ADAB AL-BASRAH

The research explained what was taken by several Arabic studies which considered them as words stress phenomenon in Holy Quran, further more using word stress and Al Hamiz lexical items to indicate or refers to word stress, concentration on certain syllables in words and moves to another syllables and this change done in words structures due to words or sounds extending, deleting, weakening or Al Hamiz.
Also, the research explained several phonetic studies which is not accurate enough in limiting words stress positions, So that they depended up on common words stress rules, and also it explained two lexical items (phenomena, and phenomenon) in some titles of several studies but these studies did not give any application which illustrate or explain the existing of these phenomenon in it. The research also referred to differences between words stress and Intonation.

Politicians' success mostly belongs to their ability to persuade their audiences with their argumentations. The listeners can know the politicians' thoughts through the argumentations which reveal who they are and whether they will convince their audience or not . Any politician has a specific way to express his own political opinions. In our age, there is no keeping out of politics, for all issues are political ones as George Orwell previously said. Any politician is required to choose his words and utterances with great care, for they convey the meanings he wants to send to the listeners. Similarly, the American politician Noam Chomsky attempts to express his standpoint and raise important points on the topic of the American invasion to Iraq. The present paper shows his standpoint on this matter through the study of the argumentative indicators in his article: It's the Oil, Stupid.

This paper discusses the issue of “resorting to primary forms” in Classical Arabic grammar. It shows that certain language forms were disregarded by grammarians for reasons such as the requirements of grammatical approach, or the use of dual, genitive, or pronominal forms. Other factors may lead to disregarding a certain usage especially when the “primary form” is known to have been an acknowledged Arabic dialect, or a type of language constraint.
Instances of “primary forms” are then discussed, namely the use of the quiescent imperative “laam”, the use of a conjunctive phrase instead of the dual form, the use of an ‘i’ vowel point with the ‘nun’ affixed to the sound masculine plural, or the use of the abrogated auxiliary “kaana” (to be).
The discussion has shown that Arab grammarians would not resort to primary forms that do not serve the meaning, or those which would negatively affect it. It has also shown that resorting to primary forms may gain priority over the requirements of grammatical approach and, in case of disagreement on certain issues, Arab grammarians would not resort to primary forms as a solution.

Resistance genre is a form of literature that sparked as a reaction to the colonial campaigns around the world. It constitutes the outcome of the literary movements that have always attempted to keep pace with the developments throughout history; hence, it defines the route which some authors insisted on undertaking in order to participate with their fellow citizens in their struggle towards independence, even if holding only their pens as a weapon. Therefore, and since the Palestinian crisis of occupation has persisted to be the central political issue of the Arab world, the Arabic literature of resistance has oriented its productions towards advocating the Palestinians’ right to regain their land. Indeed, as the selective intellectual elite, those writers needed to send their revolutionary ideas through a manoeuver that avoids the hindrance of the censorship. That is how they resorted to symbolic language in order to give their motivational texts some sort of artistic forms and to grant them a safe aesthetical channel to pass through it to their desired destination. As an example of this genre, Samira Azzam presented her short story “Bread for Sacrifice”, implying her resistant stance throughout the language of the work, choosing symbolism to present her issue in a more lively manner. Azzam’s story features the work of art which is basically instituted on the pillars of symbolism, whereby she could display the whole story of the strife towards liberty through a well-chosen set of representations. These symbols were inspired by some essential items of the Palestinian cultural heritage in order to urge the rightful owners of the homeland to preserve their home and save their inheritance from the attempts at eradicating it. Building upon this argument, this paper examines the use of symbolism in Azzam’s work in order to uphold resistance on three levels – political, feminist, and social resistance.

The framework-story technique is a very old way of narration. Stories are embedded within stories in extended parallel lines. John Barth (b. 1930) takes up this technique in his novel, The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor (1991) in a creative way although he mainly depends on The Arabian Nights as a model. The aim of this study is to show the significance of using this technique and the way Barth uses it in the selected novel to accord with the postmodernist fiction. The narrator moves forward from the past to the present and from the East to the West in a labyrinth of frames and embedded stories.

The poet summoned in the function of the word (morning) and what corresponds to the word of vocabularies who referred to it once denotatively and another connectively, namely time and colour. Then the time became manifest in the night and the day, and this required him to employ colour: two colours: white and black. We find his verses enriched with words denoting light, brightness and joy, indicating the morning - white - and denoting the darkness, blackness, things severe speeches, the disappearance and the total ruin and the accumulation of sorrow and affliction. This indicates the employment of the word night - blackness.

This research investigates the poetry of Abi Al Walid Ibn Hezm who represents one of the Andalusian poets in the era of Al Murabiteen. He is one of the forgotten poets whose literary works rarely mentioned in the literary sources where only his name, surname, and his relation to the tribe of Beni Hezm, together with 200 lines of his verse are mentioned. The subject of these lines is about flirting, blaming, proud, mourning, and some poetic correspondences with his relatives and friends.
This study shows that his poetry is spontaneous and expressing the self of human beings and how it is related to others. The transparency of his poetry in flirting and honesty of feeling show the features of his poetry. On the artistic side, he is known in his choice of vocabulary, beauty of structuring, and simplicity of his style. Subjectivity and the artistic features of his poetry push the researcher forward to collect, study, and verify his poetry.

The aim of this research is to study the stylistic phenomenon in Aws Ibn Hajar's Fa'eyah. It began with a brief introduction to the concept of stylism, then went on to study the phenomenon of displacement, so it began by studying the semantic displacement by selecting a number of analogical and metaphorical images whose effect is not hidden in putting the poetic characteristic on the lines of the poem. It then proceeded to study the rhythmic displacement in both external and internal dimensions. And afterwards went on to study the phenomenon of narration, and concluded the research with the findings that it reached.

The current research focuses on the morphological analysis of verbs among the Arabic modern books. The study follows the same procedures followed by those books writers and the basics of derivation from the verb bases. The work concludes that there are three procedures: descriptive reporting , analytic and historical

The Umayyads worked to complete their intellectual project in the country by introducing many of the local traditions that would raise their value among the people of the Levant and to instill misinformation in their imagination and to believe that the sons of illiteracy had an active role in the service of Islam and its propagation and that their takeover of the government did not come from a vacuum. Muawiya and the subsequent will come from the rulers of the sons of illiteracy. For this reason, the intellectual media institute that Muawiya started was started in the development of a number of hadiths on the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) in order to consolidate their goals and aims to consolidate the Umayyad rule in the Levant.

The topic (The Political Developments in the "Israel" 1948 - 1955) is significant because it sheds light on the developments witnessed by Israel in the period starting from "The State of Israel" in 1948 until 1955. At the beginning a historical glimpse upon the Zionist endeavours that paved the way for the establishment of the Zionist Bloc " Israel" between 1897 and 1948 " is a historical survey of the Jews endeavours since the first Zionist Congress held in Basel, Switzerland, up to 1948. The first section studies declaration of the establishment of the "State of Israel" and the formation of the interim government 1948, sheds light on the Jews step to declare the state of Israel in 1948 utilizing the British withdrawal and the weakness and disintegration of the Arabs. The second is studies Political developments from the elections and the establishment of the Jewish Legislative Council (the Knesset) in 1949 until June 1955.

The research aims to shed light on the economic life and its main factors: agriculture, industry, and trade, which provide the Kumus society with a lot of goods and products of all shapes of nutrition, consumption activities, and machines. The research has also tackled the spread of metal wealth in the areas of Kumis and their uses in many fields. The research has dealt with the roads and spaces between Kumis, Ray, Gorgan, and Iraq, and the currency and measures used in the process of trading and economy in markets.

The Hellenistic civilization left in the Arabian Gulf many monuments in the political, economic and civilizational fields, and among these effects were the religious monuments, one of the main reasons for which was the rapprochement that occurred between East and West in general, so there was a kind of adoption or spread of ideas The new religious in the east, which reflected its effects in building a number of temples in a number of archaeological sites on the shores of the Arabian Gulf, and left a large number of Hellenistic burials and graves in the region.

Mr. Ali ibn Tawoos is an Iraqi Family from Hilla attributed to al –Hasan ( peace be upon him) .It brought out a number of scientists in seven hundred and eight hundred centuries of migretion.
Mr. Ali ibn Tawoos gathering between scientific status and social sites.
One of the most important events of the history of Ibn- Tawoos is his library which included ammunition of books and the treasures of archeology.
This library serves as a comprehensive treasure for the books of interpretation , Hadith , medicine , poetry and history.
It has reached ( 1500) volumes when it authored the book ( Al –Aqbal). He made index named ( al –abana) and ( Saad – al suad).
In the late days of his life , this treasury stood on the males of his children and the layers mentioned after they ran out.
Then the news of this library was cut off after the death of its owner.

The research aims to clarify the spatial distribution of private schools (kindergartens, primary, secondary) in the city of Basra and measure the extent of spatial efficiency for the academic year 2018/2019 through several criteria
Quantitative criteria, urban standards, the scope of service using GIS, in addition to the most important factors and variables that contributed to the spatial signature of them.
1. There are 308 private schools, 70 kindergartens, 119 primary schools, 119 secondary schools, 79 secondary schools for boys and 40 secondary schools for girls.
2.The spatial distribution of private schools is not commensurate with the size of the city's population (1363567 inhabitants) in 2018.Moreover, the number of buildings (214) is not commensurate with the number of schools (308) and therefore there is a shortage in the number of school buildings reached (94) A school building to meet the local standard .

Community services are an essential pillar of the basic services system and are directed primarily to the population of the city as it is a major need that intervenes in all joints of daily life and is a reflection of the state of development of the city, and knowing the appropriateness of this distribution to the aspirations of the population and meet their social, economic and service needs, depending on their adequacy and efficiency. in the city
The present research dealt with the status of the community services in Shatt Al-Arab city (educational, health and entertainment) and their spatial distribution for2018, showing the actual reality and determining their efficiency based on a number of criteria

The study was carried out for the purpose of analyzing the variance of the chemical properties of the soil between the soil of the agricultural lands and the non-invested soil in the soil of the western region of Basra Governorate. It showed the role of agricultural processes and their positive and negative impact on the chemical properties of the studied soil and then reflected on the plant. Also, the quality of the water used has the effect of increasing the salinity of the soil in some locations, which negatively affects the growth of plants.

One of the aims of this study is to offer some suggestions that help blind people to read. In order to achieve this objective, questionnaire surveys have been distributed among blind people. In addition, some interviews were conducted with the responsible people in the Noor institute of the blind and the association of the blind in Basra. The most important results of this study were as follows:
1. 1- Braille-reading techniques are not sufficient to free reading (from the point of view of the blind people).
2. 2- Most participants in this study tend to use the screen-reader when they are reading.
3. 3- The study made clear that some persons usually read a number of books yearly.