ADAB AL-BASRAH

Both Russian Formalism and Structuralism adopt , in their poetic theorization , an intellectual view that intends to establish literature as a science by submitting literature to the procedures of scientific method . Scientific method requires studying the tangible realities , poetry is reduced to phonological structure as the Russian formalists introduce literature to the linguistic rules that govern the producing of the texts .
To criticize the two schools , the researcher depends on intellectual and methodical bases that contradict the two approaches under study and that are based on compulsory philosophical separation of the philosophical structure and the mental content of the language , for if linguistics represents an active science in studying language , it cannot perceive the literary realities including the aesthetic and intellectual functions .

The present study aims to offer a linguistic evaluation of Nelson Mandela’s speech at The International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on the 4th of December 1997 in Pretoria and its mode of engagement with the context of its discursive situation. The study follows Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth CDA) to investigate pronominal choices made by Mandela in his speech and to what extent such choices help in creating identity, power and solidarity. It discloses how President Mandela uses pronominal forms, as a rhetorical device, in his speech to construct various identities to convey his political and humanistic stance, and solidarity with the Palestinian people. It also investigates how those pronominals used by the speaker operate as linguistic indicators of inclusion and exclusion. This notion of clusivity is very much related to the way these pronouns express inclusionary and exclusionary reference to the actors presented in a discursive presentation of reality in a soci-political context. Therefore, the speaker is capable of establishing a representation of the self and placing the discursive actors either inside or outside the deictic centre in particular historical and socio-ideological circumstances. The use of Fairclough’s (1989) three-tier analytical framework, i.e., description, interpretation and explanation help reconstruct the message and the ideological power of the speech. The study casts light on the relationship that Mandela (the addressor) establishes with the audience (the addressee), whom the speech is addressed to. The results show that pronominal choices made by Mandela in his speech helped him as creator of solidarity and as a persuasive strategy as well.

This research paper is considered as an attempt to start studying the title in the ancient literary book .It undertook adopting some visions ,ideas and conceptions to approach the creative act of title depending on the information that text gives itself which guaranteed its duration and existence .Then stating the sorts by which the title in the ancient literary book is established and the accordance between the text and its content ,discovering the hidden links and relationships besides explaining the importance of the title to the ancient Arabian composer to motivate the students of the higher studies to deal with this subject in their researches and thesis because this subject, the title in the ancient literary book, is in need of uncovering the mysterious things of it which the scholars couldn't find out for the lack of sources and the personal point of view , which the scholars adopted depending on understanding the texts itself.

This study outlines Norman Fairclough’s “Critical Discourse Analysis” and applies it to the scene in Arthur Miller’s “The Crucible” where the black slave Tituba confesses to witchcraft. The researcher uses Teun A.van Dijk’s framework of power to prove that Tituba is forced to confess. She seemingly confesses yet her confession has a number of attributes which render it void. Tituba’s position as a slave means that she is powerless to deny her guilt, and indeed her confession enables her to escape execution.

The researcher tries in this study to deduce signification patterns prominent in Khalil Hawis poetry, and he reclined on some categories of contemporary sciences, particularly sociology of literature, enabling the examiner to analyze texts themselves; then searching for the techniques employed in these texts.
The researcher proposes a main premise based on the existence of significance systems directing meanings of texts senses whether on the level of one Diwan or a collective diwans. The researcher sought hard to demonstrate the above by analyzing and scrutinizing several texts, trying to find links among them, and the relationships that embody patterns of significations , rather than merely disparate texts.
ـــ الأدب والنقد المعاصر
Literature and contemporary criticism

St. Jerome\'s major contribution to the field of translation is his introduction of the terms word-for-word and sense-for-sense. These two terms were later to be adopted by many translators, opening the heated debates in the coming centuries. Though the terms dated back to Cicero and Horace, St. Jerome is still credited for kindling the argument. The purpose of this paper is to examine how St. Jerome, through his letter to Pammachius (Letter 57) entitled “On the Best Method of Translation, approached the word-for-word and sense-for-sense translation, what difficulties the translators face when translating, and how aimed at reinforcing the reasons behind his new Latin translation of the Old and New Testaments: the Vulgate.

This paper aims to study the Arabic proverbs in light of one of the well-known theories of modern linguistics, i.e. Context theory. Context theory has been considered as one of the most well-known and oft-used theories; it has emerged recently in modern linguistics. As this theory can be applied to creative texts, I have chosen a number of proverbs to be the sample of my study. In general proverbs are characterized by conciseness and ellipsis, thus causing ambiguity and confusion, and consequently making the process of understanding the intended meanings of such proverbs difficult. Therefore, it is held in this study that it is difficult to understand a proverb without heavily relaying on the macro and micro context in which such a proverb is used.

This study addresses the emergence of Iran's nuclear project and its consequences on the relation with the United States and the security in the region until 2013. It is concluded that nuclear project is a threat to the security in the region and that it is unlikely that the United States makes any strikes against Iran in the near future.
This paper is divided into two parts : the first addresses the America – Iranian relations between 1955 to 1979 and the economic and strategic cooperation during the Pahlavi rule. The second part deals with Iran's aims for developing the nuclear project and the position of America and its allies. The paper depended on the documents released by the American government as well as academic dissertations and academic papers.

Mutahari is considered as one of the most important Islamic intellectuals in Iran and holds a tremendous issue that religion is the solution for the most difficult issues and Problems. He had always discussed issues related to the real life situations . So the research deals with his cultural discourse by focusing on his writing and describing their content as identifying keys of this discourse. And through his discourse, we can notice his raising of important issues especially related to the reality of the Iranian society and to the Islamic world in general.

Yemen witnessed a violent political struggle which appeared as if it was religions . Both the Bezentine and Sassan Empires encouraged that struggle so as to control remen and gain its economic resources . The Ahbash wished to seize Yemen and were supported by the Bezentines who claimed to be the protectors of the Eastern church and defenders of the oppressed Christians in Yemen by the ruler thin Nawos eho was accussed of converting to Judaism .
In fact , that was political and economic struggle in the first place so as to control the trade routes as Yemen represented a communication link among states of the old world . Raydan was the centre of that bitter struggle because it was near the coasts of the red sea and a centre of Christianity .
That struggle ended with the fall of Hemyar state and destruction of the city of Raydan by the Ahbash who controlled the country .

The study explores the importance of the sports movement in Basra by the end of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the modern Iraqi state in 1921. We conducted this study due to the importance of Basra as a main city in Iraq and the shortage of resources on the subject .

The study discusses the impact of the general situation on peoples unfamiliarity with sports , and it also addresses the rising to prominence of some sports like horses races , wrestling and popular sports. The study also touches on the sports movement during the First World War and the emergence of championships in football, basketball and handball as well as the role of schools in supporting that movement.

In this study we deal with the history of development of ideology as an ideal intellectual structure or as an imaginary method in which people live in their real experience. It was just intellectual for its contact with the consciousness phenomenon and what have a relation with the social reality. However it represented a negative aspect of the consciousness called the false consciousness when it expressed the representations of hegemony and exploitation and hided the origins of the contradictions into the structure of the social reality. It is a linguistic structure whose signs are spreading in the social body by an ideological apparatus ,hiding the fact that social events are the result of ideological struggles underlain by modes and means of production.

Throughout the history of human thought, the notion of eternal recurrence has been manifest in the form of images, poetry, science and history. It has a long history in philosophy. Its prolonged presence in different disciplines expresses the importance of its role

We therefore direct our endeavor towards working through of the notion of eternal recurrence in Nietzsche. For he was the most important contemporary philosopher who revived it by giving it new dimensions as well as for its centrality in his philosophy as a key to his philosophy and a fundamental issue on which his philosophy is built. He therefore described it as the deepest idea among others and so introduced it not as feasible but as real.
The paper is divided into three sections; section I, "The Eternal Recurrence: Its Concept and its Forms," is an attempt to embark on the concept of the eternal recurrence and its various forms in human activities. These forms are religious, metaphysical, literary, and finally scientific.
As for section II, "The History of the notion of Eternal Recurrence in Nietzsche's texts and its importance," it is an attempt to historically trace the emergence of the notion in Nietzsche’s texts all the way through textual presentation.
Section III is entitled, "The Notion of Eternal Recurrence in Nietzsche."
The impact of the notion of eternal recurrence extended over philosophy to various fields of human thought turning the question of defining its impact into uneasy task; nevertheless we are so keen to embark on some philosophical doctrines and its figures so that its impact becomes clear by felt. These figures derived their insights out from the eternal recurrence, the notion that contributed to shape the picture of contemporary philosophy.

There is incredible increase of transportation in and outside Nasiriya recently. Especially, after the increase of population and the improvement of income to most people. People are able to possess modern transportations which is reflected in more daily trips .
The results of the study show that there is a large number of those who make trips by males who represent 67.1& in comparison with females who represent 32.9&. The age group between 15 to 64 occupies the first place of the daily trips with 65.3%. It is found that there are three types of trips. Work trips with 40.1%. Using a private car is number one with 30.8%. Trips that start between 7:30 and 8:30 occupy the first place with 49.8% of the total trips of the study.