ADAB AL-BASRAH

Research papers presented numerous procedural questions about intercultural relationship and interaction between cultural self and the other, through the monitoring of many literary writings reflected image of the other in literary text by a group of media interaction, historical and cultural rights, which precipitated the interface between civilization literary texts and poetry in particular novelist them.
The impact of the novel Thousand and One Nights in the narrative Union is good evidence of such a presence. It was bright for the Arab and Islamic influence in the deep class educated Western Europe and America; where this effect emerged in the writings of the German Goethe and Victor Hugo French, American writer and poet Edgar Allan Poe, the poet and English Chusr. As such Russian poet Pushkin spirit of the Holy Quran in the notice to the degree identity with the formal structure of Quranic verses and with the philosophy of the Orient. These are some names for representation and not limited by Santaleg from each level of attendance in the presentation of thought and the Arab-Islamic culture in creativity.

This paper examines the feministic views of Virginia Woolf in view of the literary Victorian legacy she inherited. It explores some of the many precursors Woolf had, and focuses on the necessity of examining Woolf’s claimed status as the initiator of feminist literary criticism. Related conjectures are reviewed to avoid putting matters into a false perspective. The paper employs biographical and historical approaches.
The paper also traces some expressions of the change that characterized the Victorian attitude towards women and towards the role they played in the national issues. An inevitable consequence was thus a change in the nature of the relation between the sexes, and a feeling was persistent that a new start ought to be made, in politics and in society, as well as in art and literature.

Interjections , like any other parts of speech, convey specific meanings. Their meanings are culture-specific and may cause serious problems of translators. This paper investigates the strategies used by the well-known translator Munir Al-Baalebeki in translating English interjections in Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities into Arabic. These strategies are omission , transliteration , paraphrasing and providing an equivalent Arabic interjection. The strategy of omission is sometimes appropriately used when the interjection omitted does not affect the meaning of the text as a whole. It is the last resort the translator should adhere to when it is difficult to find an appropriate equivalent. But, it appears that Al-Baalebeki uses this strategy in positions where he could provide an appropriate equivalent. The strategy of transliteration reveals Al- Baalebeki's inability to understand the meaning of interjections in the source text. His transliterations mostly distort the original meaning and effect. The strategy of paraphrasing is appropriately used by Al-Baalebeki for conveying the original meaning and , sometimes , the effect of the source-language text. But this strategy is not appropriate where an equivalent Arabic interjection can be found since the interjection can better convey the original effect. The last strategy Al-Baalebeki uses in his translation, viz. providing an equivalent interjection ,shows his success in transferring the original meaning and effect to the target-language text.

Language and Rhetoric work together so as to make the speech of a character, in a literary text, persuasive for others. The persuasive strategies mostly relate to the culture of the speaker through his preference to this (or that) strategy among other available strategies of persuasion. Such choice of persuasion is clearly shown in the dialogue between the characters of Stephen Blackpool and Mr. Bounderby in Dickens’ Hard Times, chapter 21. Also, the study deals with the Evaluations given by the characters to each other, and Dickens’ evaluations and comments to the speech and actions of these characters. The writer produces careful evaluation to the Victorian period via the speech and attitudes of the characters towards the predominant conditions of that period.

Reading is seen as an interactive process between a reader and a text, which would eventually lead to automaticity or reading fluency. The reader is supposed to interact dynamically with the text so as to elicit meaning through making use of two important types of knowledge : linguistic and schematic (content / world background knowledge ). Within the latter type, the reader fits what he / she already knows with what is found in the passage. If new textual information does not fit into a reader's schemata, the reader misunderstands the new material, ignores it, or revises the schemata to match the facts within the passage. This paper focuses on schema theory with special attention to content schemata and topic area so as to shed light on its importance in reading comprehension.

The research named ((the cultural influence of EMALI AL-MURTAZA))studies a unique subject in its aspects , the subject dealt with one of the EMALI ´s books .This book was famous and magnificent because of its academic and technical value among the EMALI ´s books .Elsherif Almurtaza throughout his EMALI transfers his thinkings to his students and followers .The EMALI consisted of a cultural effect we rarely found in others´ EMALI .Besides the intelligence of the scholar that directed this EMALI in a way that made a psychological harmony between the reciter and the listener which its effect still obvious on the reader of the EMALI ,this above mentioned effect can be useful for the students and the teachers.
Elsherif Almurtaza throughout his EMALI reflected most of his writings and made it easy for the readers as if they read for a modern writer despite the modern writers are not equal in this matter .Thus the modern lecturer must be obliged to the reasons that make him estimable for the scientific materials he recites to his students and learners .

This is a summary, including addressing research (linguistic features in reading Abdullah bin Aamir) to determine the form of the language may agree and may vary with the vintage of the ways of language and themes.
Search Introduction contains the content and then display a prelude included a translation of the biography reader and then his profile on the sources and then read three sections are: -
1: - the features of voice in reading Abdullah bin Amer, which dealt with some
readings on the Slurring phenomena and followers and similar, and so on.
2: - which dealt with some of the morphological features in reading Abdullah bin Amer
3: - grammatical features in reading Abdullah bin Amer and the readings on
some issues Arabic grammar.

Ghaznawies were distinguished among the powers which appeared in the jslamic orient by forming trained aramies to achive strategic goals for spreading islam and establishing it in some areas of the pagan indian subcontinent from the mid-forth century hijri until the first quarter of the sixth century because of this importance,this research has come to address the Ghaznawi army in concentrating study about its nature and its formations and other defails about it
First of all,the research shows that the Ghaznawies achieved their victories on to fronts.the first was the coalition with the Abbasid caliphate and the seconed one was their wars in India. All their achievements did not succeed unless they had the strong army.the research reviewed the regulations of this army and its components and functions with the concnntration on the used weabons and its leaders who achieved victories like Mohamood Al- Ghaznawi and massoud Al- Ghaznawi.

The paper deals with the interior state of affairs in tsarist Russia (1725-62). The distinctive feature of this historical period of tsarist Russia was the powerless authority or specifically the tsarists themselves after the death of the Russian tsarist Peter, the Great(1689-1725)who is considered as founder of modern Russia. At that time the country was overrun with political anarchy that had never seen before throughout the history of Russia.
That was owing to the powerless tsarists that successively ascended the throne and were unable to continue with the era of Peter, the Great .Therefore, the negative European habits and traditions prevailed among the Russian society and that gave a free hand for foreign personalities to act abad role in the structure of the Russian state and society. They also weakened the government due to their direct control over the organs of the government and its properties. However, this enabled the throne them to ascend tsarists of non-Russian origins.
Those tsarists didn’t care for reformatting and raising the country and this led to the declination of the states of affairs in tsarist Russian during this period.

There are several issues we want to shed light upon such as the following:
1) All sources and books agree that the prophet Mohammed (pub) started to take interest in writing creating a strong and solid base to it which was followed by Arabic and Islamic states during Al-Rashidi,Umayyad and Abbasid eras.
2) During the Umayyad era, we find that the Arab writers did a great deal of work in translating the Diwans from Persian, Coptic, and Roman into Arabic. Famous Arab writers put the origins of writing and its arts such as Abdul Hammeed Al-Kateb.
3) During the Abbasid era, there were many famous writers , such as Khalid Al-Barmaki, who collected the Dawns in files and records instead of papers . These writers had great opportunities in this period that some of them were in the same degrees as ministers .While in the second part of the Abbasid era , writing faded away because of the intervention from the Turks and Bohemia's.

This study contributed to the analysis of the spatial variation of social services and the infrastructure in the villages eliminate Shatrah in Dhi Qar quantitative approach followed in the assumption that research hypothesis and the adoption of certain tools where the subsidy maps and simple statistical methods and conclusions have been reached following
1 - found through the study of public services, the proportion of rural centers where there is a primary, intermediate, secondary, amounted to 46.1%, 5.2% and 2.3% respectively of the total rural centers to the general area of study for 2006.
2 - The study showed a serious shortage of health services to rural centers, as well as number, which amounted to 13 health centers throughout the study area for 2006.
3 - Increase the number of villages equipped with electricity, amounting to 318 villages and 82.8% for the general area of study is exactly identical to a sample of research and study.
4 - The study pointed to a severe lack of processing of villages with drinking water. The total percentage of those who have access to safe drinking water by the liquefaction of 73 Mbhotha 2358 Quested of the study sample

Formation geosaistea and geopolitical analytic from obligation bosom applied politician geographic .
In introduction space element for any unit politician so the searcher will be analysis area factor in Israel in applied shape show power and weak points to this factor in war and peace time, taking affection on politician ,economies ,socialite and militarism using (G)measurement as applied statistic side and may used this measurement to first time from searcher take this equation :-
G= log(Ga/RX)
The method is scientific statistic give accuracy digit result to each nation comparison with all area of world ,and invasion best and believed method to classify internationalize taking area for it.

Agriculture is the fundamental basis for achieving food security and to the importance of agricultural production in bridging the needs of the population of agricultural products. Water is the main source of which is determined in light of the amount of land can be cultivated and the degree of intensity of such cultivation, and the fact that water resources are limited and high economic cost, there must be attention to planning and management to meet the growing water needs.
The research aims to study agricultural production and water requirement of agricultural crops on both sides of the Tigris River and Swaib, and analysis of the factors that explain the difference in those needs in the region, and then to assess these requirements in the light of the crop structure of the region and the size of Aldhaiat water, and efficient use of irrigation water.
And was baptized in determining Find and select the best mathematical models to calculate the water consumption that are appropriate to climatic conditions of the region. The calculated water consumption theory and according to the equation of Penman while the estimated water consumption effective depending on the information field study, and then find out the relationship between the volume of water consumption theory and the actual one hand, and to identify ways of irrigation with high efficiency to ensure the sustainability of water source and sustainability of agricultural production on the one hand Sec.
To ensure that the crop structure with water consumption should be regulated irrigation and the use of methods of modern irrigation contribute to the low requirements of water by 38%, and interest in planning for the implementation of irrigation projects and programs for the development of water resources and the development of efficient use of scientific and economic in line with its strategic importance.
The study showed the seasonal variation of the area of agriculture during the agricultural season 2007 - 2008 and reflected on the size of the water needs of agricultural reaching agricultural areas during the summer season (19.51) thousand acres and reached its requirements of water (64,543,311) m 3 increased the space to (64.31) million square meters during the winter season and increased water requirements to (119920678) m 3.
The study also shows that the rate of actual consumption of (3700) m 3 / acre higher than the rate of consumption theory (2288) m 3 / acre and by (162%) and thus represents the average water consumption the actual highest values measured in the region, due to the weakening of the efficiency of the farmer and his ignorance Palmguennat True aquatic and non-use of the methods of irrigation and modern farming and lack of interest in constructing irrigation canals and maintenance, which reveals the abuse of water resources and land available, which requires raising the professional level of the farmer and the introduction of advanced techniques in irrigation contribute to the provision of large quantities of water that can be used to irrigate agricultural land new ones…

Study aimed at the definition of computerized information systems in terms of concept, components, materials, and the types, characteristics and quality. It also aimed to identify information systems available in the four oil companies in the Iraqi province of Basra, and to identify the level of efficiency of these systems from the perspective of managers in these companies. The number of managers interviewed (164) manager. It emerged from the answers that the characteristics of quality available to some degree in information systems. The study emphasized the need to involve managers in all activities relating to the design, development and implementation of information systems, including more from their experience in this area, also stressed the importance of setting up training courses for all managers in the field of information systems available in the companies.

This research aimed to reveal the future anxiety of the research sample Colleges and measure the differences between males and females on the scale of future anxiety promise of this research where the sample consisted of (100) male, (100) students. It was designed for this purpose scale future anxiety .consiste of (46) items (10) areas and after collecting responses.
The results were as follows:
High proportion of future anxiety for males than females in the fields: economic, employment and social field and the height of female much larger areas at death, marriage and disease.