Journal of University of Babylon

Rainfall date obtained for thirty-two meteorological stations distributed in Iraq to find the rainfall ‎returns period, which contributes in the improvement of water management plans all over Iraq, especially ‎during dry seasons. Mean annual summation of rainfall has a symmetrical increasing pattern from ‎southern west towards northern east, according to the increasing ratio of rainfall in the northern region of ‎Iraq. The northern east region of Iraq has characterized by very abnormal and abnormal events regarding ‎rainfall (P) in term of return periods, while the northern west, middle and southern regions characterize by a ‎normal distribution of rainfall. , Iraq has only two types of weather conditions, according to rainfall returns ‎periods: the humid weather condition located in the northern east part and dry weather condition in the ‎other parts of it.‎

The Gough Stewart Robotic manipulator is a parallel manipulator with six-degree of freedom, ‎which has six equations of Kinematics (Inverse and forward), with six variables (Lengths, Position, and ‎Orientation). In this work derived the inverse equations, which used to compute the lengths of the linkages ‎and its changes depended on the position and orientation of the platform's center, then derived the forward ‎equations to calculate the position and orientation of the moving platform in terms of the lengths. This ‎theoretical model of the kinematics analysis of the Gough Stewart has been built into the Simulink ‎package in Matlab to obtain the lengths, position, and orientation for the manipulator at any time of ‎motion. The input parameters (Position and Orientation) in inverse blocks compared with the output ‎parameters (Position and Orientation) in the forward blocks, which show good results.‎

The theories of interaction with the environment, considered as the most important and ‎efficient theories currently in use, especially in the local urban environment, which has become far ‎from the interaction with the environment. From here, we note that there is a lack of knowledge about ‎the simulation of the performance of the interaction with the local environment through a computer ‎model in order to achieve thermal comfort for users and rationalize the use of local environmental ‎resources. Therefore, the research presents a theoretical framework for the definition of feasibility, its ‎potential and its applications in an attempt to reduce the gap between technological development in ‎the world, especially in the possibilities of simulating interaction with the environment, and the local ‎reality. It also provides a practical framework through the application of computer simulations based ‎on the analysis of a set of theories and to find the efficiency of its performance. This application is ‎based on the creation of a virtual model of a multi-story building before and after the application of ‎computer simulation and trying to achieve better thermal comfort values for the occupants of the ‎building through the use of a certain programs, most notably (Rhino, Grasshopper, RayMan). The ‎results showed the efficiency of using computer simulation programs to achieve better thermal value ‎for the occupants. The research led to the development of a local multi-storey building that is climate ‎efficient by following the design mechanisms derived from the climate of the region and thus ‎achieving a climatic environment with optimal performance according to the comfort standards ‎Thermal.‎

Combined flow over and under structure may solve the problem of the deposit of suspension ‎materials in channels. Semi-cylindrical shape reduces the curvature of streamlines which reflected on ‎its performance. To study how this shape performs, experimental and simulation has been done. The ‎laboratory models were of four different diameters and four different gate openings. The same ‎physical structures have been modeled in commercial software, FLOW-3D®, by employing RNG k- ε ‎turbulence model. The verification has been based on measured flow profile and discharge. Simulation ‎outputs indicate that a separation zone located at a distance from the structure became farther when ‎the diameter and gate opening decreases, also the separation portions and their thickness are related to ‎the incoming discharge. The location height of separation zone tends to be lower when there is an ‎increase in flow discharge and it is located at half the total depth when two flow portions are equal. ‎The weir flow in this system shows a better performance than traditional weir by at least 33%, while ‎the gate out flow is less than free flow of the same total head by 70% to 90%. Within the limitation of ‎this work, two mathematical models for predicting discharge coefficient have been proposed for the ‎weir and gate respectively, moreover a model for predicting relative discharge of weir to gate, and one ‎mathematical model for the dimensionless total discharge.‎

To assist in making Middle Eastern cities more sustainable a guiding methodological framework ‎for local sustainability assessment is key to achieving a sustainable future. This paper investigates ‎available frameworks and develops an approach to local sustainability assessment (LSA), by ‎constructing a methodological framework utilising a combination of (bottom-up) and (top-down) ‎approaches. This facilitates the formulation, selection and prioritisation of key indicators, which can ‎then guide the assessment of a city’s sustainability at a local level in the Middle East. The paper finally ‎applies the LSA methodological framework to the Iraqi city of Hilla and succeeds in formulating and ‎ranking 57 useful and valid sustainability indicators.‎

This paper aims to investigate the structural behavior of reinforced lightweight concrete beams. ‎Attapulgite aggregate and crushed clay brick aggregate were used as coarse lightweight aggregate to ‎produce structural lightweight aggregate concrete with 25 Mpa and 43.6 Mpa cube compressive strength ‎and 1805 Kg/m3 and 1977 Kg/m3 oven dry density respectively. The result of reinforced lightweight ‎concrete beams compared with reinforced normal weight concrete beams, which have 50.5 Mpa cylinder ‎compressive strength and 2317 Kg/m3 oven dry density. For each type of concrete two reinforced concrete ‎beams with (1200 mm length × 180 mm height × 140 mm width), one of them‏ ‏tested under symmetrical ‎two-points load STPL (a/d = 2.2) and another one tested under one-point load OPL (a/d=3.3) at 28 days.‎‏ ‏The experimental program shows that a structural lightweight aggregate concrete can be produced by using ‎Attapulgite aggregate with 25 MPa cube compressive strength and 1805 Kg/m3 oven dry density and by ‎using crushed clay brick aggregate with 43.6 MPa cube compressive strength and 19‎‏77‏‎ Kg/m3 oven dry ‎density. The weight of Attapulgite aggregate concrete and crushed clay bricks aggregate concrete beam ‎specimens were lower than normal weight aggregate concrete beams by about 20.5‎‏6‏‎% and 13.65% ‎respectively at 28 days. ‎‏ ‏As for the ultimate load capacities of beam specimens, the ultimate load of ‎Attapulgite aggregate concrete beams tested under STPL were lower than that of crushed clay bricks ‎aggregate concrete beams and normal weight aggregate concrete beams by about 4.85% and 5% ‎respectively. While the ultimate load capacities of reinforced Attapulgite concrete beams tested under OPL ‎were lower than that of reinforced crushed clay bricks aggregate concrete beams and reinforced normal ‎weight aggregate concrete beams by about 10.3% and 10.5% respectively. Finally, Attapulgite aggregate ‎concrete and crushed clay bricks aggregate concrete showed ductility and toughness less than that of ‎Normal weight aggregate concrete.‎

An experiment and a statistic study was performed considering the effect of two important ‎input parameters (stretching force and stretching speed) on the stretching behaviour of 6061-0 ‎aluminum sheet in terms of thickness reduction ratio in two types of stretch forming process (post ‎stretching and pre stretching). Experimental tests were carried out using a die with V-shape to stretch ‎the sheet at two selected levels of stretching force and stretching speed and according to the design ‎matrices established by the Design of Experiment (DOE) software (Version 10). Two models with two ‎variable parameters, i.e. stretching force and speed were built by using the response surface ‎methodology (RSM) technique for the two cases of stretching (post and pre stretching), then checked ‎statistically for adequacy purpose by analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis, and appeared good with ‎‎95 % confidence level. It was found that using the post stretch forming process generally gives a lower ‎thickness reduction ratio than that for pre stretching process. This explains the advantages of using ‎post-stretching process to stretch the 6061-0 aluminum sheet alloy.‎

The hospitals of blood diseases and tumors are among the most important specialized ‎hospitals, which aim to improve the health situation in general and patients with blood and tumors in ‎particular through the provision of a comprehensive hospital for tumors, radiotherapy and chemical as ‎well as guidance services and social awareness, and although most of the local hospitals are within the ‎minimum standards of global standards, but they do not meet local privacy, which requires the ‎development of design indicators and are in line with local reality.‎
The problem of research has become "limited local studies that dealt with the planning and ‎design indicators of the space dimensions of the hospitals of blood diseases and tumors rules and ‎mechanisms of work in terms of functional, environmental, structural, social and precautionary"‎
In light of the research problem, the research goal was to "identify comprehensive indicators ‎in the light of advanced global experiences as a measure of all the components and indicators of ‎planning and design systems for hospital buildings of blood diseases and tumors".‎
To extract the vocabulary of the theoretical framework and apply it to the selected research ‎sample, and then to present the orthographic results of the design and planning of hospitals of blood ‎diseases and local tumors.‎

Construction projects in Iraq are suffering from constraints (financial, technical, political, legal ‎and environmental) that hamper their work. It is therefore necessary to identify these constraints by ‎following the theories in order to accurately identify and provide useful information to make decisions ‎about production constraints and their impact on work. To achieve its objectives or achieve a level of ‎performance for this goal, so it is necessary to use some theories, including theories of constraints that ‎identify those obstacles and find solutions to those obstacles through the schemes of thinking. The ‎concept of constraints is defined as "a comprehensive management philosophy that aims to achieve a ‎continuous achievement of more than one goal in a project." If the project works to achieve a certain ‎achievement in a project after defining the constraints and types and each according to its importance ‎and impact, Which provides a comprehensive framework for the work of projects, as it helps to ‎identify and treat the obstacles experienced by the projects and work to identify appropriate solutions ‎and through a set of logical thinking throughput that begin studying the current reality of the project ‎that suffers from the obstacles and then search for Constraints A number of proposed solutions are ‎then presented. These solutions are examined and the future results of each solution are identified and ‎useful in addressing the specific problem and the extent of the future impact of its application. The ‎methodology used in the research of extracting indicators from the theoretical and practical ‎framework and finding solutions through the curriculum of the thinking throughput will be used to ‎reach a number of conclusions and recommendations aimed at achieving its objectives

In this paper, systematic experimental investigations were carried out for a wickless heat pipe ‎with flat evaporator having dimensions (100x100x30) mm. Flat-square electrical element was used to ‎simulate the heat source of electronic part with dimensions of (100x100) mm. The aim of this paper ‎presents the effect of fill ratio and cooling water mass flow rate on thermal performance of a wickless ‎heat pipe. Experiments were performed to evaluate performance of wickless heat pipe for range of ‎input power from 10 W to 100 W. The fill ratios used in the present work were 15%, 25%50% and ‎‎85%. The cooling water mass flow rate was also changed from 0.0083 kg/s to 0.033 kg/s. ‎Experimental results showed that the maximum value of wall evaporator temperature was 115°C at ‎input power of 100 W and a fill ratio of 15%. Results also showed that the maximum value of the ‎total resistance was 0.8°C/W.‎

Field experiment was conducted in the non-heated plastic house at Al-Mussaib Technical College in ‎the autumn season 2016 to study the Response of sweet pepper Capsicum annuum L. (Qurtuba cultivar) to ‎foliar spraying with two types of foliar commercial Potassium fertilizers in loamy sand soil. To study the ‎effect of four levels of potassium fertilizer and micronutrients (0, 4, 6, 8 ml.L-1), four levels of potassium ‎fertilizer and Sulfur KTS (0, 2, 4, 6 ml.L-1) and their interaction on some vegetative and flowering growth ‎indicators, yield and its components. The experiment was designed according to the Randomized ‎Complete Block Design (RCBD) and the averages were compared with the least significant difference ‎‎(LSD), with a significant level of 5%. The result indicated to the excelling of the spraying treatment with ‎potassium and micronutrient (8 ml.L-1) by giving it a significant level in increasing the averages of plant ‎height, number of branches, leaf area, dry weight for total vegetative, number of flowers in plant, ‎percentage of fruit set, the leaves content of (chlorophyll, nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium), early and ‎total yield, the content of vitamin C, and percentage of Total Soluble Solids, with an increasing percentage ‎of (19.47, 29.54, 16.68, 30.01, 11.26, 24.09, 38.16, 24.36, 16.67, 34.00, 21.87, 20.27, 50.46, 45.96, 39.33, ‎‎70.85%), respectively, compared to control treatment. Which is the same behavior as spraying treatment ‎with potassium fertilizer and sulfur, where treatment (4 ml.L-1) was excelled in all the above traits, where ‎the percentages of increasing were (31.72, 53.53, 49.88, 15.82, 14.84, 24.54, 19.79, 36.73, 21.05, 47.55, ‎‎24.53, 19.07, 49.43, 48.01, 30.29, 36.56%), respectively, compared to the control treatment. As for ‎interaction treatments, it has showed excelling the spraying treatment with a mixture of (8 ml. L-1 + 4 ml. L-‎‎1) by giving it the highest values for all the above traits amounted of (109.5 cm, 6.4 branches, 25.3 dm2, ‎‎132.7 g, 62.7 flower, 43.9% 2.22%, 0.75%, 2.55%, 34.6 fruits, 108.3 g, 0.790 kg. plant-1, 3.747 kg. plant-1, ‎‎69.2 mg.100 ml-1, 10.4%), respectively.‎

Sustainability emerged as a general trend in architecture within its dimensions (environmental, ‎economic, and social)‎‏ ‏which affected on certain types of buildings especially the modern mosque ‎architecture. The social dimension of sustainability represents the area of research interest, as it does ‎not show the extent of its influence in determining the design characteristics of the mosque's ‎architecture. hence, the research problem was (lack of knowledge perception of the mosque indicators ‎that make it a social type and the absence of a clear vision of the vocabulary most achieved in local ‎modern mosque as well as the nature of the criteria that determines the acceptance of this type of ‎mosques within the local community).According to this the research goals are (Identify the indicators ‎that characterize the mosque as a social type,‎‏ ‏determine the nature of the most achieved indicators ‎within the local model, determine the index nature of the collective acceptance for this building type.)‎
The research determined the indicators that characterised mosque as social type and found that ‎they are related to the indicators related to making place and living occupancy of social sustainability. ‎These affected on layout, spatial organization and formal aspects of mosque.‎
The local mosque achieved these indicators partially and its design was closer to the model of ‎the social mosque within its vocabulary which was reflected within layout and spatial aspect as it was ‎more accomplished.as well as The research concluded that the cultural background and the living ‎level of the recipient represent the nature of the indicator that responsible for common acceptance for ‎this type although it does not represent a new type of mosques, but represent an extension of the ‎comprehension functional role of the Prophet's Mosque.‎

In this study, ANSYS-14 was used to study the effect of the length of the sample on the time ‎needed to reach steady state (S.S.t) for the transient heat transfer. Three samples were studied in ‎different lengths (15, 30 and 45 cm), 2 cm high, in addition to the selection of three materials with ‎different thermal properties and applied to different lengths. One side of the three samples was ‎exposed to a temperature at 100 ° C, while the other side was exposed to thermal load at 25 ° C and ‎the sample was isolated from the top and bottom surfaces. The objective of this study is to determine ‎the effect of the time reach to the steady state when changing the length of the sample exposed to ‎constant thermal load and materials, depending on the distance from the hot face of all lengths at a ‎number of points (3, 6, 9 and 12) cm. From the results of the time obtained numerically from the ‎ANSYS-14 program, the time to reach the steady state was determined when the difference between ‎the sample temperature reached with the previous grade of 0.001.The results indicated that the time ‎required to reach the steady state (S.S.t) increases by increasing the length of the sample in the selected ‎points when constant thermal diffusivity (α) ,where the time needed to reach the steady state of the ‎copper material ranged between (879-1085) seconds at a length of 15 cm and (2112- 3005) seconds at ‎length 30 cm and (2871-4937) seconds at a length of 45 cm as well as the results showed that the time ‎required to reach the steady state increased with the thermal diffusivity decrease where the time ‎required to reach the steady state of the copper of the highest thermal diffusivity ranged between (879-‎‎4937) seconds for all lengths while the time required to reach the steady state of the material of the ‎lowest thermal diffusivity (hardboard) is between (168400-1078000) seconds.‎

This paper examined the effect of the difference between the temperature of the two end of the ‎body exposed to transient conduction heat transfer on the inception of thermal sensitivity and at ‎different distances from the hot end of the sample. The study was based on the selection of a sample ‎with a length of 15 cm and a fixed height of 1 cm. Four materials with different thermal properties ‎were selected. One end of the model was exposed to three different temperatures (75, 125, and 175) ‎oC. The other end of the sample was placed under a convection heat transfer at 25 oC. To adopt an ‎inception indicator of thermal sensitivity of the sample when exposed to transient heat transfer, (26) ‎oC was used because it is the nearest temperature to the initial condition of the sample. Four points ‎were selected on different distance from hot end along the sample. The hot end temperature was also ‎adopted as an indicator to measure the effect of the temperature difference for two body ends as the ‎other end is subject to constant transient heat transfer. Determine the effect of the temperature ‎difference between two body ends exposed to transient heat transfer on the inception of thermal ‎sensitivity is study target. ‎
The results of this study showed the reverse effect of the temperature difference between two ‎body ends exposed to transient heat transfer on the inception of thermal sensitivity, this effect ‎increases by increasing the distance from hot sample end and depressing of thermal diffusivity. The ‎results also showed that the values of the Thermal sensitivity inception ranged between (0.43-17845) ‎seconds according to the distance from the hot end, its temperature, and the thermal diffusivity of ‎sample materials for each case.‎

In this paper both synchronous and asynchronous buck-converter were designed to work in ‎continuous conduction mode “CCM” and to deliver small load current. Then the two topologies were ‎tested in terms of efficiency at small load current by use of different values of switching frequencies ‎‎(range from 150 KHz to 1MHz) and three separated values of duty-cycle (0.4, 0.6 and 0.8). ‎
Obtained results turns out that efficiency of both synchronous and asynchronous buck-‎converter “switching step-down voltage regulator” responds in a negative manner to the increase in ‎the switching frequency. However, this impact is being stronger in synchronous topology because of ‎magnifying effect of losses related to switching frequency compared to those related to conduction ‎when working at small load currents; this behavior makes obtained efficiency of both topologies in ‎convergent levels when they operated to deliver small output current especially when working with ‎higher switching frequencies. Larger duty-cycle can rise up the efficiency of both topologies. ‎

Bioactive glasses are silicate-grounded and can course of action a strong substance connect through ‎the tissues. These biomaterials are exceptionally biocompatible and can shape a hydroxyapatite layer ‎when embedded in the body or absorbed the recreated body liquid. Because of a few detriments, regular ‎glass preparing technique, including softening of glass parts is supplanted by sol-gel strategy with a ‎substantial number of advantages, for example, low handling temperature, higher immaculateness and ‎homogeneity and along these lines better control of bioactivity. Bioactive glasses have a wide scope of ‎utilizations, especially in dentistry. These glasses can be utilized as particulates or solid shapes and ‎permeable or thick develops in various applications, for example, remineralization or extreme touchiness ‎treatment. A few properties of bioactive glasses, for example, antibacterial properties can be advanced by ‎including diverse components into the glass. Bioactive glasses can likewise be utilized to adjust diverse ‎biocompatible materials that should be bioactive. This investigation surveys the critical advancements of ‎bioactive glasses in dentistry. Besides, we will examine the field of bioactive glasses from starting to the ‎present advancements, which incorporates preparing techniques, applications, and properties of these ‎glasses.‎

The variation between flow depth generated in front of gabion barrier and flow rate has been ‎studied in open laboratory flume. Flow profiles have been observed for each of "Transition Flow" and ‎‎"Overflow" regimes. Effects of gabion height and material coarseness on the upstream flow depth are ‎studied by testing four different gabion heights and four different medium aggregate sizes. The analysis of ‎experimental results showed that the relative decrease in flow depth varies between 38% and 17% for ‎‎"Through Flow" type when material coarseness and discharge increase. In "Transition Flow" regime, ‎increasing material coarseness and discharge causes an average decreases in relative flow depth of 7.6% ‎and 4.4% for gabion heights 15cm and 30cm, respectively. Gabion begins to operate as an overflow weir ‎when the average water depth to the gabion height (H/P) is 1.19. While the overall average increase in ‎discharge relative to solid weir is 15%. Prediction relationships for flow depth upstream the gabion for each ‎of the three flow regimes is suggested. Also, dimensionless relation to predict discharge coefficient are ‎proposed with good accuracy.‎

Weather forecasting is an important issue in meteorology and scientific research.In this ‎research, the Seasonal Auto Regressive.Integrated Moving Average.(ARIMA) model which is based ‎on Box-Jenkins method was adopted to build the forecasting model. The max. Monthly ‎temperature data for Kerbala city for the period (Jan.198‎‏0‏‎ to Dec.2016) was employed. The ‎autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions for time series data from years 1980 to 2015 ‎were used to identify the most appropriate orders of the ARIMA models. The validation test of these ‎models were performed using the monthly max. Temperature of the year 2016. To calculate the ‎model\'s accuracy and compare among them, statistical criteria such as MAE, RMSE, MAPE, and R2 ‎were used. The model (2, 1, 2) × (1, 1, 1)12 gave the most accurate results and used to forecast the ‎monthly max. Temperature for the period (2017 to 2021) for study region.‎

This paper studies the preparation of Copper powder from copper sulphate aqueous solution ‎‎(CuSO4.5H2O), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and copper chloride (CuCl2.2H2O) by using the process of ‎electrodeposition. Process of Powder deposition has been investigated for copper powder; it is a fine ‎layer on cathode electrode by using the value of different from time of deposition (15, 30, 45, and 60) ‎min. it is noticed the weight of the powder rises with the rise of time of depostion.‎
Diffractions of X-ray (XRD) revealed high crystallinity and pure copper powder not contain ‎impurity or oxides. Optical microscopes have revealed the particles of copper have dendritic shapes. ‎The size of Particles analyzer measured the size of a particle which is about (4.645) μm.‎

The last few years witnessed an increased interest in utilizing field programmable gate array (FPGA) ‎for a variety of applications. This utilizing derived mostly by the advances in the FPGA flexible resource ‎configuration, increased speed, relatively low cost and low energy consumption. The introduction of FPGA ‎in medicine and health care field aim generally to replace costly and usually bigger medical monitoring and ‎diagnostic equipment with much smaller and possibly portable systems based on FPGA that make use of ‎the design flexibility of FPGA. Many recent researches focus on FPGA systems to deal with the well-known ‎yet very important electrocardiogram (ECG) signal aspects to provide acceleration and improvement in the ‎performance as well as finding and proposing new ideas for such implementations. The recent directions in ‎ECG-FPGA are introduced in this paper. ‎

A pin fins array as a heat sink along with a moist wood wool pad to serve as novel cooling ‎system to cool PV panel has been used. The present cooling system was based on the evaporative ‎cooling concept and extended area of heat transfer. The results gave enhancements in output power ‎and panel’s efficiency about 32.7% and 31.5% respectively. This improvement in the module ‎performance was attributed to the reduction in the operation temperature of the solar cell. The ‎reduction in module temperature was about 26.05%.‎

The aim of this review paper is to summarize available reports, papers, theses, dissertations and ‎conference papers dealing with the performance of aluminum-concrete composite columns. Hollow ‎aluminum sections filled with concrete have been used as composite columns due to their corrosion ‎resistance, easy production, appearance and lightweight. Many researches were performed in the area ‎of concrete-filled hollow sections (tubes). However, there are few researches have been performed on ‎concrete-filled aluminum tubes. In this review, different available published papers are summarized to ‎view the type of the studied aluminum-concrete columns and the main studied parameters that ‎affecting the behavior of these composite columns. More than (190) specimens are collected and ‎showed in this review.‎

A deserted reign always suffers from lack of pure water in a large part of its area. In this area, ‎valuable fresh water from swamps or ground water wells is salt water, and it is necessary purified or ‎distillated. In the current experimental study, a new design is made to improve the yield of fresh water of a ‎pyramid solar still by using an immersion type DC- water heater. It investigates the effect of an external ‎fan to cool the glass surface. The Experiment was take placed in the summer season in Iraq conditions at ‎latitude (33.2 ° N). A solar still with 32.5°glass slope angle is chosen in our work. As the productivity of a ‎solar still is more for low water depths, the water level in the bottom basin maintained at 3 cm. The ‎experimental outcomes observed that the yield of fresh water increased by a significant 370% when DC ‎water heater each having 350 W capacities was used. During used the external cooling fan the productivity ‎of fresh water was existed to decrease by (7%) and (15%) for wind speeds of (7 m/s) and (9 m/s) ‎respectively. A good comparison takes placed with other experimental study was taken. ‎

Metakaolin is a very active alumino-silicate pozzolan commonly used recently in many ‎applications of concrete. In this research Metakaolin was used in production of self-compaction concrete ‎with (20%) replacement of cement by weight. It was prepared by burning natural kaolin Clays at different ‎temperatures (700, 750 , 850) Co using thermal shock method and for periods of time ( 0.5 , 1 , 2 ) hours. ‎Fresh self-compacting concrete (SCC) properties, some of mechanical properties were tested at age (28, 56, ‎‎90) day. The findings demonstrate that the fresh properties of SCC are affect by the change of ‎temperature and duration of calcining slightly, while the compressive strength enhanced with increasing of ‎temperature and duration of calcining. The best result is obtained at degree of 850 Co and one-hour ‎calcining duration, while the strength development at (56 day) age was (15.6%) and at (90 day) age was ‎‎(26.7%). A better enhancement outcome in flexural strength and ultra-sonic plus velocity were at the same ‎temperature and duration of calcining, the development of modulus of rupture at (56 days) was (7%) and ‎at (90 days) it was (15.5 %), while the ultra-sonic plus velocity reached at the age of (28 days ) (4.52 ‎km\sec).‎

As a remarkable case of being modern monument of Bauhaus style and social functionalist ‎housing, Siedlung Gropius Törten Estate of Dessau needs some reassessment in architectural material ‎study, as those are rare in todays practice. The research problem is, it is not rational to bring back the ‎original materials again. To find out both modern facilities and original appearance in alternative choices, ‎would be challenge as well. To introduce sustainable material practice for preset day composite ‎conservation oriented practice accordingly, would be the research question of this study. And it should be ‎done without any maltreatment to the originals. An investigative survey, literature review and ‎collaboration with building and finishing material experts, were adopted as method. To cope with the ‎specifics of Dessau, some potentials of localization and substitutions of contemporary installation were ‎advocated after such meticulous observation. Tentative recommendations based on results, might ‎demonstrate the possible links for further maintainable remodeling regarding the distinct architectural ‎expression in alternative, possible preservation material practice. Such results of explicit survey will also ‎reveal the various potentials in building and finishing material conservation technique in the future. The ‎study will determine and establish that the Bauhaus aesthetics and its authentic value are dependent over ‎all these materials.‎

The majority of Baghdad region's problems are related to building contraventions, which ‎have increased dramatically after the‏ ‏event in 2003 and the intense immigration from other ‎parts of the country to Baghdad. These events coincided with a boom in the construction ‎section and increased in density selling by Baghdad municipality.‎
Due to the long-term consequence of this phenomenon and the inefficient and ‎inappropriate of municipality actions, it is very important to identify the main causes of these ‎malpractices so that we can develop the solutions for it.‎
The research examined the causes of these violation, which include the contraventions ‎of height, setback and plot coverage. Through reviewing the literature review and questioner, the ‎following indicators were examined: level of awareness, violation of regulations to meet housing ‎needs, violation of legislation for purpose of profitability, income of owners, supervision. ‎
The survey sample was answered by 100 household, Pearson correlation used to achieve ‎accuracy of the causes of building contraventions . The results revealed that the level of ‎awareness , income level are the main reasons of building contraventions.‎

This paper investigates the behaviour of four concrete piers reinforced with different types of ‎reinforcement. All piers have identical dimensions of 200mm in width, 200mm in height, and 600mm in ‎length with a column cross-section of 200×300mm and 200mm in depth. Various concrete mixes were ‎used among which are the normal concrete (NC) and the green concrete (GC) which use a recycled ‎aggregate of 50% replacement ratio instead of normal aggregate. CFRP bars and GFRP bars are used for ‎reinforcing pier cap at the top two layers .Experimental tests had been carried out to investigate the ‎behaviour in terms of first cracking load, crack width, failure load, and deflection. The test results showed ‎that the value of load failure of the GC pier was less than that for the NC one by 2.41% with an increase in ‎deflection. Furthermore, CFRP and GFRP pier specimens showed opposite behaviour regarding ‎the failure ‎load. It has been found that the ultimate load of CFRP bars increased the ultimate load by 6.9%, while ‎GFRP bars decreased the ultimate load by ‎‎6.7% in comparison to the pier with steel reinforcement. ‎

The study of the change in the road is paved with specifications of the weak clay soil when ‎adding one or more layers of plastic clamp type (geogrid) has been subjected to a vertical load using tests ‎to find the proportion of Endurance Alcalefori (CBR), which was used the polymeric layers labeled ‎‎(geogrid) the arming of ground regular and use the experience of proportion endurance Alcalefori (CBR) to ‎study the effect of reinforcing the durability of the soil where it was observed through experience that the ‎use of a layer of reinforcement of the clamp plastic increases the rate (CBR) by location class and the ‎highest rate was obtained when developing clamp plasticon – site (I), where the percentage of Californians ‎endurance 74% as well as increases endurance Californian increasing the number of layers plastic clamp ‎user and this tells us in reducing the thickness of the road flex layers and thereby reducing the cost of ‎construction or stays the same fish with a significant increase in the age of the road design. ‎