ADAB AL-BASRAH

This study explores the structural units in the short surahs in order to uncover their grammatical patterns. As a result, many patterns have been observed in these surahs: one pattern is the gradual one, composed as it is of gradually developing units. The second is the parallel pattern, which is composed of paralleled units. The third pattern is the interwoven pattern, some of whose units are implicated in other units. The last is the collective pattern, which includes many different subpatterns. This variety proves the artistry of the text and the ability to break monotony in order to be more palatable to the reader.

The Motion event and space are two central phenomena in cognitive linguistics because they are primary in human experience and cognition. However, it is a well-established fact that languages differ in their linguistic expression of Motion.. The Motion event is subject to human spatial thinking and to crosslinguistic variations. In addition, the construction of a basic Motion event has a mental schema in the human mind, i.e. it provides a cognitive framework to the meaning of abstract domains, and it is lexicalised in all the world's languages. Space is a complex linguistic domain based on the interaction between language and cognition. In the traditional approaches to linguistics, space is treated as the physical location of an entity; however, in cognitive linguistics, space is considered as a mental representation ; that is, in addition to being physical, space
This paper is based on an MA thesis written by the second researcher and supervised by the first.
always presents round and inside humans. The present study adopts Talmy’s (2000) Lexicalisation Patterns theory to examine the extensions of Co-event conflation, where the Co-event in English and Arabic can extend to conflate with different Motion verbs to cover a wide range of phenomena. The study arrives at a number of conclusions: the basic Motion event in English and Arabic consists of the Figure, the Path, the Ground, and the Motion, both languages can express the Motion event via using the Figure plus the verb only. Unlike Arabic, English does have some Motion verbs that have two usages, where in its first usage the verb is more basic, while in its second usage the verb incorporates it former usage with the idea of Motion; the Enablement relation and the Concurrent Result, that are two phenomena of the Co-event conflation across various relations to the Motion event, are not lexicalised in Arabic, while they are exhibited in English.

Keywords: cognitive linguistics, Motion event, Motion verbs, space, lexicalisation, conflation

Thanks to the existence of pronouns and precise reference to number, Arabic dealt with connecting sentences to each other. Linguists in the past were interested in the sentence and its structure, but now they are more interested in the text.
Text grammar has developed considerably. Arabic linguists are trying to employ its new findings and their grammatical legacy. Although no one comprehensive theory has been put forward, Arabic linguists have still been concerned with and made some developments in the understanding of the text as such.

We are accompanied with poetry long period of time. And we do exchange our feelings and emotions with poetry as we complain to it, and in return it complains to us. It gives us trance of victor.
Poetry penetrates in all detail of our life. Poetry has become to depict our dreams, our hopes, and it is a mirror that reflects our ambitions and views. Poetry is a treasure that we inherited from our grandfathers.
Through poetry we have studied the history and achievements of our ancestors in different times and ages. We have realized how feelings of pre-Islamic poet was at that time and how he or she did think, express his or her thoughts, beliefs and views through the gained experiences.
The toughness of our life nowadays that we face daily pushed the modern poet to continuous confrontation using all his ability to win and defeat his competitors.
Therefore, this research paper attempts to spotlight on one of Iraqi modern leading poets who played a vital role in addressing the major humanitarian issues, starting from his small community, Badr Shaker Al Syabb , a great poet who had passed away at a young age which prevented him from achieving his creativities.
The research depends on a methodology that focuses on the poems of the poet in his writing which tackles part of the poet’s humanitarian’s concerns. It also dwells on the effort that the poet put in presenting his interests from artistic aspects. However the poem is interesting and distinguished, it does not touch the feeling of the human being if the poet does not interact with its meaning.

This study investigated the textualitems and structures which contribute to form text styles. It also examined the linguistic forms constituting text the privacy impact, textual value, and their role in the formation of the partial and totaltextinterpretations. In addition, it probed text structures forming the textconnotations ,interpretations, and uniqueness; it addressed the structure of the title, and the relationship between the title and introduction as well as the connotational power of the text and the extent of its impact on other text elements such as the form and meaning, and its impact in directing many text connotations .
The study also considered distinctive features of the text, which were adopted by the poet to ensure better text language and connotation. It also attempted to delve into the textdetails imbedded features in addition to its textual relationships with other texts ,Furthermore, ithighlighted the means by which the text achieves its textual uniqueness and dominant elements in this regard.

Al-Hasa is a town in Saudi Arabia located close to the gulf coast and lies about 35 km west, a population of about 335000. Sheikh Ahmad ibn Zayn al-Dín al-Ahsá'í was born in Al-Ahsa in Rajab 1166 AH,1752AD , and studied in Al-Ahsa at each of sheikh Ahmad Al Dimistani al -Bahrani , Sheikh Jaafar al-Najafi , Mehdi Tabatabai Sheikh Hussein Asfur Al- Bahrani, and others of his students : Sayyid Kadhum Rishti ,sheikh Asadullah Altistri al Kadhumi, Haji Mohammad Ibrahim Alkalpasi, Sayyid Abdullah Shuber and others. He migrated from Ahsaa to Iraq In 1186 at the age of twenty, lived in Karbala and studied at Senior scholars. Then he migrated to Najaf and studied at Sheikh Kashif Al Ghtaa and others; he returned to Al-Ahsaa, then returned again to Iraq and settled in Karbala. He traveled to Basra, and settled for an indefinite period and deported it to Iran to seek knowledge, and then he returned to Karbala and settled until the end of his life, leaving a number of books and letters in various fields of science and knowledge .He died in 22 Dhul Kaada 1241 A.H., between Mecca and Medina. His body was conveyed to Medina and was buried in AL Baqi.

After Spain discovered the (Hispaniola) island, it divided it into two states: (Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Then Europeans competed to rule these states and the French and the Spanish exchanged roles in that rule, which subjected the original people to enslavement and domination.
At the end of the nineteenth century, especially after the declaration of principle (Monroe), the United States became a rival to European powers in the Caribbean in particular, and the western hemisphere in general.
The post-World War I, with the complexity of international relations, the Dominicans remained the focus of attention of the United States, and this interest was not based on the Dominican economics, but rather was the result of fear of the United States from the neighboring European strength and a stone's throw from the nearest border region of America, which is only a thousand and two hundred kilometers far from the nearest area of the United States.
After the Dominican republic was under threat by some European powers whose debts it could not pay, the United States fabricates reasons to occupy that country and pledged to pay its creditors. This proves that the United States does not allow any European power to come close to the Caribbean.

The scientific innovations was a key factor in the development and progression of the industry in the continent of Europe in general and England in particular. The innovations in the textile industry since the beginning of the eighteenth century is one of the most prominent of those innovations by the British at the time. It led to increased demand for textiles in general and cotton textiles in particular, and when the United States gained independence from Britain in 1783, it worked on the development of the industry based on the European experience, particularly Englishmen who have found in the United States a room to achieve wealth, which led to transfer those experiences to it and then the emergence of the most important innovation in 1793 and is the invention of the cotton gin, which formed a huge leap in the development and prosperity of the American cotton production.

The pollution problem in Diyala River is due to the accumulation of all pollutants kinds and the misuse of the limited water resources in the region and the contamination caused by industrial and non-industrial pollutants, but the wastewater (sewage) resulting from purification process is a source of pollution, as a threat to public health because of its contents of microscopic bacteria which causes diseases of the population who depend on the river for drinking water as the main source.
The process of purification and sewage treatment in Rustumiya project has become an urgent necessity to ensure the water quality to the uses of agriculture, industry and irrigation by using cheap and easy methods of water purification and treatment of heavy water (sewage) to become less toxic or biodegradable to help precipitation of plankton.

Geography deals with studying different phenomena on the earth determining their spatial and temporal aspects . Marriage and divorce are phenomena that have the most great effect on the population life , while the population geography studied these two phenomena owing to their special importance in the population studies as to its relation with growth and population reproduction . Marriage means a legitimate, legal and social contract combining man and woman by holy pubic relation in the community to form family. Divorce, in contrast , is to put an end and break marriage legally and socially.
The study argues for three main points: the first one the seasonal cases of marriage and divorce in general at Zubair District while the second point argues the seasonal cases of marriage and divorce within administrative unit of the district. Third point argues two seasonal phenomenon within the rural and urban environment of Zubair District.

Development in the field of information technology as well as the evolution of human knowledge, whether in the sciences or humanities, led to a large and broad growth in published intellectual production. This has resulted in difficulties in the precise retrieval process for this production by the users in determining the needs of the information published on this production, although there are some standard tools such as ( lists of subject headings – thesaurus ). These include ‘specified’ terms without which information cannot be precisely retrieved. Here comes the importance of this research to highlight on the modern digital tools used in subject analysis to retrieve as much of the information needed by researchers, since it functions as a free language to find the relations and the links between the subjects through examining the content of the document. The presentation of these tools – Tagging – Folksonomies – Taxonomy – Ontology) the objective of this research is to identify the nature and importance of these tools in subject analysis.

From the philosophical point of view, love is the cause of the existence and perfection of the world. However, for the brethern of Purity, it is a morbid state that results from exageration in love, which is reflected negaticely on the lover’s bodily and spiritual state. They divided types of souls and their adoration, and related them to the lovement of the stars, since the stars are the cause behind adoration. They also took interest in ethics on a personal and collective levels, and it is responsible for honing human behaviour to higher degrees, as well as their interest in the revelation and Sufi knowledge in awakening the soul.