ADAB AL-BASRAH

Arab scholars paid attention to the study of time and its connotations, in the past and present, in a striking way, as this time and its connotations constitute one of the most important axes of the Arab lesson. So, this study focused on the merits of this topic for consideration, and the possibility of applying this to a literary text with distinction, which is the three texts of the novelist (Naguib Mahfouz), so his novel was the scientific brush to apply the theoretical material drawn from grammar books and others.
This research has dealt with the temporal significance in light of the evidence available in the context of the texts of the novel. It should be noted that the term “context” was not known to advanced grammarians as a grammatical or linguistic term. Rather, they objected to it in terms close to or synonymous with its lexical meaning, including the verse, the link, the evidence, the emirate and the connotation.
The research in Naguib Mahfouz’s novel trilogy has focused on two types of clues: the first is verbal clues that include: verbatim and circumstantial clues, and the second is the moral clues that relate to the context of the case for various reasons, including the frequent occurrence of these clues in the trilogy in the context of the past tense, with what it has the effect of transforming and altering the temporal significance of the past verb, so these clues had the most prominent role in deducing the grammatical time connotation. Even these clues formed a special chronological feature in the trilogy, as these clues play a role in showing the intention of the speaker in the context in which they are employed.

This study investigates the characterisation of Margaret from Cat on Hot Tin Roof (1955) by Tennessee Williams. Characterisation is a process in which fictional characters are fleshed out by the author. Margaret is one of Williams’s most memorable characters. Going through the process of characterisation attracts attention to how readers come to admire Margaret and how they infer some of her traits that are not directly mentioned in the play. Checking out the linguistic choices made by Margaret in the dialogue can explain all of her traits. In the end, the whole process of building up her personality comes to light. This study is guided by Jonathan Culpeper’s (2014) model to characterisation in which he emphasises the importance of background knowledge that comes to the process of reading. The model has two sides to it: the knowledge that comes to the text by the readers and the information that the text possesses. The analysis of this character is filtered through speech acts theory, conversation analysis, Grice’s maxims, impoliteness strategies, self and other presentation and finally cognitive categorisation. In the end, a lot can be inferred from her language which shows how rich she is as a dramatic character.

Sometimes, we face difficulty in understanding what the speaker says, about whom, when, and where. Here, context is important to understand the speaker’s meaning. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. Deixis is a form of referring that is tied to the speaker’s context. This study involves two parts: a theoretical background and a practical part. The theoretical background consists of a number of sections illustrating the concept of deixis and the Theatre of the Absurd. The practical part involves the analysis of the meaning of deictic expressions found in an absurdist work which is Harold Pinter’s The Birthday Party and a discussion of the data analysis.

This study seeks to enter the door of sources according to Al-Baquoly. Science, as our ancestors said, is a uterus among its people. It is a well-established scientific method, praised by the lofty rules of knowledge and science. Al-Baquoly relied in his classifications on the greatest scholars. It is a spacious and spacious door for whoever wants to enter it. So, I limited it to one side; it is an indication of the effect that the Al-Zjjaj had on the most prominent of Al-Baquoly's works. It appears to the meditator the presence of rich glass in it. No wonder, Al-Zjjaj has a great impact on the books that were classified after him, and he is a great ancient scholar, close to Sibawayh. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it brings together two great scholars, among the most prominent grammarians who have efforts that have contributed to the scientific-linguistic movement.

The semantics that is formed by the interrogative unit with patronage of context evidences in the speech of Heights Chapter, such as deny, vituperation, balm, and astonish, can give the strength to the semantic imagination in the recipient, as shown in His saying: (Then do they not give thought? There is in their companion [Muhammad] no madness), verse 184. Also, the two contexts, the thought and companionship, which are mentioned in the verse represent preaching for clear-sightedness to establishing the facts and identifying it.
The presence of two parties of the speech (The reciter and recipient) sometime is less importance in regards to the conversions; i.e. inability to grammatical formulation to stratify with one of them sometimes or exhausting them together as shown in showing the semantic of impossibility in context of impossibilities represented in His saying: (So call upon them and let them respond to you, if you should be truthful) verse 194. Its semantic context led to make the disability of the recipient to similar semantic context.
(Should هل) is used in some locations to perform the wishing function in the speech of the Heights Chapter as it is added new sense of taste we never knew if the original wishing tool (Would) is used.

The main research objectives are: first, it identifies the general features of Al-A'lam Al-Shantamari methodology in his book "Tahsil A'in Al-Zahab". Second, it explains the attitude of Al-Shantamari regarding the different narration of poetry and its relationship to citation, and the reasons for giving superiority to one narration over another. Third, it identifies the reasons behind the difference in narration.
As far as the research methodology, the research employed the descriptive and analytical methodology, whereby it identifies the quotations and analyzes them grammatically, explaining the effect of the difference in the narration on the poetic quotation.
The research confirms Al-A'lam's care for the different narrations in his explanation of poetic quotation. Al-Shantamari used to comment on the narrations and mention the reason for them, as he mentioned that the mispronunciation "Al-Tasheef" was among the reasons for the difference, as well as the error, and the difference in the narration of the rhyme of the quotation as a result of the difference of those who narrated it, or the mistake in reciting the poetic verse, or the different.

The research is a study that adopted the description and analysis in its approach to demonstrate the accuracy of choosing the words of the Holy Quran in choosing the nominal and verbal forms of the Quranic systems. The Holy Quran chooses its words and letters very accurately, by its ingenious system and miraculous performance. Therefore, this applied study is in some of the verbs and nouns that were mentioned in one context and the statement of the expressive values carried by the Qur’anic systems came.

The Cossacks played a major role in drawing plans within the Zemsky Council for the ascension of Mikhail Romanov to the throne, and after they carried out their plans, they went to his assistance to eliminate his opponents in power, as they had a great impact in fighting the Polish people and removing them from Moscow. Thus they were able to approach the Czar and obtain many privileges enabled them to consolidate their position inside Tsarist Russia, which prompted them to strengthen their military role in defending the country during the wars with Poland that entered the country.

Al-Jami' in the terminology of the Hadiths’ is a book in which a large number of Hadiths of the Prophet (May God bless him and his family and grant them peace) are collected, and His family (peace be upon them). The primary big Hadith’s books were chronicled in the second and third centuries of the Hijra, and the secondary big Hadith books were chronicled in the fourth and fifth centuries of Hijra. As for the later, big Hadith books, they were chronicled in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, followed by other big Hadith books. The chronicling began with what Imam Ali (peace be upon him) wrote, which is called the ‘Scroll of Ali’ or ‘Al-Jamia’, then the second round began in the second century AH. As for the third round, it began in the era of Imam Al-Kadhim (peace be upon him) to the beginning of the Minor Occultation, in the year 260 AH.
The theology that was considered the core of the primary big Hadith books in the era of the Imams Al-Baqir and Al-Sadiq (peace be upon them) were recorded. What distinguishes the sixteen theologies is that they were received directly from the Imams, and they were recorded based on progress in the inquest.

The emergence of royal literature in Arab-Islamic history is linked to the transition of the political system from a succession system in which the candidate has the necessary qualifications and prescriptions to take over this position to a hereditary king which is necessary nervousness and based on predominance and strength, especially during the Umayyad era. The candidate does not possess qualifications such as that of the successors of the Prophet, so their system constituted a dangerous transition in the style of government and its approach, which has generated serious political and social repercussions that we are not going to address in our research here. However, the most prominent in the process of transitioning the system of government from choice to inheritance as he gave legitimacy to the authoritarian nature of the caliphate institution, considering that the new heir to the government has the necessary qualifications to maintain stability and preserve the laws of Islam at a time when the force and stakeholders were responsible for placing the candidates on the throne of succession and rule as the guardian of the order. Therefore the political need has led to legalize its existence through the letters of Mamluk literature or what became known as the Sultan's literature, whose active presence in the writings of Ibn Al-Muqaffaa, Al-DJaahith and Ibn Qutaiba through the stages of the history of the Abbasid state in its first era, from 132 H to the end of the caliphate of Al-Mutawakkil in 247 H.

The argument of the two Iraqis Al-Kirmani is a milestone in Islamic history in general and Fatimid history in particular, and he had intellectual views on the question of God’s life and attributes, which he supplemented with the Ismaili doctrine. By the command of Allah, the Fatimid (386-411 A.H. / 996-1021 A.D.). The centre piece of sedition was the call for the imam to be the ruler, to which some jurists and clerics prayed, including Hassan Al-Farghani. The governor rejected their beliefs and demanded them stop igniting sedition, but after they insisted, that insistence led to confusion of internal situations and fighting between the two parties. When the fires of sedition flared up and after the governor failed to put it out by force, the preachers in the Fatimid (guest sisters) asked the ally governor to bring Al-Kirmani to do what he has the sciences and knowledge of extinguishing this fitna.
With the encouragement and guidance of the ruler by God’s command, Al-Kirmani led the campaign to defend the Fatimid creed with all his sciences and beliefs, explaining with his sciences and knowledge the sickness of the ideas of the owners of the new da'wa that contradicted and contradicted the Fatimid Islamic doctrines drawn according to the Ismaili employment of them from the Holy Qur’an and the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (May God bless him and his God). For that, he compiled many books and letters explaining the Ismaili beliefs, which focused mainly on the issue of unifying the divine self, the status of prophethood, and the position of the Imamate.

The study aims to identify the change in the qualitative characteristics of surface water in Basra Governorate (Rivers and marshes water projects), after a series of hydrological and morphometric changes to the water system located in the far south of Iraq. Then, water samples were collected from various sites: The Tigris and Euphrates rivers (within the boundaries of Basra governorate), Al-Sweib, Al-Shafi, and Shatt Al-Arab in the locations of Al-Hartha, Al-Maqal, Abu Al-Khasib, Al-Siba, Al-Faw, Hor Al-Hammar (East Zone), Al-Bada'a canal, Ketiban canal, general estuary, and Shatt Al-Basra within the lowest islands and for laboratory analysis for four seasons for the years 2018-2019.
The study showed many changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of water between the year 2018, which was characterized by unprecedented water scarcity, and the beginning of the year 2019, which was characterized by high discharges and showed a spatial and seasonal change in the hydrochemical characteristics of rivers, marshes, and water projects in the study area.

The countries of the world vary in population, but the real value of this human resource is not measured on the basis of quantity but measured on the basis of type, and the quality and value of the population is determined by the extent to which the state provides economic projects and social development services that contribute to a high level of well-being, through the optimal exploitation of natural resources, while retaining the rights of future generations.

The research aims to study the specific characteristics of the population of the United States of America (USA) and China, which are a strategic weight in the geopolitical perspective; as the population constitutes an important element of the state’s power, and the main determinant of its foreign policy and its orientations towards other countries. In order to highlight the qualitative weight of the population of the USA and China and its impact on their foreign policy and the latter’s repercussions on international security, it is necessary to address some development indicators and compare them with some countries which constitutes an important political and economic presence at the international level, so that we can assess the development trend of both countries.

The research aims to introduce the importance of information marketing and its services at the marine Sciences Center and to identify the methods and methods of marketing in it, as the documentary approach was used in the theoretical side and the descriptive method (case study) in the practical side as it is considered the most appropriate approach tp the nature of this research. Data percentages were used in the research the research reached many results, which are as follows:
1- The center actively contributes to the advancement of scientific research.
2-It offers various scientific activities such as holding confereces, seminars, and seminars…etc.
3- There is no independent and special budget for the center, but rather it funded by the presidency of Basra University.
The research came out with several recommendations as follows:
1- Encouragement to continue writing research in the center.
2- The need to provide an independent and sufficient budget to meet the needs of the center.

The research aims to identify the areas of success of the library service through a survey of the opinions of the teachers at the Technical Institute / Basra for the purpose of knowing the factors that enable the library to maintain its position and role in the service of scientific research, and to know the most important negatives that affect the success of the library service.
A case study method was used, and a stratified proportional sample was selected, totaling (81) teaching staff and used a questionnaire as a tool for collecting data, and it was processed statistically. The research reached a number of results as follows:
The agreement of the teachers on a number of factors for the success of the library service:
1- Make sure to provide a website for the library with the provision of the Internet.
2- Provide modern resources as well as cooperation between corresponding university libraries.
3- Increase the loan period for teachers and provide them with facilities.
The research came out with several recommendations, including:
1- Interest in appointing specialists and non-specialists in the field of libraries and information and involve them in training courses in information services.
2- Activate the internet service and create special spaces for teachers.
3- Create databases that include the contents of the library to facilitate the use of them.