Journal of International studies

The type of regime is so essential for the establishment of any
country. Therefore, the Iraqi constitutioneers thought the fedral type
of regime is the most suitable for the country. Yet, many obsticals
faced the implementation of it. This research is set to study the new
experiment in Iraq compared to that in Spain. Though Spain is
consisted of regional autonomies

Political party is an organizing group of people, sharing common
and similar goals. They working to influence in public policy through
their candidate's in the representative offices. The party has very
important rolls in democratic society, it plays as mediator's between
civil society and those who making decisions and enforce it, therefore
the political parties represents aspirations of their members and
supporters in government and parliament.
Iraqi's political experiment appears a political forms taken its place
between political party and political coalition, it taken separation
phase from Iraqi community which pluralize around a family, cleric
leadership, and taken from the second its waken phase, which result
was a limitation of its political popularity. However, The electoral
programs were the same between all of them, focuses on security,
services and economy, but they didn’t achieving its promises as well
as its electoral programs when they winning in election, while it
should live what they takes by electoral voting.
ا

Cyberspace has assumed great importance in the international
system and in the restructuring of the capacity of its
stakeholders, after the increasing reliance on it methods as new
tools of modernity, complexity and ability to influence the
achievement of goals and the resolution of the results of
international conflicts in their armed and non-armed form for the
benefit of their owners. In the international armed conflicts with
the technological development which contributed to finding new
ways to support and resolve international conflicts, if not
alternative to the direct military cohesion between countries,
which led to different degree of threat and its effects and Sources
and oath of allegiance, So that the force has become not only
possess the tools of conventional war only, but the ability to
paralyze the power of the disputed party and the confusion of
information systems, and in this form appeared cyber strategy in
international conflicts or cyber disputes, so to speak.
Keywords: (cyber attack, international armed conflict, cyber

The research dealt with the nature of Turkish-American
relations during the period (2009-2019) and the internal and external
factors that affected them. During this period, relations between the
two countries went through two important stages. The first was during
the first years of the administration of president Barack Obama (2009-
2012) and is called (the golden phase) or (model partnership), as it
witnessed a great improvement in bilateral relations. As for the second
stage during the years (2013-2019), that is the second stage of the
Obama administration and the years of President Donald Trump
(2017- ) is called the (Turbulent Stage) in bilateral relations, which
witnessed a lot of tension as a result of the overlapping of many
complex internal and regional issues and opposing the two countries'
positions towards them.

ness of waves within the political change and popular mobility in
Arab countries , especially After 2011 as such as of the result to the
Arab spring revolution , So the political waves that emerging from
popular interactive reactions resembled a condition of transformation
stretched among totalitarian regimes to convert into a democratic
political process inside of majority Arab societies which matched
accordance to what happened in Tunis , Egypt , Libya , Yemen , Syria
and so on . In spite of the political reforms that imposed over the
ruling elites of Arab countries to enable the democracy and restructure
of institutions to be compatible with the rule of law as so called
previously the political conditionality ; but the operations of
transformations need to awareness about the dangerous circumstances
which effected over feasibility the popular interactive mobility ,in
order to achieve a framework respond regarding with reproducing a
new generation from the youths that aspiring to rebuild modern model
in practicing the authority .
Furthermore , we have witnessed multi – probabilities that oscillating
between the popular revolutions or direct intervention within political
life by the military institution ; but we should take into our account the
realities of an urgent events that effected upon the specific
transformations toward democracy in Tunis as an example

Parliamentary oversight is considered as the second specialism
of the Iraqi parliament , which is stipulated in article (61/second) of
the constitution to control the performance of the executive authority.
Parliamentary oversight includes: many means that includes effective
performance of the executive authority of parliament if it is used

correctly. Those means are : (Question, Interrogation, Put forward a
general topic for discussion, Withdraw confidence from the
government, and Parliamentary Inquiry), which through explains the
importance of the means of parliamentary oversight and its
effectiveness over the excutive authority.
ا

The importance of cybersecurity comes from the fact that it has
become an important element in human life at all levels. An integrated
and secure infrastructure of information systems, whether security,
banking or personal led to Iraq be an open arena for many countries of
the world and neighboring regional countries, to penetrate and spy on
the information of the Iraqi security institutions. The most dangerous
thing is the exploitation of cyberspace by the terrorist organizations
that emerged in Iraq after the fall of the former regime. Attracting
more young people and spreading its extremist ideology and
penetrating sites, which is an indicator of unconventional terrorism,
which aims at attacking the information infrastructure. State and the
absence of legislative frameworks clear to regulate this space, in
addition to the lack of compatibility between control measures and
massive spread of technology information and communication as well
as the limited security and technical confrontation in exchange
cybernetic threats taking place, so it must build an integrated system
for information security in order to avoid such violations

The research dealt with the geo-strategic importance of the Horn of
Africa, as it oversees the rion. The Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden
across the Straits of Bab al-Mandab to the south and across the Suez
canal of strategic importance .allK important waterways connected to
the Gulf oil resources .which is generally called the crisis arc. The
strategic importance of the Horn of Africa increased after the


discovery of oil in Somalia and Sudan , Apretext for being present in
this area and controlling it for energy resources

Nigeria is one of the most important African countries in view of its
strategic position and importance on the African continent. Sectarian
violence in Nigeria has raised different perceptions about the nature of
the threats to its ethnic and religious diversity, whether this diversity
the only cause of sectarian violence, regional and international
reactions to sectarian practices, as well as the future of MuslimChristian relations within Nigeria in the current internal situation.

rruption in all its forms is a global phenomenon that is
continuous and pervasive in most countries of the world. Its
universality varies from one society to another. It threatens many
societies with stagnation and perhaps collapse, and it is one of the
main obstacles of development in the world. The weakness of
countries, especially Iraq, is an important factor in its spread.
Moreover, the transitional transformations in some societies lead
to the absence of deterrent and punishment that prevents this
phenomenon because of the weak rule of law and the
deterioration of administrations and their willingness to harm
public money. Corruption has put the Iraqi economy in the
direction of further deterioration and delays in projects that are
intended for development, progress and reconstruction.

Israel took care of Sudan for its geographical location and economic
potential first and to surround the Arab countries secondly, hence it
worked to exploit the ethnic problems in it to take advantage of the
chaos, to surround the Arab world and find allies in the Arab
countries, to strike the Arab depth and protect its security, and it
succeeded Israeli and colonial efforts to divide Sudan into north and
south, thus undermining the Republic of Sudan, the largest Arab
country.