ADAB AL-BASRAH

Basrah after being constructed by the great sahabi Utba bin Gazawn (may Allah be pleased with him) died in (14 A.H.) , had got the attention of the reporters and early narrators , from historical and cultural sides , since it was the first city which the Arab Muslims built outside their Arabian peninsula. A little after being constructed, it became an important cultural sign that attracted a lot of educated people and knowledge seekers to get the knowledge from its scientists who were so famous in all over the world, otherwise many scientists and philosophers had made it their permanent residence.
This attention and care in Basrah had been seen obviously through the many works and books which had been written by the reporters and earlier narrators. Ibn AL- Nadeem, Abu AL- Faraj Muhammad bin Abi Yagoob Ishag AL- Warag AL- Baghdadi (died in 385 A.H.) had listed the famous writers like Abi Ubaida Mammar bin AL- muthana (died 210 A.H.), Ali bin Muhammad AL- Madani (died in 253 A.H.), and Omar bin Shaba (died 262 A.H.), who classified books about Basrah in which they wrote down its history, the news of its scientists, princes, judges, writers, and other aspects of its cultural conditions. Ibn AL-Nnadeem had the favor of saving the names of those who wrote about Basrah, the titles of their books, which the most important of them were lost, so its news had been reached by the earlier historians like AL- Jahith (died in 255 A.H.), AL- Balathery (died in 279 A.H.), AL- Mubarad ( died in 285 A.H.), AL0 Tabari (died in 310 A.H.), and others who will be mentioned in detail in this research.
This research will also show the importance of Ibn AL- nadeem’s book (AL-Fahrast) in which he preceded others in recording this kind of classifications which kept for us the names of authors and their titles of their works on literature, news, translations and different kinds of arts and science till the year (377 A.H.) in which he finished the writing of his above mentioned book.

AL-Balaathiri's book Futooh al-Buladaan is deemed as one of significant sources that deal with countries . this is due to the historical ,geographical and economic contents that it came to have about the Islamic towns.
AL-Balaathiri had followed and adopted an academic procedure in composing this book-based an marrating and evaluating the historical events in more than one version.
He talked about the urbanization of al-Basrah –a subject for which he allotted 25 pages in his book. He started by mentioning its towns and villages in the pre-Islamic era, such as: al-khuraiba and al-Ubilla.
He also talked about the efforts made by the Muslim leaders in liberating al-Basrah ( by Utba ibn Ghazwaan in the year 14 AH.). He cited information about the bases and principles followed in building the city and the problem of saltiness in it. He .as well, talked about its mosques buildings, palaces and baths. In addition , he talked about the role played by the women in liberating the city and her right in owning private properties, houses, baths and rives.

This paper sheds light on the history of the city of Basra and the Basri narrators through the book " Al-Wafi bil wafiyyat " written by Al-Safadi. The paper also points out the significance of such translated works in writing history. In this context, the researchers have quoted Al-Safadi's saying " the history is the mirror of the time, the translations of the world (for what has been seen ) are the means for the development, and the narrations of the ancestors who had suffered a lot are the means for enjoyment".

I knew Basra as the capital of capitals of Islamic culture since time early, and saw the renaissance of scientific since its inception due to the presence of a large number of scientists from the grammarians and linguists, historians, writers and speakers and doctors, who were keen on Tersikhhm to scientific bases and schools known in Islamic culture including a school Basra grammatical and other and contributed to the building said human civilization in various fields of science and then abounded Ntegathm that استوعبته libraries ancient in Basra and moved them to the Islamic world, and very nice signal bigeye a scientist, visual, who was born and lived and died by the importance of this mixing and scientific exchange between scientists Basra and the Islamic world countries, he said: (( and demonstrating the benefit of the book, it not for the book is not permissible to teach the people of tenderness, Mosul and Baghdad, Wasit was in Basra and what is happening in Kufa in the whites of day until the incident in Kufa Dop Learning by the people of Basra before the evening)) and said it: ((minimum Basra)), and was City births scientists and pervaded the fruit of her children that Ahtute libraries in schools, mosques and homes, and pervaded by the libraries of the world, and the oldest of those libraries in this ancient city library bigeye, best known for his love of books and passion to it, and library Isaac Ben Solomon, which he described bigeye said: (I have entered the Isaac Bin Sulaiman in his command saw ... House books and around Alasfat and parchments and Aalghematir and notebooks ..)), and bookcase Abi Hatim Sijistani and bookcase Ibn Duraid, and library'm bracelet writer (d. 483 AH), known House books and collected books invaluable to scholars of Basra and bookcase strap Batken, and others.
In modern times the first people of this city their interest to collect scattered manuscripts and the efforts of individual and systemic them Sheikh Ahmed Khan Bahadur, which became the nucleus of the Office of the University of Basra and the late linguistic Hashim Taan.
The collection of manuscripts and make them available to researchers one of the concerns of those in charge of the University Library Basra since its founding in 1964, which was the nucleus Library lawyer Ahmad Khan Bahadur, which amounted at the time 470 manuscripts and acquired by the university in 1969 with a group of other manuscripts purchased from the late Dr.. Hashim Taan (Allah's mercy ) and a host of other systemic family of late and others. and most of these manuscripts in front Hanafi, literature, language, and other sciences.
The first attempt was made to indexed in 1968 by Muhammad Ali morning Index 64 manuscripts printed Alru, then issued an index Professor Abdul Jabbar Abdul Rahman in partnership with one of the researchers Mijbil necessary Muslim in the late eighties of the last century magazine supplier, respectively. It is important libraries in Iraq because it:
1 - turned aside from Basra intellectuals activity and the nature of their concerns.
2 - reveal the activity of some cultural centers that were practiced cultural and scientific tasks such as schools, mosques and bookcases.
3 - reveal about the history and activity of some well-known families in Basra and interests
We will discuss in this research demonstrate the importance of these manuscripts that preserved and delivered from the harsh conditions experienced by the city in the previous era.

The Shams al-Din Abu Abdullah Muhammad, known as (Bishari Maqdisi) died in 380 AH or 390 AH / 990 or 999 AD, and NasserKhosrow Iboumoiean Alkubbadeani Marwozi died in 438 AH / 1064 AD among Albldanyeen Muslims of the few who gave us an accurate description of the country that gone and visited it, as canvass the circumstances and affairs, and religious doctrines with great accuracy who differed from the other products in this area. Despite their different orientations of cultural, intellectual and religious have lived first in the city of Alqods in Palestine and grew up in an Arab and a Sunni, while emerged second in the city of Marow in the province of Khorasan emergence of Persian and Ismaili Fatimid, but they have given us of their visit to Basrah, a clear picture about its history and its development and socio-economic status whose results were a clear reflection of the political situation that hit the state Abbasid time, especially in the fourth century and the first half of the fifth century AH / tenth and eieventh centuries AD, as was the emergence of states have entered into conflict with each other for control and influence, including the state Albuehyids that the foundations of princes state hereditary in the center of the Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad) between 334- 447 AH / 945-1055AD. Since Bishari maqdisi and NasserKhosrow apart not long, but they undoubtedly have lived and witnessed part of the political conflicts in the State Albuehyih in Iraq, and during their visit to Basrah, said their social, physical, economic, and periods of recovery and recession and the growth of some cities and prosperity, may inversely copy of the the political reality experienced by the city, especially in a period of turmoil authority Buehyids in 373 AH / 983 AD and that the grapes etc Bishari Maqdisi, then the conflict of family between Buehyids and control of one of the sons of Abu Kelijar Daylami died in 440 AH / 1048 AD, and their reflections on the Basrah General after his control, which has experienced its creation NasserKhosrow. Has recorded both the reality and the different ways in his work, alepeshara Maqdisi said in his work famous (best Altqasim to know the regions) to Basrah, which we believe he has had a year ago, 375 AH / 985 AD, the year began writing his work, this, a description of their markets, trade and doctrines of its people and its cities The scenes and commended it and tell us about the suffering of its people from the heavy taxes due to the political conflict between Buehyids for funds at the time. The Nasir Khusraw, who visited Basra in 443 AH / 1051 AD, as pointed out in his work (Safarnama) has told us about Wall Basra tight construction and rivers and the many and the recovery of Idiot and the destruction of some destinations, especially the southwestern part turned to desert, no buildings in which, and the poverty of her family and described their neighborhoods, has reversed those pictures and descriptions that pointed to it, the political reality experienced by the city at the time and comparison between what was reported by Bishari Maqdisi and Nasserkhosro the number and description of neighborhoods that have changed completely from what mentioned first may be due to poor conditions experienced Basrah, leading to the destruction of some parts and the emergence of new neighborhoods because of the continuing migration of people from the southern and west towards the beaches or along the rivers where the livelihood opportunities available, and seek protection within its walls, built at the time.

Basrah, since it has been a city in 14 A.H on the hand of great leader Utba Bin Ghazwan, , has got great attention by the Arab historian and Muslims. Ibn Saad is one of those historians who had given Basrah a great attention and what it has witnessed of political , social , economical and educational developments for it became a settlement for the migrated Muslims. It has attracted many Companions who came and settled in Basra . as a result they had established many intellectual schools outside the Arabian Peninsula. These schools has become gleam centers for the whole world. Many students who sought science and knowledge came to Basra in order to drink much from its sciences and literature .
In our research we will throw the light on one of Basra characters who had a great, clear impact in studying of the important aspects of Basra's history and civilization through his book ( AlTabakat AlKubra , The Major Classes) . He has written about the biography of many companions and followers and followers of the followers both men and women . He spoke about their light spots of their intellectual , scientific and professional career . It was an obvious print in the heritage of Basra and he was so well in that. Because of the importance of this book as it contains valuable information about the history of the Arab Islamic state has printed several edition. This book is divided into a number of parts according the edition
For the importance of Basra in Islamic history as the first city in Islam, as well a the first city outside the Arabian Peninsula has attracted arrivals of companions to dwell in, so it had a great attention by the Caliphs, and later of the Umayyads and Abbasids, being the it was the base from which the Muslim Arab armies launch to the east , and what was this city of a leading role in political and military events, in particular its role in the Islamic conquests, and the battle of the AlJamel (Camel) , and the revolution of Musab ibn al-Zubayr and other momentous events , as well as they formed the nucleus of the intellectual movement and civilization to the Islamic nation after the city of Medina, as it left us a huge legacy about the biography of the companions and followers and followers of the followers in the language and the science oh Sheria (Islam) and interpretation and various humanities sciences.
In fact, the major classes of Ibn Saad is considered a rich source of study and an important part in Basra's history and culture through its historical stages, as it covers the critical period that Basra had a share in the history the Arab Islamic state since its establishment until the author's death in230 AH.

The Book of the animal to Abu Uthman Amro ibn Bahr Al-Jaha'z sources of Basrah's history important because the author was a true image of this city was born and lived and died, which is not known the author of Al-Jaha'z images environment accurate portrayal. It provides Al-Jaha'z features of life and locations hometown of Basra guide book of the animal. The book animal abounds with regard to this city and this is one of the most important sources for in the first three centuries because it is often mentioned, which read, heard and much of what users and try and perhaps his observations and experiences are more important because they reflect the life of the community visual and was disturbed by it and because Al-Jaha'z was concerned that the image honest to his time, and a book of animal protruding one of the sources that helped to portray the Basrah and shaping the society in which disrupted when many races and
various cultures which have interacted.
Al-Jaha'z talking about Al- Basrah Al-Jaha'z and associate news stories and funny and sometimes are not funny and some was coupled with scientific phenomena such as bird migrations, as documented in this book that our folk customs and the names of ordinary people from the general public as well as writers and scholars of the people of Basra.
Came famous Al-Jaha'z from his book Animal, because this book has a wealth of material for geography, history, sociology, religion and literature in addition to the life sciences is the book encyclopedic really. Al-Jaha'z spoke for the community of Basrah and did not leave a range of brackets, without touched or little story about a so provides material for those who want to look in the history of Basrah and defining its role in the Arab-Islamic civilization.

Praise be to God that His grace is righteous and His mercy erased evil deeds, prayer and peace be upon His creation wholes, Habib god worlds, Abu Kassim Mohamed Mustafa and his family vanity in Miami and after ....
It is a great honor that the blessed God this Alahbuh divine, as had the privilege to participate in this conference distinguished and which will be held under the slogan (Basra celebrates بإرثها cultural) has opted in this research humble to touch this subject and that highlighting the side from the date of Mesopotamia Amari which contained a multiple stages of growth and development and maturity in Structural Engineering and Planning Ammari houses also knew a lot of stages retreat and retreat to the simplest forms and poorest because of the conditions of life and the vagaries of the economy and foreign invasion of the country, and subsequent unrest in things and a defect in the scales of public life, and intellectual including, in particular , and here they have to refer to the thought Amari and its overall impact.
It is no doubt that many moments to shine and golden models, as they say:
More than that is incalculable, in ancient Iraq - Arab and Islamic Iraq - Arab .... The house is the center of all events and all the phenomena of life ... ...... Then the Almighty Allah, the house, and everyone home, and to heal the house, and money House and the judiciary and the justice house or a house ...
The research began at the entrance to the unit basic Alamaria is home, which in all its forms: the temple and then the mosque and the palace and then the hospital and private house ... All but descended from a single origin is not simple ... any house with one room and the arena before ...
If there are sophisticated models, it will because the power of thought Amari are part of the power of social thought and then subjected to all the complexities of society and the requirements and desires ambitious and because the taste is breeding already ... So the community who brought up the public taste for Mahsusat, must discover ways his life and disclosed wonderful demonstration aesthetic ... and sports mentality is not without human emotional and so is the case with houses.
Archaeologists have discovered and researchers in Iraq, many types of which over times and ages, and in different geographical areas and regions.
Then put a House about the importance of the Iraqi Islamic era is no doubt of the important elements in the history of Arab-Islamic architecture, and perhaps the shape and layout due to the role and palaces which was held in Iraq since the earlier eras of Islam.
The touched upon elements Alamaria House Islamic Iraqi in Basra as a model of the year (14 AH - 279 AH), (635 m - 892 m) indicating what was the atmosphere and the natural environment of the impact on the planning and building of the Iraqi house and also showed the impact of social terms to build this house Then his divisions.
The Palace dealt SAA model for heritage Basra According to historical texts and archaeological sites, the house in Basra in the first reign was a simple construction and reeds and then burned and built with milk, bricks and stones.
Have addressed these elements Alamaria Kalmdakhl, doors and corridors and courtyard (saucer) and Iwan and corridors and tunnels and windows Alroashen and bathrooms, الكنيف and Gutters and others.
And we ask Him to accept the best acceptance and it post auspicious for reviving our heritage and our ancient heritage and God's answer for you and for us, God willing