Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

A novel SARS-CoV2 virus appeared since December 2019 and triggering the Corona virus disease (2019-nCoV or COVID-19). Usually the symptoms begin as mild, with only fever, cough, and occasional dyspnea. The severe symptoms such as



pneumonitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), may occur 5-8 days into COVID-19 illness in a minority of patients. Method: for this narrative review, more than 25 related scientific articles and reports about COVID- 19 were used from different databases (e.g., PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) using keywords such as SARS-CoV2, COVID-19, Mortality, and CO-morbidities. Results The results of this review reported that aged people are more vulnerable to severe pattern of COVID-19 disease than people younger than 50 years; probably because of health issues and comorbidities in that population group. Male more than female affected by COVID-19. On the other hand, children might be less probable to infected or might show mild symptoms if infected. The small percentage of current smokers infected with COVID-19 compared with the actual percentage of smokers (50·5%) in China are unlikely to be related with the incidence, severity, or mortality rate of COVID-19. The poorer clinical outcome in COVID-19 infected patients may have related to the presence and number of co morbidities especially hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The direct SARS-COV2 infection of liver cells might be the cause of liver damage but might be related to other reasons such as systemic inflammation and drug toxicity. The data suggested that liver damage is more predominant in severe cases especially with pre-existing liver diseases. patients with cancer might be more prone to COVID 19 due to their immunocompromised status but whether or not they have high risk of poor prognoses and sever event not fully established.

The lack of age-appropriate and child -friendly formulation of medication for children poses a major challenge to pediatric therapeutic practice, adherence, and health care delivery worldwide, however, formulation acceptability and preferences facilitate medication



adherence in children, and they are important factors in achieving the intended treatment outcomes in which this study looks ahead. The present study aims to determine the various medication trends of children through their parents and caregivers, child preference of certain dosage form (chewable gel) in comparison with another solid dosage forms and its popularity among Iraqi primary school, furthermore the study highlights different variables influence student preference for chewable gel. A total of 230 Iraqi primary school students were randomly selected and interviewed with the presence of their parents. It was observed that (51.3%) of the parents/caregivers reported that the liquid dosage form is the most dosage form that commonly used, (72%) of consumers revealed that the capsules and tablets are not easy to swallow, furthermore, this study revealed that (68.6%) of school students preferred to take medication as chewable gel over than other oral solid dosage forms ,and this preference varied significantly with several socioeconomic and other factors.

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic destructive inflammatory disease related to a breakdown in immune tolerance. This disease is characterized by joint inflammation, swelling, and in severe cases deformation may occur. Cuscuta

Chinensis (C. Chinensis) is a parasitic plant, grow around other plants to absorb nutrient and water from them. C. Chinensis has a wide range of chemicals that produce a wide range of pharmacological activates. Because of its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, it was considered as a good candidate to assess its role in RA.

Methods:

Rheumatoid arthritis was induced by injection of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant inside the foot-pad of male albino rats. The animals were grouped in four groups as follows group 1 considered as a normal control group, group 2 consider as positive control arthritis, group 3 treated with methotrexate (MTX), group 4 treated with MTX and C. Chinensis extract. On day 14 of immunization, treatments began and last for 21 days, at the end of the experiment all animals were sacrificed and serum was collected. The serum markers that had been evaluated were MMP3, VEGF, and SOD. Throughout the experiment time the body weight was evaluated.

Results

The combination significantly (P-value ≤ 0.05) improves objective parameter of RA which was the body weight. Also significantly decrease (P-value ≤ 0.05) the serum level of MMP3, VEGF, and considerably increase serum SOD.

Conclusion:

The combination has a significant beneficial role in suppression of destructive enzyme (MMP3), angiogenic stimulators (VEGF), and increase serum SOD enzyme.

Lozenges are formulations of solid dosage form which tend to liquefy in mouth or pharynx. They could be consisting of one or more drugs in a flavored and sweetened base. They are recommended to treat local mouth or pharynx irritation or infection, or they may be used also for systemic combi-



nation of two drugs (Acyclovir and Lidocaine) by pressed coated tablet lozenges. Thus, the lozenges will have both antiviral and local anesthetic effects suitable for the treatment of virus that infects oral cavity.

In this study, nine formulations of acyclovir compressed tablet lozenges were prepared to investigate the effects of type and concentration of binders (gelatin, acacia, and tragacanth) on physical appearance, weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, dissolving , drug content and in vitro released of drug. Compressed tablet lozenges formula F4 contening (Acacia 10%) as binder was successfully prepared and has been selected as optimum formula since it released 98% of drug after 45 min, as compared to other formulas.

Nucleic acids or proteins electrophoresed within a matrix or gel that immersed in a buffer provides ions needed to carry a current and for pH maintenance at a relatively constant value. Sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis



(SDS-PAGE) utilizes SDS as an anionic detergent that causes protein denaturation that linearized protein molecules. Each molecule of SDS has the ability to binds to two amino acids. As a result, the ratio of charge to mass becomes constant for all denatured proteins in the mixture. The molecules of protein migrate toward the positive pole and separated in the gel depending only on their molecular weights. The chains of polyacrylamide are cross linked by N, N-methylene bisacrylamide comonomers and ammonium persulfate used as an initiator for polymerization as they act as radical source and N, N, N', N'- tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) used to catalyse the polymerization. Electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids by using agarose or polyacrylamide gels were illustrated in this review.

Until February 2017, about two hundred and twelve bioactive compounds were confirmed to be present in Annona muricata. Annonaceous acetogenins (AGEs) are the predominant compounds that present in A.muricata followed by phenols, alkaloids and other compounds.



Leaves and seeds were the main parts examined in medical field. This study was conducted to evaluate the most probable active chemical components of Annona muricata seeds extracts. Cytotoxic activity of Annona muricata seed extracts against MEF (mice embryo fibroblast) cell line was evaluated by 3-(4, 5 dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Ethanol and chloroform extracts were added at a final concentration (1.56, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml) for 72h exposure to MEF cells. The applications of common identification and characterization techniques which were Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) for analysis of bioactive compounds in the crude plant extracts involved. As conclusion, Annona muricata seed extract have a marked anti-proliferative activity against MEF cell line after 72h exposure period in concentration-dependent manner. The major active constituents of A.muricata seeds extract involve acetogenins, flavonoids, and alkaloids.

Objective : Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disease deeply linked with the immune-inflammatory disorders whereas the term (multiple) mostly refers to the multi-focal zones of





Inflammation caused by lymphocytes and macrophages infiltration besides oligodendrocytes death. Accordingly , the dysfunctional immune system able to damage myelin ( a pivotal component of the central nervous system ) which responsible for communication among neurons. The aim of the present study is to innovate a biochemical relationship between MS and thyroid hormones (THs) by highlighting immunological responses and also to examine the action of Interferon beta (IFNβ) drug on thyroid hormone (THs) and thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH). Materials and methods: Sixty (60) Iraqi women in the age ranged (36-43) years were enrolled in the present study, (30) of them were MS patients and the other (30) were healthy. Anyway, the protocol of the study involved four groups: G1 is a healthy control group, G2 involved untreated MS patients, G3 included the MS patients treated with IFNβ for (6) weeks and G4 composed of the same patients treated with IFNβ for (12) weeks. THs (T4 and T3) and TSH levels were determined in sera of all groups. Results: Data of the present study have reported that T4 level was highly significant increase in sera of G2 compared with G1 while it was significant and highly significant decreased in G3 and G4 respectively compared with G2, the difference between G4 and G1 and also between G4 and G3 was significant. T3 level was highly significant increase in sera of G2 compared with G1 but it was highly significant decreased in G3 and G4 compared with G2, the difference between G4 and G1 was non-significant while the difference between G4 and G3 was significant. Conversely, TSH level was highly significant decreased in G2 compared with G1 but it was highly significant increase in G3 and G4 compared with G2, the difference between G4 and G1 and also between G4 and G3 was highly significant. Conclusions : Interestingly , the present study is the first in Iraq reporting that MS may be a key risk factor for hyperthyroidism and also the first suggesting that IFNβ regulates THs biosynthesis via novel immuno-neuro-enzymological mechanisms regarding thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and iodothyronine deiodinase 1 (D1), meanwhile the present study indicates that IFNβ has an indirect antioxidant activity. Moreover, the present study provides a definite clarification for the changed NF kappa B level in MS. Remarkably, the present study reveals that IFNβ is more potent on T3 than T4 while it has less action on TSH.

Conocarpus erectus L. is a perennial, evergreen shrub belonging to Combretaceae family. In this study we investigate the phytoconstituents in the leaves of C.erectus. Preliminary tests of alcoholic extract proved the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, saponin, terpens,

tannin and absence of alkaloids. Umbelliferone was detected in the ethyl acetate fraction of the extracted plant by TLC and isolated as a light yellowish powder by preparative TLC. Identification of it was done by HPLC, HPTLC and chemical structure elucidated by IR and UV.

Iraqi land is rich with medicinal plants and Iraqi people trust using herbals as treatments since ancient times, one of these important wild medicinal plants is Silybum marianum, which is known as Milk thistle. It has a long history in Greek and Arabian medicine as a liver tonic

which has been confirmed by scientific in vivo/ in vitro study and made the plant in the top of medicine that can regenerate liver tissues and cure various liver diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the active constituents in the seeds, leaves and the flowers of Iraqi Silybum marianum, identification have been done by GC-MS instrument after the extraction process by hexane then ethanol as a solvent in the Soxhlet apparatus, An important compounds has been detected such as phytosterol, catechin, terpenes, fatty acids, fatty alcohol, and monosaccharide, in different concentration in the parts of the plants.

Novel derivative of isoniazid containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole pharmacophore has been synthesized. The chemical structure of the compound was characterized and confirmed by using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy.



The desired compound was tested against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using agar well-diffusion technique for their ability as antibacterial agent and showed good antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria. In addition, ADME evaluations were performed using Swiss ADME to predict if the synthesized compound can be given orally, the bioavailability, topological polar surface area, and drug-likeness. The result showed that all tested compounds absorbed orally and fulfilled the Lipinski rule.

Western blot is the main and basic technique in cellular and molecular biology. The principle of the western blot is the isolation and detection of the target molecule usually from a cellular extract. The whole process of western blot consists of three stages and can be described briefly as separation of



protein. followed by transportation to a solid membrane and finally detection of the target by an antibody. Western blot technique is usually used for the detection of proteins but also can be used to detect other molecules such as aptamers. Aptamers can be defined as a short-stranded DNA or RNA that bind with the target with high specificity and affinity. Aptamers highly resemble antibodies with many advantages. In this review, there is a focus on the aptamers that had validated by western blot technique other than other methods. This method has the advantage of less time required, no antibodies needed, and introducing the possibility of multiplexing detection.

In this work we investigate span 40, span 60 and SA as a gelators and olive oil (OO) as apolar liquid phase to discover the ability of organogel formed to be floating in acidic media and gain a unique gastroretentive dosage form. In addition, take advantage of the chemical



and physical properties of cinnarizine (CN) as a model drug suitable for gastroretentive systems. The floating parameters were studied where the floating lag time and floating duration for organogel in both solid and liquid states. Organogels charecterization were accomplished through the folowing investigatational techniques and analytical methods: table top rheology, optical microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and in- vitro release study. The results showed that all organogels immediately floated and they were floating in both states. Moreover, table top rheology showed that the transition temperature was reversible and higher than 37 ºC except for 7% w/w and 10% w/w SA in OO organogels where, optical images of organogel showed fibrillar network. The FTIR showed peaks associated to carbonyl groups indicated to form gelator-gelator interactions. Moreover, in vitro release study of organogel system showed continuous release CN for 9-12 hours.

Infertility is a worldwide problem affecting both genders, it can be defined as the inability of the adult males to make a fertile woman pregnant after one year of regular intercourse. Cisplatin considers one of the most potent antineoplastic drugs that is extensively



used, alone or in combination with other antitumor agents, to manage solid and germ cell cancer. The major drawback in cisplatin treatment is its damaging consequence on various body tissue, including the testis, liver, renal and others. One of its pronounced adverse effects is testicular injury, which may proceed to end with infertility. Thiamine pyrophosphate is the active form of thiamine which has an important role in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. It acts as a co-factor and energy source for many cellular enzymes, also it utilizes by pentose-phosphate shut that elevates NADPH and improves antioxidants level. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thiamine pyrophosphate on sperm parameters and gonadotropic hormones (luteal and follicle-stimulating hormone) of male rats exposed to a single dose of cisplatin.

Twenty-eight albino male rats were randomly grouped into four groups. Control group: received normal saline, Cisplatin group: received normal saline and cisplatin, TPP50 group: received thiamine pyrophosphate (50mg/kg) with cisplatin, and TPP100 group: as third group (TPP50) but thiamine pyrophosphate dose was 100 mg/kg. Semen samples used to measure the sperms viability and morphology, while serum samples were gathered to measure the levels of gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH).

This study revealed that rat’s testicular function was notably deteriorated by cisplatin administration, represented by a reduction in sperm parameters (viability and normal morphology), and serum gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH). In this work, thiamine pyrophosphate was act as a protective agent that ameliorates rat’s testicular damage induced by cisplatin in a dose-dependent manner. The suggested mechanism may attribute to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic action

Objective: In the present study, screening for some flavonoids (aglycone and glycoside) in tamarix aphylla by using thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromat-ography. Methods: The leaves of



Tamarix.aphylla was extracted by soxhlet with Ethylacetate and then with the ethanol /water 90%. The flavonoids were detected by Analyticl thin layer chromatography using standards and by HPLC. Results:Three flavonoid aglycones were extracted with ethylacetate (Kaempferol .Quercetin , Isorhamnetin) and one flavonoid glycoside (Rutin) was detected in the ethanol /water 90% extract. Conclusion: From this study can be conclude that tamarix aphylla is a promising plant for many flavonoid compounds that have many pharmacological actions

Bauhinia variegata L., is a flowering evergreen small medicinal tree characteristic with an aesthetic appearance and the shape of their flowers which resemble the orchid plant. It is a member of Leguminosae family. Commonly called" Khuf Al-Jamal" as in



Arabic and "Camel's feet" as in English. Quantitative estimation of phenolic compounds using UV spectroscopy. Also, HPLC analysis of lupeol and β-sitosterol content of aerial parts B.variegata.

Moreover, the anticancer activity of stem and leaves hexane extract against AMJ-13 cell was performed, which considered one of the first studies around the world of this plant extracts activity against AMJ-13 cell.

Background and objectives. Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that negatively affects patient’s quality of life and creates a huge burden on both patients and health care system. Effective pharmaceutical intervention could result in a tighter disease control,



reducing long term complications and improving the quality of life.

Methods: In this study, a prospective clinical trial was performed to evaluate the role of pharmaceutical care in reducing complications and in improving the quality of life among patients with T2DM.A total of 189 patients were included and divided into two groups; the first group: consisted of 95 patients, comprised the intervention group who received regular pharmaceutical care on monthly basis. The rest 94 patients were allocated to the non-intervention group who only received usual medical care. Patient selection was carried out according to certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two categories of data were recorded from each participant at 6 time points during the study period. The first category was assessment of risk factors of complication such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, uncontrolled hyperglycemia, physical inactivity and smoking. The second category was current status of diet and quality of life.

Results: The number of drug therapy problems non-adherence to medication and HBA1c were significantly reduced and quality of life was significantly improved among intervention group. Other Clinical and blood parameters were not affected.

Conclusion: Pharmacist collaboration with physicians regarding management of type II diabetes patients have yielded a better patient management outcome, reduced risk factors and improved the quality of life in those patients.