the term strengthened by some syntactic texts containing this term .
After digging deep into the innate of the use of the term , I have come into significant results ; this term is not conventionally identified since the beginning of authorship in Arabic grammar up to the first half of the fourth century A.H then mounting to the second half of the fourth century A.H. Abi Saeed Elsirafi ( D. 368 H ) was the first to set a conventional scope of it . Furthermore , the ruling connotation behind its beginning , according to Sibawayh , is the correct saying , while among the late grammarians , it came to be the correct saying which also applied to the modernists .