Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences

For the first time in Iraq, this study presented a putj;uance to ti the

main embryological development phases of the Asian catfish Silurus

triostegus .Embryological morphological illustrations and behaviour remark have been given.

It was found that eggs of this species are of Telolecithal type. Two hours after fertilization of the fi rst cleavage took place , it became

taster until the 64 cells stage, af\erward slowed down . In 4 hours the eggs reached the morula stage while gastrula stage achieved within 9 hours.

Separation of head and tail commence at 25 hours . First, heart

pulssing was observed at 35 hourswhile blood flow started 8 hours later .

Chromatophores appeard at 52 hours . As for the barbeles , the first pair became distinct at 58 hours and at 64 hours. they became three pa ires . Highest Percentage of hatching occurred between 70 to

75 hours and completed at 96 hours after ftertil ization.

The study was conducted to evaluate the anti fungal activity of

water and alcohol ic extracts (cold and hot) and the crude alkaloid

extracts of leaves, seeds and roots of Zygophyllum fabago plant against a standard isolate of C. albicans and an isolate of A. jlavus which was proved to produce aflatoxins. Investigation of presence of active antimicrobial compounds in this plant parts was carried out, crude al kaloid extract was also separated using TLC technique. The antifungal activity of all these extracts was estimated against the two fungi. Results showed variation in anti fungal activity of different extracts against C. albicans, where the MIC values of the water extracts (cold and hot) and the alcoholic extracts (cold and hot) from leaves was (50) mg/ml, (50,40,30,20) mg!ml from seeds and (50, 40, 60,60) mg/ml from root, respectively, Whereas the MIC of the crude alkaloid extracts from leaves, seeds and roots were (40,50,50) mg/ml respectively which indicate a higher antifungal activity of the crude alkaloid extract from leaves followed by the same extract from roots then seeds. Additionally, crude alkaloid extracts showed complete inhibition of spores germination of A. jlavus at concentrations (60,70,80)mg/m l, whereas other lower concentrations delayed spores germination. Various concentrations of seeds alkaloid extracts also inhibit surface growth of A. jlavus colonies at (60,70) mg/ml. Bioautography of seeds alkaloid extracts using TLC technique revealed the presence of here compounds in the extract, these compounds showed a different inhibitory activity on the growth of A. jlavus.

This is the first time that the mechanical activity of Hedgehog i leal

smooth muscle is a regular spontaneous contraction to be reported. It was found that the different concent1·ations of papaverine exerted different dcgces of inhibition on ileal smooth muscle. The minimum

effective dose was (0.05) mM. Different concentration of acetylcholine and KCI caused tonic contraction in this kind of smooth muscle. High concentration of papaverine caused inst