AL-Rafidain Engineering Journal (AREJ)

Scour process at the abutment of bridge is influenced by the contraction of the stream
flow specially when the abutment immure an effective width of the stream flow, also
the shape of the abutment has an important effects on the scour depth at the abutment.
In this paper a series of laboratory experiments were carried out to study the effect of
contraction ratio and abutment shape on the scour and its maximum depth at the
abutment. Three shapes of abutments with three-contraction ratio with different flow
rates were used. The result of the experiments showed that the circular shape and (30o)
angle abutments reduce scour compared with that, which was, occur at the rectangular
abutment. The reduction of scour depth with circular shape is about (22%) where that
with (30o) angle is about (27%), also a dimensionless general empirical formula was
created for the calculation the scour depth by using the (SPSS 11.5) Statistical program
a Coefficient (R2=0.933) of determination.

Deciles method is one of the indices which are used for studying and analysing of
droughts in the world and especially in Australia. The method is known by its simplicity
and the limited data needed for analysis, and up to the knowledge of the authors this
paper is the first study which utilizes this method for drought analysis in Iraq. Deciles
method is used in this research for meteorological drought investigation in Northern
Iraq. Monthly rainfall data is collected and utilized from 9 meteorological stations
scattered in the study area which are; Sinjar, Tel-Afer, Dohuk, Mosul, Erbil, Kirkuk,
Dokan, Sulymania, and Derbendikhan for the period 1937-2010. The meteorological
drought cases were studied and analyzed using a table proposed in this study. The table
includes the proposed maximum and minimum rainfall depths for each decile and for
each station involved in the study. This table can be used to identifying drought periods’
set on and termination in future. This can be achieved by comparing the actual rainfall
depths in a certain area with the proposed tabulated values to diagnose drought cases
which help in taking suitable actions for drought mitigation in advance. The drought
analysis for the study area showed that the area has faced a sequential drought periods
which were recurring about every decade and the most severe drought periods were in
1997-2001 and 2007-2010.

The different types of mathematical models which are physically based
models or the models based on laboratory experimental and/or field measurements are
considered to estimate the runoff depth and runoff coefficient relating rainfall to runoff
especially for the non-measured watersheds. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)
was applied to estimate the surface runoff depth of Al-Khoser River watershed, 696km2.
The model was calibrated based on measured single storms data at the watershed outlet,
while data measured at the outlet of sub watershed (36km2) are considered for model
verification. For model calibration, the resultant values are 0.99, 0.95, 0.73 and 0.19 for
determination coefficient, index of agreement, model efficiency, and t-test respectively,
while verification of the model revealed values of 0.97, 0.89, 0.72 and 0.32 for the same
parameters considered respectively.
The model was applied as a daily continuous simulation for the period 1991-
2011. Relationships between the accumulated daily runoff depths and accumulated daily
rainfall depths have been obtained, additionally the yearly runoff depth related to the
yearly rainfall depth was also derived. Those relations can be used to estimate the runoff
depth and runoff coefficient for different studies of the watershed.

A stress analysis in the draw- bar during the tillage operation in two different types of
soils and speeds has been carried out. The analysis of the soil types was conducted in the
laboratory of Civil Engineering, University of Mosul. This analysis revealed two types of
soils : clay and mixed, The material of the draw-bar and its mechanical properties were
obtained. Then the stresses generated in small scale model were obtained using the finite
element analysis using the “Ansys Release 14.0” program. Three dimensional stresses
together with the equivalent Von-Mises and principal stresses have been obtained. The
percentage deformation in the x,y and z direction were also obtained.
During the operational stage, the stresses were measured using a number of electrical
resistance strain gauges type PL-15-11 fixed on both sides of the draw-bar while the
tractor was driven in two different soils at varies speeds (2.39, 3.37, 6.35) km/h.
It was observed that the stresses were higher in clay soil more than those in a mixed soil
due to the different composition in soil this will create different resistance in both types
of soil . It was also observed that stresses increased with increasing speeds due to
increase in momentum

This research investigates windcatcher usage in Mosul for ventilation . The choice of a
square shape windcatcher diagonally partitioned along its height attached to a room of
dimensions 4x6x4 m. Indoor air motion speed and movement were studied to assess a
windcatcher’s performance .A computational model is used with Autodesk Simulation
CFD software for the simulation case. Part of this study was dedicated to find the
geometrical characteristics of the windcatcher parameters: - height (4 cases), crosssection
(3 cases) and location with respect to the room (4 cases). Another part is to
analyze a yearly weather data of Mosul to find the prevailing speed and direction for all
cases (a range of 20-30oC is chosen as a thermal comfort temperature range) and to use
them as an input for the simulation to find the best case of the windcatcher.
The results shows that the best heights of 4m , the best cross-section of 1x1 m and the best location of the wind catcher is found to be at the middle of long side of the room.
The weather data shows that the prevailing wind speed between 1.62 to 4.83 m/s. The
final result of the study confirm that the direction of the windcatcher and the room which can give the best performance using all the above selected parameters in Mosul is 337 oNNW.

In urban areas, tunneling may induce ground movements which distort and damage
overlying buildings and services founded on different geological formations. The objective of
this study is to examine the effect of horizontal distance between the center of tunnel and the
surface buildings. The study has been achieved using 3D-FEM with the aid of PLAXIS 3D
Tunnel code. The parametric studies including the horizontal distance between center line of
tunnel and the center of loaded area by taking five different distances that as ratios of distance
to tunnel diameter (X/D= 0, 1, 3, 7 and 10). Three different geological formations have been
selected that clay, sand and rock. In addition, three type of surface loadings have been adopted
that greenfield, uniform pressure and piles. The results show that the surface subsidence
decreasing with the increasing in the horizontal distance between the centerline of tunnel and
the center of surface load. The maximum subsidence occurs when the center of tunnel sited
under the edge of building (uniform pressure or piles), i.e. when (X/D=1). Then, the effect of
tunnel vanished when it is at a distance of (3D) from the building. The greatest effect of the
distance observed in case of pile group in sandy soil by increasing of (52%) in settlement over
the unloaded one. The subsidence being uniform when the centerline of tunnel coincides with
the center of building (X/D=0), while a differential subsidence has been obtained when the
distance increases, i.e. X/D > 0.

The specific patterns of daily activities routine in houses for each society varies according to
differences of its culture , believes ,rituals and traditions . which reflects the varity of houses
type and physical characteristics of size , number of fundamental living spaces. Houses we live
are not only physical structures containing our daily routines activities , they are integral part
of our cultural system , then Domestic space is spatial boundary that frame our living activities
along the day according to our culture and behavioral codes that determines the way space is
used and claimed within the home . This article aim to represent the properties of domestic
space within local houses . its limitation , prospects ,obstructions and barriers for daily living
activities ,Building in general and house in particular , information control achieved through
visual field are a part of privacy – territory living activities , which regulate the amount and
level of interpersonal interaction between inhabitants. The purpose of this research is to analyze
Isovist graph for domestic spaces by applying Depth map software in order to get reflection of
visual physical characteristic on level of choice daily activities for all members of Mosul family.
The study concludes that the visual structure of domestic spaces enhanced spatial permeability
structure and affected of the capability of activity choice

In the last years of this century, many of the research centers continue to do many
experimental studies with cognitive nature in the field of design process that had wide
range of applications in the architectural domain, to explore how the designer think and
perform during the design process and on which aspects the designer depend during
that process.Thiscanbe attributed tomany causes are; the intimate need for "Corporate
architecture" which became the rule of communication between the designersand clients
now. The increase of the designers justification abilities and capabilities the promotion
oftheir roleasKeydecisionmakersonaprojects. Finally, the role of computer technology
asadesign tool that helps indesign processand becomes congenial to a designer's thinking
and working procedures in order to grow and develop such a tool, which will be
supportive for architectural field.
This paper puts forward an experimental study comparing the cognitive processes
during conceptual design stage for three different types of design tasks performed by a
group of architectural design students, to explore the effect of the different design tasks
on the concept framework of those students during conceptual design activities.

The Educational Campus in Mosul city is suffering from many problems with its
transportation system ,due to lack of planning process and continuing studies either
comprehensive one, in addition to the rapid growth of the use of personal vehicles with the
decline in public transport services and the lack of any improvements of the road network too.
The study aims to find out an equilibrium point of the transportation system at the intersection
of the demand curve with supply curve, which represents the cost of services to be subsidized
and availability of facilities on the network.
Methodology started with collecting data, which includes statistical information for
the community for the purpose of sample size and sampling process. The distributed
questionnaire forms that was designed to gather information on trips and the knowledge of the
properties of trip characteristics was done. Then cost was found about the demand curve
calculated operating costs for vehicles, in addition to the cost time and cost environmental
impact. Either curved processing evolved to include the cost of the vehicle and the cost of
investment and maintenance, and cost of construction of the road in addition to the time
savings .Statisticalanalysis was employed to find the correlation between variables. Linear
regression between the independent variables and the dependent variables were identified as
the most influential independent variables in addition to the best equations and mathematical
relationships representative of the cost and demand processing. Research has come to several
important conclusions to improve transport with the modes used .The proportion of public
transit users are (38 %) compared with the majority of users of taxis by(43%), and finally
representing users of the passenger car user about (18%) of the total sample , the representing
students ratio (75.8%) of the users of the bus , also obtained data vehicle occupancy according
to each mode. The final results show that the equilibrium point for each person is 1.0 $ for PC
with average travel time = 35 min, and 0.6 $ for taxi with travel time = 60 min, and 0.32$ for
small bus with travel time = 105 min, finally for large bus =0.085 $ with travel time = 75 min.
key word: Travel Demand, Interview Survey Form, Average Vehicle Occupancy(AVO),
Travel Supply, Equilibrium point

In this research, measurements of total (TSP) and fine suspended particulate PM1,
PM2.5, PM7 and PM10 at Badoosh cement factory were carried out. Seventeen locations inside
the factory are selected. The effect on soil around the cement factory was also studied by
collecting samples in the four directions North, South, East and West to a distance of five
kilometers from the factory with one kilometer spacing. The result of the study revealed that;
the concentration of very fine suspended particulate PM2.5 was over the international standard
limits at different locations of the factory and the overall average concentration for the factory
was (47 3). For PM10 suspended particulates, the results at all locations were over the
international limits and the overall average concentration reached 869 m3, which was
much more than the standards of 150 3. On the other hand, the total suspended
particulate concentration exceed the standard at several locations in the factory. Significant
correlations were found among the suspended particulate concentrations according to their
size. The results of soil test around the cement factory showed significant differences of
oxides percentages among the directions. Higher percentages were recorded in the South and
East directions than North-West direction. The results also revealed that the percentages of
SiO2 and Al2O3 were 40.94% and 10.53% in the east direction whereas higher percentage for
Fe2O3 (4.86%), CaO (36.81%), MgO (4.49%), and SO3 (0.76%) were recorded in the south
direction of factory.

Training of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for large data sets is a time
consuming mission. In this paper, accelerating the training of artificial neural
network is achieved by a parallel training using either Multicore Central
Processing Unit (CPU) or General Purpose Graphics Processing Unit
(GPGPU). The training is implemented using five datasets with diverse
amounts of patterns and with different neural network parameters in
Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). The results show a significant increase in
computation speed, which is increased nearly linear with the number of cores
in multicore processor for problems with medium and large training datasets.
Also, a considerable speed up is achieved when the GPU is used to train the
MLP with the large training datasets. While a single core processor is a better
choice when the data set size is small. The optimal number of cores or the type
of the parallel platform should be employed according to the load of
computation.

LTE networks are the latest generation of wireless networks based on IP
architecture; it is standardized by the 3GPP in its Rel.8. LTE networks are implemented
practically to access internet with very high data rates with using various multimedia
services. This paper is based on five types of downlink packet scheduling algorithms in
LTE networks, It examines the impact of throughput, the fairness and the spectral
efficiency of each scheduling algorithms when the speed of UE (User Equipment) and
the number of UEs are changed. A comparison between the scheduling algorithms has
been done using Vienna LTE SYSTEM LEVEL Simulator.

This paper presents an air gap eccentricity fault Diagnosis of a salient Pole three
phase synchronous generator. The detection and diagnosis of this type of fault is based
on analyzing armature and field current signatures, using FFT . Therefore, the
synchronous generator, under this type of fault, is modeled by using finite element
method (FEM). Also practical results are performed in the lab with deliberately air gap
eccentricity faults, by using samples of bearings malfunctioning or the removal of single
or pair pole. The modeling and experimental results show that FEM is a reliable
approach that can be used to model synchronous generator under electrical and
mechanical faults.

In this paper, the design of an efficient bio 9/7 filter bank for the discrete
wavelet transform (DWT) is proposed. The design starts with the standard design
constraints of the lifting scheme architecture. A modification in the resulting 9/7 filter
bank coefficients after lifting is made leading to new sets of simple and less-number
coefficients for both low-pass and high-pass branches of the direct structure of the
DWT filter bank. In order to speed up the operations of the designed filter bank, the
need for multipliers is eliminated by realizing the designed filter coefficients in a
multiplier-less manner. That’s each of the existing non-zero coefficient is represented
as sum-of-powers-of-two (SOPOT). The complexity of resulting bio 9/7 filter bank
structure is the lowest among other recent issued structures. The performance of
resulting structure is then examined objectively by applying three different test
images and computing the peak signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR ) values for the
reconstructed image. Subjective evaluation of these images is also achieved by
calculating the average mean opinion score (MOS ). Objective and subjective
evaluation indicate the eligibility of the designed bio 9/7 DWT filter bank for image
processing.

Imaging becomes an advantageous technical tool in the recent decades. It enables
many scientists to understand different phenomena. However, there are many highspeed
phenomena that cannot be imaged using a commercial non – scientific cameras
due to their low capturing speed compared to the phenomenon's. Such phenomenon,
needs high-speed expensive cameras. Some of those phenomena can be monitored if the
imaging speed of the current commercial cameras is slightly increased. Consequently, it
is possible to increase the speed of the video recording for a commercial cheap camera
using crank and piston mechanism. A phenomenon faster than the speed of the current
commercial cameras had been created and captured with the aid of the present
enhancement. Two cases are compared. In the first case, the phenomenon was at a speed
faster than the imaging capability of the camera and without using the present
mechanism. In the second case, the phenomenon speed was kept constant but the
camera is now fixed on the piston. As expected, the video capturing process enhanced
and the captured images are seen to be clearer by means of a visual qualitative (mere
eyes) observation between the images of the two cases.

An experimental study of Kevlar-29/epoxy composite thin wall cylinders under internal
pressure loading has been investigated in this work. Kevlar/epoxy composite specimens
were fabricated and tested. Specimens were tested using the hydraulic pump and
subjected to a static internal pressure. The results obtained from this work to find the
pressure increase ratio and the failure load were found and a comparison has been
achieved. According to the comparison results the tough material was specified. The
efficient and effective composite cylinders have been tested experimentally. And this
provided a considerable advantage over using a woven roving fiber in pressure vessels
applications.