Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences

The breakage rate of liquid drops in the dispersed phase is a key way to improve the heat and mass transfer between the continuous/dispersed phases. This work includes a review of experimental results of liquid drop breakage in an agitated tank. The study highlighted the experimental conditions that were investigated as well as the important findings about the impact of operating conditions on some breakup parameters. The conflicts and discrepancies in the findings of those studies were identified and analyzed. The review found that many experimental parameters affect the drop breakage rate. The breakage probability (BP), number of fragments, and breakage time (BT) are direct functions of power input.

The present work is a manual that describes the practical aspects of optimizing dental precision by virtual dentoskeletal modeling, use the precises model in virtual planning, and splint design of orthognathic surgery. A single case study is used to demonstrate the stages involved in this approach, which include acquiring CBCT scan data and digital dental models, incorporating this data into developing a virtual dentoskeletal model using superimposition process to replace the unclear teeth. Utilizes virtual assessment and three-dimensional cephalometry to diagnose the maxillofacial deformity of the patient correctly. The results of the diagnosis played a crucial role in formulating a comprehensive plan for dental alignment, which involved osteotomy and correction of bone positions. The final step is to create a personalized splint. The importance of virtual tools is highlighted in our work to optimizing dental precision, diagnose and treat maxillofacial deformities. Present a virtual planning methodology for orthognathic surgeons as well as researchers.

Diabetes is a long-term medical condition that impacts the way your body converts food into energy, it has the potential to lead to several severe health complications, such as heart disease, stroke, vision impairment, kidney issues, and nerve damage. Nevertheless, individuals with diabetes can lead extended and healthy lives with effective management. The goal of diabetes treatment is to keep your blood sugar levels within a healthy range. So Glucose measurement is an important part of diabetes management. It allows people with diabetes to track their blood sugar levels and make adjustments to their diet and medication as needed. Morning fasting blood glucose typically falls within the range of (70 mg/dL) to (110 mg/dL), while after a meal, blood glucose levels should ideally be below (140 mg/dL). In this proposed work an Arduino-based noninvasive glucose measurement device is proposed. Non-invasive glucose measurement devices do not require the user to prick their finger to draw blood. A Red Laser (RL) technique, is employed, this method surpasses the other invasive approach and non-invasive methods in terms of superiority. Since invasive techniques can be painful and expensive. This paper describes a new way to measure blood sugar levels without having to prick your finger. The method uses a red laser to shine light through the skin and measure how much the light is bent. The amount of bending tells the device how much sugar is in the blood. Numerous tests and experimental outcomes have been produced to demonstrate the exceptional accuracy of the proposed method.

The Ilizarov system is a form of external fixation device utilized by medical professionals to aid patients who have sustained injuries from accidents, bone shortening, or nonunion of the bone. The device is fixed onto the long bone of the patient and is adjusted according to the nature of the injury. Ilizarov's techniques are minimal invasiveness, not aggressive, spare tissues and involve little blood loss. It consists of wires that are secured to a modular circular frame and then tightened. The Ilizarov fixator is a valuable tool for treating acute fractures, especially in cases where there is bone loss and compromised soft tissue. Several studies have aimed to improve the effectiveness of Ilizarov fixation through modifications to its frame components, such as ring diameter, transosseous element diameter, ring separation, transosseous element count in each ring, and number of rings, as well as the type of transosseous element employed, including wires, full-pins, or half-pins. Furthermore, positioning of transosseous elements at the correct crossing angle without damaging the nerves and vessels while considering the intricacy of bone deformities. Recent advancements in Ilizarov fixation will be thoroughly reviewed in this manuscript, with a particular focus on improving the stiffness of the entire frame. The main objective of this review is to pinpoint the optimal configurations, with a particular focus on stiffness, in order to foster stability and ensure a successful recuperation.

The unique features of near-fault earthquakes could cause structural responses very different from those of the other types of ordinary earthquakes. Thus, it is important to highlight the effect of near-fault earthquakes since many buildings and structures located near the faults cannot withstand high levels of shaking because it does not take into consideration this distinctive type of earthquake in the design. This paper aims to calculate structures' seismic response with a system of Single-degree-of-freedom exposed to near-fault earthquakes. Strong ground motion data were taken for different events in different places around the world and the prism software program is utilized for this objective. A parametric study considering shear wave velocity (VS30), the pulse period effect, and fault mechanism including the effect of the Strike-slip fault and Dip-slip fault has been conducted. The findings revealed that peak displacement requirements are observed in a nearby of the pulse period limits. In addition, it is noticed that there is an obvious increase in spectrum demand with longer pulse periods.

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of microfluidic device (MFD) manufacturing processes. The review starts with an introduction elucidating the significance and advantages of MFDs. Subsequently, a brief description of the materials employed in MFD fabrication is presented. The manufacturing process used to create MFDs is then thoroughly examined, with a focus on the application of laser technology.

The solar vortex engine (SVE) has been investigated to generate power using renewable energy. The SVE was constructed from a vortex generation engine (VGE) and solar air collector (SAC). The SVE system primarily utilizes vertical air movement. However, the airflow entering the VGE experiences an obstruction. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new design for the VGE that creates a swirling updraft capable of overcoming air obstruction and reducing energy losses. A 3D numerical model of VGE was developed to visualize vortex generation. The modeling of the VGE is carried using SOLIDWORKS software and ANSYS-FLUENT 18. The improved VGE has six vertical twisted convergence blades connected to six guide vanes to direct updraft air in an anticlockwise swirl. All blades and vanes are housed in a VGE cylinder with a diameter of 20cm and a height of 30cm. The simulation results were validated by comparing with the results obtained from the present experimental model. The simulation results match with a mean difference of less than 5% with the experimental measurements. The results of the current CFD investigation indicate that there is a gradient in air temperature and pressure within the VGE, ranging from the highest values of 314 K and 3.85 Pa to the lowest values of 308 K and 2.42 Pa, respectively. The CFD visualization shows a threefold increase in axial velocity and a fivefold increase in tangential velocity within an artificial vortex. Therefore, it can be concluded that the new VGE construction is highly efficient in generating a vortex.

Two lasers were utilized for silicon processing using photoelectrochemical etching and laser texturing in order to produce nano/micro structures, respectively. Photoelectrochemical etching process utilizes a CW diode laser of 532 nm wavelength was used to support electrochemical etching for both n-type and p-type conductivity. While laser texturing process was employed using pulsed fiber laser of 1064 nm wavelength. Various characterization methods were devoted to examine silicon micro/nanostructures surfaces produced by lasers. These methods include AFM, SEM and Raman scattering to provide clear evidence about formation of micro/nanostructures abundant at silicon surfaces. Moreover, FTIR analysis for the laser produced silicon surfaces could emphasize whether the resultant silicon surface is hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Image analysis software adopted a side view micro image was used to measure the contact angle between the water droplet and silicon micro/nano-surfaces. It is found that the laser produced silicon nanostructure by photoelectrochemical etching creates a hydrophobic surface and even super hydrophobic with contact angle of 130 degrees for 50 nm average size. In addition, utilizing fiber laser of high repetition rate for laser texturing produces microstructures that are super hydrophilic with contact angle could reach 8 degrees for a surface dimension of 50 μm.

This paper discusses the development of a seven-band coherent wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system covering the T to U systems, aiming to enhance the capacity and system efficiency. Seven multiband systems (C+L, S+C+L, S+C+L+U, E+S+C+L, E+S+C+L+U, O+E+S+C+L+U, and T+O+E+S+C+L+U) are designed with 40 GBaud symbol rate, 50 GHz channel spacing, and dual-polarization (DP)-16QAM signaling. The analysis adopted the enhanced Gaussian noise model, considering the amplified spontaneous emission of inline optical amplifiers and nonlinear interference (NLI) from fiber nonlinear optics, including Kerr effect and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) which it implemented using Matlab (Ver. 2020b) program. The results show that the optimal powers are -4, -5, -5, -4.5, -3.5, -6, and -4.5 dBm for the seven WDM systems, respectively. Further, with a fiber span length of 100 km, the C+L system has the longest transmission reach of 20 span. However, using S+C+L+U system gives the highest bit rate-distance product of 1619 Tbps.km. The O+E+S+C+L+U and T+O+E+S+C+L+U systems are designed with 50 km-span length to reduce the effect of NLI caused by the large numbers of channels (1060 and 1200, respectively).

Researches are now being conducted on redesign as well as micro ergonomic interventions. Most micro-surgical tool designs concentrate on the manipulation of targeted tissue instead of the surgeon's hand, and this presents a new research opportunity for better fitting the equipment to the surgeon's hand. So the objective is to examine the advancements made in the last few years and provide a framework for ergonomic intervention framework regarding manufacturing systems. With the use of words like ergonomic design, intervention, and evaluation," the titles and abstracts of ergonomics publications were filtered to find relevant research. The paper describes the way that the concept of micro-ergonomics can enhance the design of the micro-instruments. Finally, an application of a new surgical instrument is stated as a pen needle holder designed by SOLIDWORK 22 which creating a wide range of possible uses for futuristic technology. In future, neurosurgical equipment design will incorporate concepts from surgical tool design together with penization, microergonomics, and electronics.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy represents one of the common long-terms complications that effect about fifty percentage of diabetes patients. The habitual diagnosis tool based on nerve conduction study that examine the nerve damage and classify the patient status into normal and diabetic peripheral neuropathy with degree of severity without considering the effect on skeletal muscle and take on patient data. A complementary diagnostic tool proposed, in this study integrates the patient’s data including body mass index, age and duration of diabetic, average blood glucose levels, nerve conduction study that involves amplitude and latency of peroneal and tibial nerves and muscle ultrasound alongside the machine learning algorithms to facilitate the clinicians for a precise diagnosis. A group of healthy and diabetic patients utilized to gather the data with calculating the muscle thickness and statistical properties from the gray-level ultrasound images of six skeletal muscles. Support vector machine, naïve bayes, ensemble of bagged tree and artificial neural network supervised machine learning algorithms categorize each class with a high classification accuracy, 98.1% for tibialis anterior with naïve bayes algorithm. The outcomes of this study show a promising complementary diagnostic tool that will help the clinicians to perform an exact diagnosis and disclose the side effect on both nerves and muscles of diabetic patients.

The impact of flow velocity (0-900 rpm) on the corrosion rate of carbon steel in a wide range of sulfuric acid concentrations (0-90% in H2O) at 30 °C and 1 h was studied and discussed. In addition, the efficiency of corrosion inhibitor (dimethyl disulfide, DMD) was evaluated in hardest corrosion conditions for the range of velocity investigated. The results revealed that increasing the flow velocity of H2SO4 solution, increases the corrosion rate depending on the acid concentration. When the flow velocity is increased of H2SO4 solution, the corrosion potential was shifted to more negative. The DMD inhibitors showed significant inhibition efficiency at high velocities, where the highest percentage of inhibitor efficiency reached 98% at 900 rpm.

ESAR feet are prosthetic feet with carbon fiber parts that store mechanical energy while standing and release it during propulsion. It is believed to reduce the metabolic energy needed for walking, and to promote the economy of walking. However, there is little scientific evidence to support this claim. This study aimed to compare the energy storage properties of two prosthetic feet made of carbon fiber using the P-Walk, G-Walk, and Podium devices developed for gait analysis, which is a systematic examination of human movement, enabling phasing, estimation of musculoskeletal performance, and determination of kinematic and motor parameters. The amount of energy was calculated for each of the feet using the load deflection test, and the results showed that the new artificial foot with an energy of 6.186 joules showed a great improvement in the results of the tests compared to the old artificial foot with an energy of 3.403 joules. The Podium device tests showed a significant improvement in walking patterns and pressure distribution after using a new foot. The pressure distribution became almost equal on both sides, and the angular deviation of COP decreased from -7 to 1.3 degrees. Ground reaction force vector tilt results also improved, with a body angle of 0 degrees and inclination varying slightly depending on the tibiofemoral angle for males. P-Walk results reveal left-sided static test pressure distribution, exposing amputees to osteoarthritis risk and revealing lack of confidence in prosthetic foot. After use the new prosthetic foot, amputees press more on right foot, indicating balance restoration. The G-Walk device shows the effectiveness of both healthy left and prosthetic foot when walking on an amputated right leg when use the new prosthetic foot. The amputated side's performance is similar to a healthy limb, with minimal difference and within normal limits. Walking cadence and speed values are within normal ranges, while stride length and step length are outside normal ranges for both sides. Obliquity results show a small difference in pelvic angles due to weak pelvic muscles, but these are close to standard values for prosthetic foot use. The amputee's opinions about the evaluation of the new prosthetic foot were good when using the T-score by 61.0 with a rate of 86.4%. It was a significant improvement compared to the old foot with an evaluation of 53.6 by 63.9%.

Orthoses and prostheses were Chosen and laminated based on their high Yield, ultimate stresses, bending stresses, and fatigue limit. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized to find the best values for two parameters reinforcement perlon fiber and percent of Titanium Nanoparticle coupled with the matrix resin during optimization. The response surface methodology combined the expertise of mathematicians and statisticians to construct and analyze experimental models. Using this method, we identified 13 different lamination samples comprising a wide range of perlon number and Ti nano Wt% in their Perlon layer composition. All lamination materials defined by RSM methods and produced by a vacuum system were subjected to a battery of tests, with fatigue tests performed on the ideal laminating material in contrast to laminations created in the first study (Tensile test, Bending test, and Fatigue tests according to the ASTM D638 and D790 respectively). In comparison to the other 12 laminations tested using Design Expert version 10.0.2, the lamination with ten perlon layers and 0.75 percent Ti nano proved to be the strongest overall in terms of Yield, ultimate, and bending loads. This study used composite materials and titanium nanoparticles to characterize and fabricate ankle foot orthoses. Strength in bending should amount to about 70 MPa, around 85 MPa in tensile tension. Two empirical quadratic equations for the models of peak bending strength and maximum tensile stress with 95% confidence were created using the response surface approach and analysis of variance within the design of experiments software.

Laser annealing represents a powerful method for tailoring the properties of silver nanofilms on quartz substrates, offering advantages in terms of precision, scalability, and functionalization. Continued research efforts are expected to deepen our understanding and broaden the applications of this promising technology in diverse fields. In this work, laser annealing of silver nanofilms deposited on quartz substrates was performed and investigated. RF CO2 laser of variable power in the range 1–20 W with beam quality of 1.1 was used to anneal silver nanofilms. AFM analysis emphasized that nanocrystal sizes of 60 nm were obtained for silver nanofilms. Furthermore, the optimum absorbance peak occurred at about 449 nm for smaller film thickness. Thermal simulation and analysis of the annealing process were also conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics software. It was observed that optimal temperature of 729 K was achieved when 10 W laser power and 2 mm/s scanning speed were used to anneal 20 nm silver film thickness. Design of expert analysis was also used to better understand the laser annealing process of silver nanofilms since convolution of several process parameters affect the process output.