Journal of University of Babylon

Social media plays a prominent role in the process of social interaction virtually between individuals which is the dominant feature in contemporary societies. In the age of informatics، the world has become a small village whose behavior behaves somewhat uniformly as a result of falling under the influence of the modern globalization system that pursues unilateral perspective in order to achieve the goals of that system that conflicts intellectually، religiously، socially، culturally، economically and politically with the nature of our Arab Middle Eastern societies. Today، social media has become harmful as a result of the bad use of it، because all individuals can access it effortlessly and communicate with what they want from people، whether they know them or not، or watch what they like according to what dictates to himself whenever he wants and how he wants.
As a result of the occurrence of most members of society، especially university youth، under the influence of the new global system and the great role these websites play in stirring up their feelings and instincts، our young people today are busy with social media of all kinds (Facebook، You Tube Instagram، Twitter... etc) on Calculating the social، family، academic and intellectual aspects and all the obligations and duties that they have on them، whether on the personal level or on the social level.

This study sheds light on the elements of the dramatic structure in AL- Sayyab’s “The Grave Digger” as one of the prolonged poems which represent a development by their linguistic and poetic stuctures. Using dialogic style، the poet has high lighted the conflict of a lonely hero (the grave digger) among his real state and the state he wishes to be in and that of the others. The poet explains how his start point always has a link with the end points of the others. The poet has invested what this job involves of psychological effect، which his reflected in its relations with the surrounding things. As a result، the place، time، and events، which have psychological effects reflected in their relations with the environment،have produced a work of dramatic nature. The study is divided into two sections: the firs has been devoted to discussing the meaning of drama and its main principles while the second makes an analysis of the poem to highlight those forms involved within the poem. The study ends with presenting some conclusions.

The Public Administration Assumes The Management of The Affairs of The State And The Conduct of Its Affairs With The Powers And Privileges Granted To It By The Legislator In order To Achieve The Public Interest، And The Most Dangerous of These Privileges Is Its Right To Issue Decisions That Are Binding on Their Individual Will، And Therefore Individuals Find Themselves With A Refusal To Confront Them Without Facing Their opinion on It، And Since This Inner Will of The Administration Should Appear In An External Appearance Until The Individuals Concerned With Its Implementation Know About It And This Appearance Is What Is Called The "Administrative Decision Form" So It Is Considered A Guarantee For Individuals Because Debriefed Note Determined By The Administration Towards Them.
And The Defect of The Form In The Administrative Decision Is one of The Reasons For Challenging It With Cancellation Because It Sets Forth A Basic Pillar of The Administrative Decision That Cannot Be Rectified Without It، Because The Administration Is obligated To Empty Its Will In The Form Determined By The Law And The Administrative Judiciary Has The Power To Cancel The Defective Form.
The Importance of The Corner of The Form Emerges In Its Privacy Because It organizes And Controls The Work of The Administration In A Specific، Accurate And Legal Form، Which Entails Ensuring The Legitimacy of The Decision Issued By The Administration، Because The Administration’s Commitment To It Leads To The Achievement of The Public Interest Because It Shows An External Manifestation of The Will of The Administration.

The Holy Qur’an is considered the most reliable source in the proof and evidence of Arabic grammar that is why it is usually used to approve or disapprove any other text written in Arabic. Hence, the research studies the Qur'anic witness for Ibn al-Nazim’s view of prepositions in his explanation of what this book included from the mobilization of the Qur’anic evidence that was not included in the rest of the “Millennial Commentaries” (Shooruh Alaalfiyah) and the importance of the grammatical witness of the correct usage in Arabic. This research follows a descriptive, analysis-based methodology.

Plants have occupied an important place in the religious conception because they for man important element in the story of creation. In fact, palm trees, fig and olive have been the most considerable trees because human put on them the meanings of health, happiness, mirth, fertility, safety, peace and many others high expectations. This study aims to search the symbolic meanings of these plants in the religious conception to find out their connotations in the Jewish, Christian and Islamic religious texts.

- The current research aims to know: the effect of applied theory in the achievement of intermediate school students in the second subject in geography.
- Research Procedures: The researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control between the experimental and control groups. The total of the two groups reached (42) students، and the researcher prepared behavioral goals amounting to (100) behavioral goals distributed at the four levels of Bloom\'s classification of behavioral goals، namely (remembering، understanding، applying، and analyzing)، and preparing the study plan to teach the two groups،The researcher used one measurement tool which is (the achievement test) consisting of (50) items for both groups to measure the change in the level of students ’achievement in the geography subject and extracted for him honesty and consistency. The researcher applied the final achievement test to the students of the two research groups (experimental and control) after completing his teaching the topics specified in the current research، on: 5/5/2019. The researcher used the following statistical methods: - (t-test) for two independent samples، and Chi-square، and the paragraph strength differentiation equation.
- Interpretation of the results: - The superiority of the experimental group that was studied according to the applied theory was superior to that of the control group without which the subject was studied، through the difference of the test results.
In light of the results of the current research، the researcher concluded:
Teaching according to the applied theory helpedin raising the educational attainment of students through cooperation among them، identifying obstacles to study and working to solve them.
In light of the results of this research، the researcher recommends:
Approval of teaching according to the applied theory of teaching in the intermediate stage.
To complement the aspects of this research، the researcher suggested:
Carrying out a similar study to the current study in other social subjects (history and national education).

This paper is an extract from an MA thesis entitled “Investigating Assessment Tools Used for Learning in Sunrise Textbook in High Schools of Sulaimani City” that tackles the assessment tools in high schools. Assessment is generally defined as a tool that is used by teachers to collect information on students for the purpose of judging, appraising and deciding on students’ level. Assessment underwent a lot of changes for many decades; therefore, our teacher should go with the changes that happened to assessment. The textbook that is studied in high school is Sunrise which is based on communicative language teaching. Each oral activity aims at preparing students to use the language in communication. It concentrates on both reception and production skills and more than half of the activities concentrate on oral skill: listening and speaking. The problem arises from the fact that the instructions of the Ministry of Education is in such a way that divided the marks for the items in the textbook just for written format test.
The thesis targets high school supervisors and teacher at various schools of West Directorate of Education (Rozhawa). To reach the aim of the study, the researcher relies on questionnaire based on data collection. The main questions of this study are whether teachers face problem in assessing and whether the map of Sunrise is covered in the test. It should be remembered that the relationship between Ministry of Education’s instruction and its effect on the tools of assessment by teacher is the main target of current study as teachers are the main element of assessment. The questionnaire is prepared in two versions: one for the high school supervisors, and the other for high school teachers.
The findings of the study shows that the assessment tools that are used by the teacher lack many useful tools, and they confront problems in understanding and interpreting assessment tools and types, moreover, the concentration of teachers are only on written form. The Ministry of Education does not supply enough instructions regarding assessment tools and the mark distributions are not fairly given to the skills. Teachers and students do not pay much attention to the oral activities in Sunrise so students do not acquire language skills properly.

International organizations are considered persons of public law, therefore it requires that they enjoy in the country of headquarters with all respect and appreciation far from any harm to its dignity, and that the latter guarantee safety and stability for them in all various material and moral aspects, and take charge of protecting them from any aggression on the material or moral side.
The crime of insulting the international organization operating in Iraq is considered a crime by the statutory bodies as it represents a moral attack focused on international organizations whose headquarters are in Iraq, and the impact of the act, whether by word, reference or announcement, on the moral side of the international organizations operating in Iraq, the Iraqi legislator has criminalized this Behavior in Article (227) of the Penal Code.

The crime of insulting the command is one of the assault crime in ,mind, As the attach there is not material but rather moral it targeting the considerater's honor and considration.
And for these considrations and in order to protect the matter from any aggression police legislation has taken care of protection the commander's honor and considration have criminalized acts that constitute an insult to the person.
And based on the legislator's keenness on the security and safety of the military regime and the respect that follows from it and his own and maintain his dignity، as possible and enveloped it possible،decided to punish them،this penalty is justified by the in teresets of this system the necessay necessity to provide the necessary respect to the commanding person of the commandant and protecting him from the hurtful words of his dignity and diamonds as. When the legal staff are available to crime of insulting the commander and the guide to the probation of its commitment the impact of it is the punishment of the culprit(minimum rank)،the punishment is the penalty that the law decided for crime and judge is signed for them،and then do not rise criminal responsibility for minimum rank and is not worth the punishment for the crime of insulting the commander if the crime is not committed and all its owners are available، The Internal Security Forces penal code has stated in the same named penal in the general penal code،which is divided by the penalties to original and other dependencies. this law has provided all the original sanctions contained in the articles(85-90)of the penal code،which isan execute،life imprisonment and temporary،and severe and simple imprisonment either sanctions dependency، it is a sanctions of dependency as expelling and output from the jop and these sanctions are no counterparty in the general penal code.

There are many studies that have been concerned with studying the image of the other in Arab heritage. I have tried in this study to expand the concept of the other, as it is not different in terms of race, religion, gender, and tongue, but is the other socially, morally, and culturally escaped. This study aspires to the image of the other imperfected to be a form of dialogue with the self, and probing its depths, and stripping them to reveal the forbidden and desired at the same time within the human psyche.
The concept of a deficient person is determined by evoking its opposite, the perfect person. Inferiority and perfection are two opposing concepts, one of which can be achieved only with the presence of the other. An incomplete human being does not have a fixed, complete, and historical existence, but rather takes different forms according to the different references that flow from it, whether they are religious, philosophical, mystical, rhetoric, etc. In the field of literature, deficiency may take different faces. The deficiency may be related to the social status of man, such as the general class, commoners and varieties, such as parasites, troublemakers, fools, calibers, and others, and The concept of a deficient person is determined by evoking its opposite, the perfect person. Inferiority and perfection are two opposing concepts, one of which can be achieved only with the presence of the other. An incomplete human being does not have a fixed, complete, and historical existence, but rather takes different forms according to the different references that flow from it, whether they are religious, philosophical, mystical, rhetoric, etc. In the field of literature, deficiency may take different faces. The deficiency may be related to the social status of man, such as the general class, commoners and varieties, such as parasites, troublemakers, fools, calibers, and others, and everyone who performs sordid acts such as theft, fraud, parasitism, and kadia, and others related to incomplete human properties such as absurdity, foolishness and madness. The decrease may also start from the mental aspects represented by foolishness and insanity, or physically deficient represented by the owners of defects and impairments, meaning that the literary institution has been concerned with the decrease in both moral and moral aspects.
We have chosen the personality of Ibn Al-Hajjaj, to represent the imperfect man for two captains, the first of which is that Ibn Al-Hajjaj was a strange figure that came without precedent. The second is that his poetry is of great importance, through which the poet was able to collect various human deficiencies and shortcomings, which did not receive a small amount of research. His poetry remained almost overwhelmed, and perhaps this is due to the rhetoric that he calls obscenity, depression, and dumping in ugliness, which is not palatable to the conservative taste.

The present study aims at investigating dramatic characters' language as identity mirroring, focusing on the three main characters in Palace of the End by Judith Thompson; the American Soldier, David Kelly and Nehrjas. The play interestingly presents three totally different discourses; each character uses different linguistic notions with different artistic impulses to provide traces for his/her identity. The study is set on a ground between two interdisciplinary fields; PRAGMATICS and STYLISTICS whose main interest is meaning and its effect. The pragma-stylistic domain is intended to serve well as a means to reach the intended findings, consequently, fulfilling the aims of the study.

The current research took care of a study: representations dramatic values of Christ’s pain in modern European painting. It included four chapters. The first chapter contained the research problem, the importance of research and the need for it, and the aim of the research, which is: Identify representations dramatic values of Christ’s pain in modern European painting, as well The chapter included search terms and definitions. And the second chapter contained the theoretical framework and previous studies, as the theoretical framework included two topics, the first topic: the dramatic values of Christ’s conceptual pain, and the second topic: representations of the dramatic values of the religious image in modern European painting. The chapter also included theoretical framework indicators that were used as tools in building the tool and analysis in research procedures. As for the third chapter, it deals with the research procedures that included the research community, the research sample, and the research tool that became ready for application after achieving honesty and consistency. The chapter also included the statistical methods used in achieving the honesty and consistency of the research tool, then analyzing the sample of the research sample consisting of (6) forms Just. According to the analysis of the sample's research samples, the fourth chapter included the results of the research, the conclusions, recommendations and proposals, and some of the conclusions that emerged from the research:
1. The characteristic of likeness or unity with the image of Christ (PBUH) that appeared in most models of the research sample gives an impression of the character of the human self and its domination of the prevailing modernist intellectual scene, and thus the attempt to sanctify the human self instead of the religious sanctification associated with the Christian cause.
2. The image of Christ (PBUH) with its various dramatic values of his pain and torments became an artistic icon, in which most modern European painting artists found their intellectual and artistic aspirations, despite their different intellectual orientations and artistic styles, which gives an impression on the extent of the expansion of the dramatic values of the pain of Christ In modern European thought, with the civilizational, religious, and artistic legacy of these values.

This study is titled Displacement in the Book Entitled Dogs’ Priority over Many of Those Who Wear Clothes which is represented in the introduction and the conclusion of the research. The introduction is entitled the concept of displacement which is defined in terms of language, terminology and a historical overview in Arab and Western thought. Displacement is divided into semantic displacement, syntactic displacement, and musical displacement. the study ends with some conclusions.

The study explained that European Thinkers and Philosophers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have a great impact on the intellectual awakening of the European people through their views, ideas and economic theories that emphasized the policy of economic freedom that leads to the quality of production and innovation and the development of scientific capabilities to advance progress and development, and encourage entrepreneurship and high income National, taking into account the economic rights of the individual, each according to his abilities and capabilities and efforts exerted in factories, commercial companies, industrial and financial investment projects, and at the same time revealed the philosophers and theorists of European society first They called on the workers of the world to unite in a struggle against the capitalists. This is not a pity for them against their exploiters, but for the intensity of the conflict that leads to a new situation. The demise of classes until the contradictions disappear and that the classless society.

The efficiency of primary education services in Hamza Eastern district was studied to clarify the reality of educational services and compare it with planning standards, The study included two topics, The first covered the geographical distribution of primary education institutions in the Hamza Eastern district, while the second topic dealt with the efficiency of primary education services in the Hamza Eastern district according to local standards. It was clear from the study of educational indicators that there are indicators that are higher than the local standard, including the (pupil / teacher) index of (23.8) and the (pupil / division) index (37.5) and the indicator of the period of school use that showed the presence of (67 schools) is a guest of the original schools The number (81 schools) has two working hours.
The study also showed that the length of the distance traveled to reach primary schools on foot recorded the highest percentage in Al-Shana area and reached (70.5%) of the total students surveyed, and that the longest period of time to reach primary schools was also recorded in the Al-Shana area amounted to (72.5%) of the total number of students The respondents.

This research is concerned with the ninth of the infallible imams, peace be upon them, which is Imam Muhammad bin Ali Al-Jawad, one of the noblemen of the captains, and justice of the writers of the Qur’an and one of the servants of God who were chosen and inherited by the book
Imam (peace be upon him) was distinguished by the characteristics of the prophets, peace be upon them, so he did the matter at the age of seven, and raised the burdens of the Imamate. Jesus and Yahya (Peace be upon them) People of their time, as if peace be upon him was as a prelude to Jesus (peace be upon them) to take over after him, as well as Abu Jaafar was a prelude to the rest of God and the current ruler of God’s spiritual command to the soil of the forerunner of redemption.