Journal of International studies

The series of the current changes in Arab region, which came after a group of internal and external motivations gave a clear sign that there is a serioustendency to end most of the ruling regimes in Arab region to create the right opportunity for other ruling systems and new political elitesto represent a new phase in the international system which is controlled by the United States since the collapse of the Soviet Union. These new regimes also adopt new formulations of security, political, and economic standards for the region, as well as their ability to represent the social and intellectual trends in the region, which finally serveIslam. Therefore,great efforts should be offered in order to create a more moderate pattern that will bein harmony with the changes in Arab countries. This patternhas been prepared for since the first decade of this century. A good example for this patternis the arrival of Justice and Development Party to power in Turkey which has gainedAmerican and Western acceptance especially this pattern absorbs the desire and the propensity toIslamic politicization from one hand, and mixing it with certain principles like liberalism, modernization, and the belonging to the contemporary civilization from the other hand. Moreover, it gives the military institutions a protective rolefor democracy and a balance between power and people

The events of eleventh of September 2001 have made a crucial turning point in the ideology and performance of U.S. foreign policy. Yet, some consider it a new (Westphalia), which established new patterns of international interactions. The most prominent, so far, is the war in Afghanistan 2001, the aggression on Iraq in 2003, and the war on the so-called terrorism, and its consequences on the international level. What happened was the precursor to the political behavior associated with this transition.
Moreover, these events have a great influence on the structure of the American society, mainly on the middle class who has an important role in the American society because of its potential capabilities that enabled it to create a national authority, beyond religions, tribes and sects.
Yet, these events which struck America at the heart, and led America to use certain polices full with doubt, suspicion, harassment, exclusion and detention, that affect the American society in general and let it to search for new forms like nationalist and sectarian grasps, a matter which may lead this great empire to erosion and fall. This research is an attempt to explore the role of the middle class and its importance for the cohesion and strength of American society, after the great quake that hits even American national loyalty.

According to the United Nations corruption is defined as: the abuse of public power to achieve personal gains. While the International World Bank defines it as:the abuse of public office to achieve personal gains.
Corruptionexists in the performance of public office and its public employee, who is defined as: everyone who works in the public organization, and aims to achieve the benefit and goals of this organization to fulfill the General Satisfaction.
The spread of corruption in any society leads toimpeding economic growth, declining the economic development, as well as weakening the state, and raising political instability. Iraq is considered one of the most corrupted countries, as it occupiesthe first rank in the list of International Transparency organization, in its report on the corruption index for 2007, out of the (163) state.

Crimes and violations of human rights began to take international characteristics as they did not remain within the limits of the sovereignty of their states. A good example for this is the crimes and serious violations of human rights that lead to conflicts in Ruanda, and Yugoslavia, where international investigation and commissions are formed to investigate in these crimes. Yet, these investigations were not fulfilled because these countries have judicial or international immunity granted to them by international law. Therefore, the need for the international community has become a necessity to establish and develop a set of legal rules that include punishment for international crimes and violations of international human law, and to prevent the criminals from escaping from punishment because of their countries’immunity.
The importance of this research lies in showing the dimensions of international responsibility and the role of some major countries to disrupt and impede the implementation of international justice through their control on the international legitimacy. Therefore, the research will deal with the attempts that try to weaken the international criminal justice and direct it accordingto the requirements of their interests, and make the punishment applied on weak states which may not commit the crime, while the perpetrators of serious crimes escape from punishment.

Civil society institutions play an important role in strengthening democracy and developing technical, human, and political action to serve the public and increase its effectiveness. But unfortunately this experience didn’t transform to Arab world because of the direct domination of colonization that deprived it from its freedom and ruling itself. In spite of the legal liberation of Arab countries, but in reality these countries were submitted to the great state that occupied them, and to the international dominance.
Therefore, Arab countries have not been able to make use of civil society institutions because democracy is not existed in the Arab world. On the contrary, the governments of the Arab countries tried to make these institutions a frontage to embellish their administrations. As a result the public of Arab countries were deprived of the benefit of these institutions because they didn’t work to protect the citizens or the public interest, as well as these institutions were confined to those who manage them. Therefore, Arab countries must reconsider the importance of the role of these institutions, give them freedom to work andestablish a general tendency that is based on accepting others and spreading tolerance.

Making foreign policy is considered one of the most important concernsof any country around the world becausethis policy will determine the relations of that State with the other members of the international community either positively or negatively.Consequently this policy will be reflected on the political and economic stability of the country even if this state is still developing. This is true when we come to talk about the foreign policy of South Africa. In spite of the geographical distance that separates South Africa and Arab Gulf countries, but theeconomic interests they share together make them closer. As a result, decision-makers of South Africa, since the early nineties of the last century,sought to formulate foreign policy to serve the interests of their country. While South Africa has announced its new rebirth led by Thabo Mbeki, after livinga stageof transitionsince the exit of Mandela from prison in February 1990, Mbeki sought to deepen hiscountry’s relationswith most African countries and even with west Asian countriesespecially countries of Arab Gulf. Even after the departure of Mbeki, the current Prime Minister Jacob Zuma has continued the same foreign policy according to the same strategy that is put by his predecessors.
Zuma has tried to strengthen the relations of his country on all levels such as the diplomatic, economic and military. What helped him to continue this policy is the acceptance and welcoming of Arab Gulf countries because both sides share the same characteristics especially the economic one with simple difference that South Africa doesn’t havehigh income as Arab Gulf countries have. Moreover, Arab Gulf countries have built their economy at the beginning of the sixties of last century, unlike South Africa which started at the beginning of the nineties of the last century, after being subservient to British economy during the British colonization, until the transformation of the political system to be in the hands of the native people of the blacks of South Africa.