ADAB AL-BASRAH

This study tackles two aspects of the issues of contemporary Arabic critical discourse ; namely, the theory and the approach. Both are well-represented by two common trends: traditional and new. The former belongs to our heritage focusing on the possibility of re-reading all that has been inherited making use of the western approaches after having them adapted to the extent they can match with the contemporary mental and cultural Arabic vision.
The second trend has completely departed from the heritage. Moreover, it follows the western modernistic approach instead. It undertakes all western theoretical principles, mechanisms, and terminologies. The application of the modernistic western approach to the reading of Arabic literature as well as the innovation of Arab men of literature that have turned their literary work into a phenomenon which is a mere mimicry of the western phenomenon if not an appendix or an extension of it.
As a matter of fact, a critical theory should reflect literature and literary creative aspects since a literary theory of this type must be the gist of the features of the Arabic literature including its syntactic, stylistic and aesthetic components.
In conclusion, the present study is a practical attempt calling for re-visiting the western literary critical approaches and making all possible use of them on the condition that one should reserve the identity of Arabic literature including its thought and aesthetics.

With the advancement of technology as a means of communication, there has been a great deal of interest to study e-discourse as a form of language. The present study focuses on the gender differences between Iraqi males and females in the use of sentence type and modifiers in writing emails. The researchers will shed light on these differences through analyzing and studying sixty randomly selected postings which 60 male and female Iraqi students have already sent to the email address of the Department of English at Shat Al Arab University College. The study also aims at analyzing the types of modifiers used by males and how they differ from those females use.

The word "revenge" is known all over the world from remote periods till nowadays either from radio, movies, people, or other sources. Because people cannot always take vengeance, they like to see it played out in the forms of entertainment such as books, films, and plays; and Shakespeare's plays are prominent in this province.
In most of the plays written by William Shakespeare, there is always some act of revenge and Titus Andronicus (1593-1594) is no exception. Since revenge is the major theme of Titus Andronicus, the study is an attempt to discuss this theme in this play.
The study deals with the definition of revenge, its features, and Seneca's influence on Elizabethan revenge writers in general and on William Shakespeare in particular on the one hand, and the influence of Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy and Christopher Marlowe's The Jew of Malta on the other hand. Then, it shows the cases Shakespeare chooses to present the theme of revenge in Titus Andronicus. Finally, the study sheds light on the consequences of revenge and its effects on the human nature on the one hand, and its effects on the transformation of the nature of the characters of the play on the other hand.
The study ends with Notes and a Bibliography.

Sorrow is a social and psychological phenomenon that has subjective and objective reasons. It is an inevitable result of the interaction between these reasons and the political, social , economic and psychological state of a person, and his awareness of his surroundings.
Sorrow is the prevailing emotion in “Night Adorer” collection. It saturates the organic texture of the poems, and becomes their core. The second core of the collection is love emotion. Therefore, we feel that love in this collection is associated with sorrow and melancholy, and is submerged in mist.
Accordingly, it might appear that sorrow is a defect—as often researchers consider—which is not true for many reasons. First, sorrow, like any other emotion, is noble. It has its own motives in conformity with place and time. It might differ in accordance with subjective and objective conditions. Second, in this collection, Nazik Al-Mala’ika has been so truthful to herself and to her reading. Thirdly, what seems as hopelessness, failure or revolution—as we will show later—resulting from that sorrow, is declared or implied in the organic texture of the poem.
This means that her aspirations have become wider early in the fifth decade. These aspirations became the core of her later collections,(Tree of the Moon) and (The Sea Changes its Colors), for pain and hopelessness moved to her surroundings, leaving in their place social, national and humanistic sense and gladness.
To Nazik Al-Mala’ika, the strongest motives for writing poetry are subjective.

The research seeks the study of the evidence by examination and division , Analysis study to a discovery based on logic basis and find its logical limits basis on.
Since this kind of the Islamic concepts of creation and origination ,so the epistemological analyzing process in this evidential manner helps in explaining some of the logical and philosophical creation sides of the Islamic civilization . the explicit of this creation is explained in a type of an Islamic knowledge which is the Arabic grammar and the nature of the grammarian use to this of evidence.
The research has been divided into two kinds :the examination subject and the division subject. The research started by analyzing these two subjects , then explains the logic relation between them , and states the shared aim between them.
It s clear that this kind of evidence is going through two stage :the first stage is pour logical and objective which is the division process and the second is subjective: it s about the searcher himself ,since he examines the results of division(result of the first stage) to ends up with choosing one of these results

The story is surat Al-cave is the subject of our research which includes studying the stories present in this surat which are four stories : the story of the cave, s young's , the story of owner of two paradise, s ,the story of Mousa and the good slave and the story of Thy Al-qarnain .The manuscript was divided in to two parts : the first is the meaning s of the four stories and the second is scenes formation in these stories . The results which are obtained in this research is that the style followed in these stories is the descriptive style became they include description of the cave's young's and places . The main idea in this surat is to leave embellishment of life and working for the last word . The stories in this surat didn't include description of the exact time , place and characters except prophet Mousa character which was an educational style story.

Before talking about the genealogy, we must pay attention to know how the research topic has been chosen. Actually the background of the choice attributed to the period in which I wrote my book in title of Abdul Muttalib ibn Hashim. It has been observed that Sehak was one of Abdul Muttalib's female slaves.The stories have passed without pausing us to look after her. However, the idea occupies my mind to look for this character, especially as her strange and striking name. Another reason that encourages me to carry out this investigation in this character is that when I was a supervisor of MA thesis in title of Hashim Bin Abd Manaf, we found Sehak was one of Hashim’s female slaves. So in order to prove her subordination to Hashim or his son, we carry out this survey. At the very beginning of this study, the researcher believes that the scientific material was not quite enough helpful to write a research, but after that the researcher finds out there is rich scientific information to produce such the research.
Since our main concern is to study the personality of Sehak and to know her parentage so it is better to mention simple introduction to the science of genealogy through which we can know its citation in the Glorious Quran. Its meaning in the language is attributed to cognations, especially in the blood relationship of parents; it was to the country and industry, which is the mirror that shows the purity of the blood of the individual, and its association with tribe. The researchers had interest in the genealogy in the life of Arabs before the mission, and later became the basis for civil and social regulating. It explains the relationship between the Prophet (PBUH) and the Arab conquerors.
Moreover, the genealogy is an independent field of study, having its own tools and scholars who have their private sessions in which they discuss especial issues and catch up the news of people from historical books who were genealogists. This field of study is very interesting one by which the researcher can find out the ancestries of some important persons, particularly, in terms of the different tribes before mission and the generation of illegal marriage, for the large number of its types and the multiplicity of its causes. Thus it results illegal descendants, some of them had opportunities to rule the Islamic State.

In which there was negative atmosphere characterized by violence and hostility since the beginning of the bad relation between the parties which extend to emergence of the wahhabi movement in Najd during the eighteenth century ,as adopted by Al-Saud princes and becoming apolitical movement which led to a friction between Al Saud in Najd and the Ottoman governors in Iraq ,Levant and Egypt in which they represent Sub line Porte and refused the Wahhabi movement . on the other side the Saudis, the political leaders of the movement refused Ottomans authority .
This movement formed starting point to the Saudis so they started annexation of Najd areas one after other ,did not take more than half century this coalition pure the whole Najd under control and looked to occupy the near places which increased the tense between Ottomans and Saudis.

Seljuk is a nomadic force and a branch of Turkish Ghaz tribes. They Inhabited the country beyond the river after they had come from Turkistan, and then went down into Khorasan and Nissapur.They were able to extend their influence in Persia. In the reign of the Seljuk king they had correspondence with the Abbasid Caliph al-Kaem in the order of God, who called the Seljuk Sultan to come to Baghdad.
Emerged as a new force to the scene of political events, Seljuk had controlled of Baghdad and entered it in 447 AH / 1055 AD, So, Iraq was subjected to a foreign control, represented by Seljuk after it had been under the control of Albuehiin since 334 AH / 945 AD.The Seljuk occupation and control continued until 590 AH / AD 1193 AD.
In the era spanning 447 AH - 590 AH / 1055 AD --1,193 AD, Iraqis suffered many of the effects of Seljuk occupation, and social life was among areas which were clearly affected by the existence of this occupation, as many bad cases emerged, particularly in Baghdadi society and in the whole Iraq in general. Perhaps the most prominent of these cases was the spread of corruption, and the increased activity of " al ayareen", as well as the emergence of sectarian sedition between the sons of the same society that the Seljuk fed every now and then. The research come to shed light on the social consequences of the Seljuk occupation era abovementioned.

Jorijan region was on of the Persian regions which became the center of Arab establishment since its opening peacefully by Saeed Ban AL Aas in 29 hijri deat .
As it became the subordinate for the Islam Arab state politically and administratively , it was necessary to send walleys Arab leaders . Sahem Arabic tribe was one of the other tribes which have es tablished in jorjan . One of its famous branches which has entered this region was the sons of Hashim Bin AL – Aas AL Sahmi . The research shows the scientific status of the sons of Hashim especially Ibrahim Bin Moosa and Ahemed Bin Moosa and finally the famous one Hamza Bin Yoysif who the research concentrates on him because he has an activity in the scientific field and his book jorjan history is the important historical source.

the phenomenon of repeated heat waves is given a great importance , in climate studies because of their significant impacts on various aspects of life. The study aims to identify behavioral phenomenon studied in the province of Basra, which is characterized by repeating the phenomenon of extremism heat especially during the summer season and it's climate describes as continentally..
We have adopted the weather data of daily maximum temperature from 1991 - 2000,which is asufficient period to track the behavior of the phenomenon, allowing the possibility to know the nature and path of heat waves.It has been found that the waves hit the area for more than 62 heat wave ranged between increases and decreases in its different years and on a regular basis in other years For various reasons related to prevailing weather conditions, especially the movement of pressure systems, Particularly , low-India seasonal depressions and thermaldepression and recurrence of buckling in the upper atmosphere, and specifically at the level of 500 millibars, wherethe frequency distribution of heat waves, it took a curve too inclination to appear underlined the general trend towards declining to appear

The rearch studies the rural integrated development obstacles is the marshes region in Basrah in an attempt to enhance population communities in the regin and improve needed services.
The analybcal descriptive approach in data colleclion has been adapted in the field work and with official institutions concerned in the study area.
The results show that there exit natural , geographical and human obstacles that hinder sustained rural development in the marshes region.
However , such problems can be overcome by putting astrategy for rural society development.

Is the internal migration of important manifestation of the movement of people within the region and difficult to measure at the national level only if it includes census data on migrants and their places of origin and the dates of their arrival to the enumeration areas, and classified internal migration into different types such as migration from rural to urban migration between cities and the migration across the city any within the city itself, is no doubt that the impact of internal migration is important in the population structure and distribution, as well as its importance in terms of population growth within the administrative boundaries of the state.
In this Research an attempt to monitor the movement of migration between the administrative units of the Kingdom of Bahrain, where they can formulate the main problem of the search by asking the following: Is there a difference in the movement of internal migration in the Kingdom of Bahrain and what are the reasons and factors that explain the variance spatial according to 2001 census it is natural that derive many Sub-problems of the main problem.
The justification Search the existence of statistical base large and provided the final results of General Census of Population 2001, as well as the importance of the geographical position of Kingdom of Bahrain and contrast in the spaces, and different economic importance and administrative units .
The study showed a clear divergence in the level of attraction and expulsion of population, which reflects the apparent disparity in the level of attraction and expulsion of population between various regions, occupied the area where Mecca ranked first in terms of the volume of migration within it, followed by Asir region. While the capital Riyadh, came in third place. As for migration beyond the occupied area of Makkah and the Eastern ranked first and second respectively in terms of volume of out-migration, which reflects the size of the high population of these areas.

City and Town is an one of the moer important features of civilization , being as complex organic system involved in many land uses and functions . This study amid at examining of functional structure compounds in Safwan town , and exploring of its deficiencies accompanied with absence of strict urban policy . Thus ,the present study propound to create a suitable urban environment according to comfortable standards.

The research aims to current scale setting loneliness psychological high school students of both sexes and to identify the degree of the fundamental differences between the sexes, and according to the variables of age (early adolescence - adolescence medium) and by grade (middle - middle), and has the researchers apply the tool on a sample of secondary school students and number of 660 students, including schools (Governorate of Basra) were extracted ratified the instrument in two ways (truth content), and that by submitting it to a group of experts and specialists has been to find the stability of the scale my way (re-test) and using the coefficient (to check the) where the total Pearson correlation coefficient ( 71) and to check the coefficient (0.85) showed the results of research show that males are more a sense of psychological unity of female and statistically significant differences. Also found that there are differences in function between the students (male) and invalid (middle school) There are no statistically significant differences between males and females in the intermediate stage, the study found some of the recommendations and proposals which we will address it at the end of the search.

The problem of ethics criteria is one of the philosophic themes important. That influence with human movement directly.and his desting conduct and behavior whence process and education in society the ethical action under side any criteriov which have big result in development of society and completeness his moral. There are many of criteria which have explan to the ethical action for hum because of many ldeologes which made over look some of problems about the perfect explaner for this is actions. Althou this is ldeologes contain part from reality but all reality under wor ship criterion so that reaching to the right knowledge with in program analytic descriptive to know of the research problem. Through the result which had top complete reach to it ought to be problems investigation abaut this is criteria for answer toit by knowledge students when faced them many of similar auestions for this problems . through logic using as mean for perfect assess me so ought to teachers . in education and teaching field to review children bringing accord with criteria religio and ethics to legal of law and then to make it source basic for good social life.